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Tran HT, Hadi M, Nguyen TTH, Hoang HG, Nguyen MK, Nguyen KN, Vo DVN. Machine learning approaches for predicting microplastic pollution in peatland areas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115417. [PMID: 37639864 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the potential for predicting the quantities of microplastics (MPs) from easily measurable parameters in peatland sediment samples. We first applied correlation and Bayesian network analysis to examine the associations between physicochemical variables and the number of MPs measured from three districts of the Long An province in Vietnam. Further, we trained and tested three machine learning models, namely Least-Square Support Vector Machines (LS-SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to predict the composite quantities of MPs using physicochemical parameters and sediment characteristics as predictors. The results indicate that the quantity of MPs and characteristics such as color and shape in the samples were mostly influenced by pH, TOC, and salinity. All three predictive models demonstrated considerable accuracies when applied to the testing dataset. This study lays the groundwork for using basic physicochemical variables to predict MP pollution in peatland sediments and potentially locations and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Tuan Tran
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Management, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Mohammed Hadi
- Department of Ocean Operations and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Aalesund, Norway.
| | - Thi Thu Hang Nguyen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai 76000, Vietnam
| | - Hong Giang Hoang
- Faculty of Technology, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai 76000, Vietnam.
| | - Minh-Ky Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University of Ho Chi Minh City, Hamlet 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc Dist., Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Khoi Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 270000, Viet Nam
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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2
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Doménech E, Martorell S, Kombo-Mpindou GOM, Macián-Cervera J, Escuder-Bueno I. Risk assessment of Cryptosporidium intake in drinking water treatment plant by a combination of predictive models and event-tree and fault-tree techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156500. [PMID: 35675884 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Risk-informed decision making permits a more effective water safety management. In this framework, this article introduces the rationale and proposes a new approach to carry out a quantitative risk assessment along the water chain, from river source to tap water, by integrating predictive modelling combined with event-tree and fault-tree techniques. The model developed by this approach could not only account for normal but also for abnormal process conditions in the water treatment plant, as well as assess the real impact of the applied safety controls, such as turbidity control. A sensitivity study was conducted to determine the effect of considering a typical drinking water treatment plant (DWTP), i.e. coagulation, sedimentation and filtration with two turbidity controls (on intake and after filtration) on the risk of infection due to exposure to Cryptosporidium in tap water. The results showed that, with the current effectiveness of turbidity reduction in the DWTP, the first control did not minimise the annual risk of Cryptosporidium infection (3.6E-04) and only limiting turbidity after filtration to below 0.01NTU provided a clear reduction in risk (7.7E-05) at the cost of rejecting 60 % of the water after the control. The lowest risk was found when turbidity reduction was set at 4 logs (8.48E-06), although this means that the effectiveness of turbidity reduction should be greatly improved. It was therefore concluded that supplementing the current treatment with alternative barriers such as UV or ozone disinfection and/or implementing direct control of Cryptosporidium concentration should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Department of Food Technology (DTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - S Martorell
- MEDASEGI Research Group, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - G O M Kombo-Mpindou
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - J Macián-Cervera
- Global Omnium, Gran Vïa Marqués del Turia, 19, 46005 València, Spain.
| | - I Escuder-Bueno
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Viñas V, Sokolova E, Malm A, Bergstedt O, Pettersson TJR. Cross-connections in drinking water distribution networks: Quantitative microbial risk assessment in combination with fault tree analysis and hydraulic modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154874. [PMID: 35358515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deficiencies in drinking water distribution networks, such as cross-connections, may lead to contamination of the drinking water and pose a serious health risk to consumers. Cross-connections and backflows are considered among the most severe public health risks in distribution networks. The aim of this paper was to provide a framework for estimating the risk of infection from cross-connection and backflow events. Campylobacter, norovirus, and Cryptosporidium were chosen as reference pathogens for this study. The theoretical framework was constructed based on the fault tree analysis methodology. National aggregated cross-connection incident data was used to calculate the probability of a contamination event occurring in Swedish networks. Three risk cases were evaluated: endemic, elevated, and extreme. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was used to assess daily risk of infection for average national estimates. The framework was also evaluated using local data from the Gothenburg network. The daily risk of infection from cross-connection and backflow events in Swedish networks was generally above an acceptable target level of 10-6 for all reference pathogens and modelled cases; the exception was for the Gothenburg system where the risk was lower than 10-7. An outbreak case study was used to validate the framework results. For the outbreak case study, contaminant transport in the network was simulated using hydraulic modelling (EPANET), and risk estimates were calculated using QMRA. The outbreak simulation predicted between 97 and 148 symptomatic infections, while the epidemiological survey conducted during the outbreak reported 179 cases of illness. The fault tree analysis framework was successfully validated using an outbreak case study, though it was shown on the example of Gothenburg that local data is still needed for well-performing systems. The framework can help inform microbial risk assessments for drinking water suppliers, especially ones with limited resources and expertise in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Viñas
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ekaterina Sokolova
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Malm
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Kungsbacka Municipality, Kungsbacka, Sweden
