1
|
Moldanová J, Hassellöv IM, Matthias V, Fridell E, Jalkanen JP, Ytreberg E, Quante M, Tröltzsch J, Maljutenko I, Raudsepp U, Eriksson KM. Framework for the environmental impact assessment of operational shipping. AMBIO 2022; 51:754-769. [PMID: 34292520 PMCID: PMC8297432 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Shipping is an important source of pollution affecting both atmospheric and aquatic environments. To allow for efficient mitigation of environmental degradation, it is essential to know the extent of the impacts of shipping in relation to other sources of pollution. Here, we give a perspective on a holistic approach to studies of the environmental impacts of operational shipping through presentation of an assessment framework developed and applied on a case of shipping in the Baltic Sea. Through transfer of knowledge and concepts, previously used in assessments of air pollution, now applied to assessments of marine pollution and underwater noise, the horizon of understanding of shipping-related impacts is significantly improved. It identifies the main areas of environmental degradation caused by shipping and potential improvements through legislation and technological development. However, as the vast majority of contaminants discharged into the sea are not routinely monitored and assessed, the links between pressure of contaminants from shipping and environmental state and impacts will not be caught in the current environmental regulatory frameworks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Moldanová
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 530 21, 400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida-Maja Hassellöv
- Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Campus Lindholmen, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Volker Matthias
- Hereon Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Erik Fridell
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 530 21, 400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmen’s Square 1, 005 60 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Ytreberg
- Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Campus Lindholmen, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Quante
- Hereon Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jenny Tröltzsch
- Ecologic Institute, Pfalzburger Strasse 43/44, 10717 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilja Maljutenko
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn Technical University, Akadeemia Tee 15A, 126 18 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Urmas Raudsepp
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn Technical University, Akadeemia Tee 15A, 126 18 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - K. Martin Eriksson
- Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Campus Lindholmen, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Center for Sustainable Development, Chalmers University of Technology, Aschebergsgatan 44, 411 33 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ytreberg E, Karlberg M, Hassellöv IM, Hedblom M, Nylund AT, Salo K, Imberg H, Turner D, Tripp L, Yong J, Wulff A. Effects of seawater scrubbing on a microplanktonic community during a summer-bloom in the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118251. [PMID: 34592329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has gradually applied stricter regulations on the maximum sulphur content permitted in marine fuels and from January 1, 2020, the global fuel sulphur limit was reduced from 3.5% to 0.5%. An attractive option for shipowners is to install exhaust gas cleaning systems, also known as scrubbers, and continue to use high sulphur fuel oil. In the scrubber, the exhausts are led through a fine spray of water, in which sulphur oxides are easily dissolved. The process results in large volumes of acidic discharge water, but while regulations are focused on sulphur oxides removal and acidification, other pollutants e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals and nitrogen oxides can be transferred from the exhausts to the washwater and discharged to the marine environment. The aim of the current study was to investigate how different treatments of scrubber discharge water (1, 3 and 10%) affect a natural Baltic Sea summer microplanktonic community. To resolve potential contribution of acidification from the total effect of the scrubber discharge water, "pH controls" were included where the pH of natural sea water was reduced to match the scrubber treatments. Biological effects (e.g. microplankton species composition, biovolume and primary productivity) and chemical parameters (e.g. pH and alkalinity) were monitored and analysed during 14 days of exposure. Significant effects were observed in the 3% scrubber treatment, with more than 20% increase in total biovolume of microplankton compared to the control group, and an even greater effect in the 10% scrubber treatment. Group-specific impacts were recorded where diatoms, flagellates incertae sedis, chlorophytes and ciliates increased in biovolume with increasing concentrations of scrubber water while no effect was recorded for cyanobacteria. In contrast, these effects was not observed in the "pH controls", a suggestion that other parameters/stressors in the scrubber water were responsible for the observed effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Maria Karlberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida-Maja Hassellöv
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedblom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amanda T Nylund
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kent Salo
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Imberg
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Turner
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lucy Tripp
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joanne Yong
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angela Wulff