| | - Olof Bergstedt
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sustainable Waste and Water, City of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas J R Pettersson
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hamadieh Z, Hamilton KA, Silverman AI. Systematic review of the relative concentrations of noroviruses and fecal indicator bacteria in wastewater: considerations for use in quantitative microbial risk assessment. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2021; 19:918-932. [PMID: 34874900 PMCID: wh_2021_068 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are a leading cause of food- and water-borne disease, which has led to an interest in quantifying norovirus health risks using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Given the limited availability of quantitative norovirus data to input to QMRA models, some studies have applied a conversion factor to estimate norovirus exposure based on measured fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations. We conducted a review of peer-reviewed publications to identify the concentrations of noroviruses and FIB in raw, secondary-treated, and disinfected wastewater. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the ratios of norovirus-FIB pairs in each wastewater matrix and the variables that significantly impact these ratios. Norovirus-to-FIB ratios were found to be significantly impacted by the norovirus genotype, month of sample collection, geographic location, and the extent of wastewater treatment. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of using a FIB-to-virus conversion factor in QMRA and found that the choice of conversion ratio has a great impact on estimated health risks. For example, the use of a conversion ratio previously used in the World Health Organization Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater predicted health risks that were significantly lower than those estimated with measured norovirus concentrations used as inputs. This work emphasizes the gold standard of using measured pathogen concentrations directly as inputs to exposure assessment in QMRA. While not encouraged, if one must use a FIB-to-virus conversion ratio to estimate norovirus dose, the ratio should be chosen carefully based on the target microorganisms (i.e., strain, genotype, or class), prevalence of disease, and extent of wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelfa Hamadieh
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA E-mail:
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Andrea I Silverman
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA E-mail: ; School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Chen L, Deng Y, Dong S, Wang H, Li P, Zhang H, Chu W. The occurrence and control of waterborne viruses in drinking water treatment: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130728. [PMID: 34010719 PMCID: PMC8084847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As the coronavirus disease 2019 continues to spread globally, its culprit, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been brought under scrutiny. In addition to inhalation transmission, the possible fecal-oral viral transmission via water/wastewater has also been brought under the spotlight, necessitating a timely global review on the current knowledge about waterborne viruses in drinking water treatment system - the very barrier that intercepts waterborne pathogens to terminal water users. In this article we reviewed the occurrence, concentration methods, and control strategies, also, treatment performance on waterborne viruses during drinking water treatment were summarized. Additionally, we emphasized the potential of applying the quantitative microbial risk assessment to guide drinking water treatment to mitigate the viral exposure risks, especially when the unregulated novel viral pathogens are of concern. This review paves road for better control of viruses at drinking water treatment plants to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Shengkun Dong
- Key LLaboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Central and Southern China Institute of Municipal Engineering Design and Research, Hubei, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China.
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Herrador BG, Lund V, Fonahn W, Hisdal H, Hygen HO, Hyllestad S, Nordeng Z, Skaland RG, Sunde LS, Vold L, White R, Wong WK, Nygård K. Heavy weather events, water quality and gastroenteritis in Norway. One Health 2021; 13:100297. [PMID: 34401456 PMCID: PMC8353464 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change will lead to more extreme weather events in Europe. In Norway, little is known about how this will affect drinking water quality and population's health due to waterborne diseases. The aim of our work was to generate new knowledge on the effect of extreme weather conditions and climate change on drinking water and waterborne disease. In this respect we studied the relationship between temperature, precipitation and runoff events, raw and treated water quality, and gastroenteritis consultations in Norway in 2006–2014 to anticipate the risk with changing climate conditions. The main findings are positive associations between extreme weather events and raw water quality, but only few with treated drinking water. Increase in maximum temperature was associated with an increase in risk of disease among all ages and 15–64 years olds for the whole year. Heavy rain and high runoff were associated with a decrease in risk of gastroenteritis for different age groups and time periods throughout the year. No evidence was found that increase in precipitation and runoff trigger increased gastroenteritis outbreaks. Large waterworks in Norway currently seem to manage extreme weather events in preventing waterborne disease. However, with more extreme weather in the future, this may change. Therefore, modelling future climate scenarios is necessary to assess the need for improved water treatment capacity in a future climate. Positive associations between extreme weather events and raw water quality. Increase in maximum temperature was associated with an increase in risk of disease. Heavy rain and high runoff were associated with a decrease in risk of gastroenteritis. Larger water works in Norway seem to cope with the extreme weather events in the current climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidar Lund
- Norwegian Institute of Public health, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wenche Fonahn
- Norwegian Institute of Public health, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege Hisdal
- Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Postboks 5091, Majorstua, 0301 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Olav Hygen
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Henrik Mohns Plass 1, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanne Hyllestad
- Norwegian Institute of Public health, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Zuzana Nordeng
- Norwegian Institute of Public health, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Linda Selje Sunde
- Norwegian Institute of Public health, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Vold
- Norwegian Institute of Public health, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard White
- Norwegian Institute of Public health, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wai Kwok Wong
- Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Postboks 5091, Majorstua, 0301 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karin Nygård
- Norwegian Institute of Public health, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
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7
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Zhiteneva V, Carvajal G, Shehata O, Hübner U, Drewes JE. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of a non-membrane based indirect potable water reuse system using Bayesian networks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146462. [PMID: 33774303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Risk-based approaches are used to define performance standards for water and wastewater treatment to meet health-based targets and to ensure safe and reliable water quality for desired end use. In this study, a screening level QMRA for a non-membrane based indirect potable reuse (IPR) system utilizing the sequential managed aquifer recharge technology (SMART) concept was conducted. Ambient removals of norovirus, Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium in advanced water treatment (AWT) steps were combined in a probabilistic QMRA utilizing Bayesian networks constructed in Netica. Results revealed that all pathogens complied with disease burden at the 95th percentile, and according to the assumptions taken about pathogen removal, Cryptosporidium was the pathogen with the greatest risk. Through systematic sensitivity analysis, targeted scenario analysis, and backwards inferencing, critical control points for each pathogen were determined, demonstrating the usefulness of Bayesian networks as a diagnostic tool in quantifying risk of water reuse treatment scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zhiteneva
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Guido Carvajal
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Andrés Bello, Antonio Varas 880, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar Shehata
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Brester C, Ryzhikov I, Siponen S, Jayaprakash B, Ikonen J, Pitkänen T, Miettinen IT, Torvinen E, Kolehmainen M. Potential and limitations of a pilot-scale drinking water distribution system for bacterial community predictive modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137249. [PMID: 32092807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne disease outbreaks are a persistent and serious threat to public health according to reported incidents across the globe. Online drinking water quality monitoring technologies have evolved substantially and have become more accurate and accessible. However, using online measurements alone is unsuitable for detecting microbial regrowth, potentially including harmful species, ahead of time in the distribution systems. Alternatively, observational data could be collected periodically, e.g. once per week or once per month and it could include a representative set of variables: physicochemical water characteristics, disinfectant concentrations, and bacterial abundances, which would be a valuable source of knowledge for predictive modelling that aims to reveal pathogen-related threats. In this study, we utilised data collected from a pilot-scale drinking water distribution system. A data-driven random forest model was used for predictive modelling and was trained for nowcasting and forecasting abundances of bacterial groups. In all the experiments, we followed the realistic crossline scenario, which means that when training and testing the models the data is collected from different pipelines. In spite of the more accurate results of the nowcasting, the 1-week forecasting still provided accurate predictions of the most abundant bacteria, their rapid increase and decrease. In the future predictive modelling might be used as a tool in designing control measures for opportunistic pathogens which are able to multiply in the favourable conditions in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Eventually, the forecasting information will be able to produce practically helpful data for controlling the DWDS regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Brester
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ivan Ryzhikov
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sallamaari Siponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Ikonen
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eila Torvinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Kolehmainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Owens CEL, Angles ML, Cox PT, Byleveld PM, Osborne NJ, Rahman MB. Implementation of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for public drinking water supplies: Systematic review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115614. [PMID: 32087414 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the more than 15 years since its introduction, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has become a widely used technique for assessing population health risk posed by waterborne pathogens. However, the variation in approaches taken for QMRA in relation to drinking water supply is not well understood. This systematic review identifies, categorises, and critically synthesises peer-reviewed and academic case studies of QMRA implementation for existing distributed public drinking water supplies. Thirty-nine English-language, peer-reviewed and academic studies published from 2003 to 2019 were identified. Key findings were synthesised in narrative form. The overall designs of the included studies varied widely, as did the assumptions used in risk calculation, especially in relation to pathogen dose. There was also substantial variation in the degree to which the use of location-specific data weighed with the use of assumptions when performing risk calculation. In general, the included studies' complexity did not appear to be associated with greater result certainty. Factors relating to pathogen dose were commonly influential on risk estimates whereas dose-response parameters tended to be of low relative influence. In two of the included studies, use of the 'susceptible fraction' factor was inconsistent with recognised guidance and potentially led to the underestimation of risk. While approaches and assumptions used in QMRA need not be standardised, improvement in the reporting of QMRA results and uncertainties would be beneficial. It is recommended that future authors consider the water supply QMRA reporting checklist developed for the current review. Consideration of the broad types of uncertainty relevant to QMRA is also recommended. Policy-makers should consider emergent discussion on acute microbial health-based targets when setting normative guidelines. The continued representation of QMRA case studies within peer-reviewed and academic literature would also enhance future implementation. Further research is needed on the optimisation of QMRA resourcing given the application context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E L Owens
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia; Sydney Water Corporation, Parramatta NSW 2124, Australia.
| | - Mark L Angles
- Water Angles Consulting, Vaucluse NSW 2030, Australia
| | - Peter T Cox
- Sydney Water Corporation, Parramatta NSW 2124, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas J Osborne
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4006, Australia; European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro TR1 3HD, United Kingdom
| | - Md Bayzid Rahman
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia
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Liu B, Huang JJ, McBean E, Li Y. Risk assessment of hybrid rain harvesting system and other small drinking water supply systems by game theory and fuzzy logic modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134436. [PMID: 31780148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The complexity and uncertainties affecting drinking water supply systems and threatening hazards require a comprehensive and effective risk assessment to increase the reliability of drinking water safety, especially for small or household systems. This study presents a hierarchical structure risk assessment model based on fuzzy logic and game theory to assess the quantity, treatment technology, distribution systems, and storage at household level risks, for small systems in remote areas. Game theory combined with an analytical hierarchy process with entropy weight method is employed. The efficiency tradeoffs in risk from use of this model are examined in a case study which includes three types of small systems (i.e., rainwater harvesting, surface water combined with rainwater and groundwater) in Gansu Province, China. Fifteen risk factors are employed, with evaluation results showing that "Source water" is the most important factor. The hybrid (surface & rainwater) system in the driest year has "Medium" risk with the highest aggregate risk value as a result of source water availability and the distribution system is the most susceptible to failure. The groundwater system consistently has the lowest risk in the case study area. The utility of the model provides scientific support to decision-makers to plan for the most effective risk mitigation measures for water supply systems in remote areas. A cloud-based online-platform employing this methodology has been developed to facilitate the adoption of the methodology in remote areas with mobile or internet access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jinhui Jeanne Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Edward McBean
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China; School of Engineering, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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11
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Di Dato M, Galešić M, Šimundić P, Andričević R. A novel screening tool for the health risk in recreational waters near estuary: The Carrying Capacity indicator. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133584. [PMID: 31400678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to provide a conceptual framework to help practitioners to improve the quality of recreational waters near estuary, which may be affected by untreated wastewater from Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs). When CSOs are activated, the concentration of bacteria (e.g., Enterococci and E. coli) in estuary increases, thereby resulting in a potential health threat to swimmers. Here, the bacterial exposure is evaluated using physically-based stochastic model for contaminant transport, while human health risk is determined by Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Based on human health risk framework, we quantify the Carrying Capacity (CC) of the recreational water body. Such an indicator is defined as the number of swimming individuals that can be sustained in a beach resort with an acceptable risk threshold. The CC increases by dilution processes and by reduction of the source concentration, which in turn depends on the improvements in the sewage system. The presented approach can be a useful screening tool for policy-makers and other stakeholders, thereby providing a potential solution to the trade-off between economic development and the sustainable ecosystem in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaines Di Dato
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region, University of Split, Croatia.
| | - Morena Galešić
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Petra Šimundić
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Roko Andričević
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region, University of Split, Croatia; Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, University of Split, Croatia
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Paruch L, Paruch AM, Sørheim R. DNA-based faecal source tracking of contaminated drinking water causing a large Campylobacter outbreak in Norway 2019. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 224:113420. [PMID: 31748129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During June 2019, an outbreak of campylobacteriosis occurred in Askøy, an island northwest of Bergen, Norway. According to the publicly available records, over 2000 residents fell ill and 76 were hospitalised, and two deaths were suspected to be associated with Campylobacter infection. By investigating the epidemic pattern and scope, an old caved drinking water holding pool was identified that had been faecally contaminated as indicated by the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Furthermore, Campylobacter bacteria were found at several points in the water distribution system. In the escalated water health crisis, tracking down the infectious source became pivotal for the local municipality in order to take prompt and appropriate action to control the epidemic. A major task was to identify the primary faecal pollution source, which could further assist in tracking down the epidemic origin. Water from the affected pool was analysed using quantitative microbial source tracking (QMST) applying host-specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA genetic markers. In addition, Campylobacter jejuni, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli were detected. The QMST outcomes revealed that non-human (zoogenic) sources accounted predominantly for faecal pollution. More precisely, 69% of the faecal water contamination originated from horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Paruch
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Fredrik A. Dahls Vei 20, 1433, Aas, Norway
| | - Adam M Paruch
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Fredrik A. Dahls Vei 20, 1433, Aas, Norway.
| | - Roald Sørheim
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Fredrik A. Dahls Vei 20, 1433, Aas, Norway
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