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gren IM, Brutemark A, Jägerbrand A. Air pollutants from shipping: Costs of NO x emissions to the Baltic Sea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113824. [PMID: 34649319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite a large body of literature on the calculations of costs of air emissions from shipping, calculations of damages to the marine water are missing. This paper calculated the costs of NOx emissions from shipping entering an environmentally heterogeneous sea by applying the abatement cost approach. The total costs and unit shadow cost of NOx were then calculated by means of the marginal abatement cost for international agreements on targets of nitrogen loads to the sea. This conceptual model highlighted the need to distinguish between direct emissions of NOx on the sea and indirect emissions through deposition of emissions on land in the catchment with subsequent transportation into the sea. Calculated total cost amounted to 240 million euros, where indirect deposition accounted for 23% of the costs. The unit shadow costs ranged between 1.41 and 3.69 euros/kg NOx-N depending on location of the vessel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Marie Gren
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maljutenko I, Hassellöv IM, Eriksson M, Ytreberg E, Yngsell D, Johansson L, Jalkanen JP, Kõuts M, Kasemets ML, Moldanova J, Magnusson K, Raudsepp U. Modelling spatial dispersion of contaminants from shipping lanes in the Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:112985. [PMID: 34598094 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Major sources of pollution from shipping to marine environments are antifouling paint residues and discharges of bilge, black, grey and ballast water and scrubber discharge water. The dispersion of copper, zinc, naphthalene, pyrene, and dibromochloromethane have been studied using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model, the General Estuarine Transport Model, and the Eulerian tracer transport model in the Baltic Sea in 2012. Annual loads of the contaminants ranged from 10-2 tons for pyrene to 100 s of tons for copper. The dispersion of the contaminants is determined by the surface kinetic energy and vertical stratification at the location of the discharge. The elevated concentration of the contaminants at the surface persists for about two-days and the contaminants are dispersed over the spatial scale of 10-60 km. The Danish Sounds, the southwestern Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland are under the heaviest pressure of shipborne contaminants in the Baltic Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Maljutenko
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ida-Maja Hassellöv
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Eriksson
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Yngsell
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lasse Johansson
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariliis Kõuts
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mari-Liis Kasemets
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jana Moldanova
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Magnusson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Kristineberg Marine Research, Kristineberg 566, 451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Urmas Raudsepp
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tokuslu A. Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from ships on four ports of Georgia from 2010 to 2018. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:385. [PMID: 34091785 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is a comprehensive inventory of the greenhouse gas emissions from ships in the Georgian ports and aims to analyse the level of exhaust gas emissions in ports. Georgia has four main ports (the Poti Sea Port, the Batumi Port, the Port of Kulevi, and the Port of Supsa) which are a vital link in Georgia's economy and transfer point for handling oil and oil products. The ship activity-based method is used to calculate the emissions of NOX, CO2, VOC, PM, and SO2 from ships between 2010 to 2018 years. The analysis is executed according to the type of ships (container, bulk dry, general cargo, tanker, chemical, liquified gas, and others) and operational modes (cruising, manoeuvring, and hoteling). The total emissions from ports are 54.640, 44.030, 11.910, and 9.206 tonnes per year for Batumi, Poti, Kulevi, and Supsa, respectively. The study indicates that the Batumi Port is the main source of atmospheric pollution in the region followed by the Poti Sea Port. Tanker, general cargo, and container ships are the main polluters at all ports and emit almost 82% of all emissions in the Georgian ports. The greenhouse gas emissions emitted from vessels during the mode of cruising were 82% of the total amount; manoeuvring emissions were 5% and hoteling 13% in operational modes. The environmental costs of ports can reach to €19.1 million or €14.288 per ship call in 2018. The uncertainties of the pollutant emission estimates were measured, with lower bounds of - 12.3 to - 33.9% and upper bound of 10.8 to 30.0% at 95% confidence intervals. The lower uncertainties in the study emphasised the importance of the ship activity-based method in improving ship emission estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Tokuslu
- Multinational Maritime Security Center of Excellence, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang C, Shi Z, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Mu Y, Yao X, Feng L, Zhang F, Chen Y, Liu X, Shi J, Gao H. Impact of air emissions from shipping on marine phytoplankton growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:145488. [PMID: 33736263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid expansion of maritime traffic, increases in air emissions from shipping have exacerbated numerous environmental issues, including air pollution and climate change. However, the effects of such emissions on marine biogeochemistry remain poorly understood. Here, we collected ship-emitted particles (SEPs) from the stack of a heavy-oil-powered vessel using an onboard emission test system and investigated the impact of SEPs on phytoplankton growth over the northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO). In SEP microcosm experiments conducted in oceanic zones with different trophic statuses, the phytoplankton response, as indicated by chlorophyll a (Chl a), has been shown to increase with the proportion of SEP-derived nitrogen (N) relative to N stocks (PSN) in baseline seawater, suggesting that SEPs generally promote phytoplankton growth via N fertilisation. Simulations using an air quality model combined with a ship emission inventory further showed that oxidised N (NOx) emissions from shipping contributed ~43% of the atmospheric N deposition flux in the NWPO. Air emissions from shipping (e.g. NOx and sulphur dioxide) also indirectly enhanced the deposition of reduced N that existed in the atmosphere, constituting ~15% of the atmospheric N deposition flux. These results suggest that the impact of airborne ship emissions on atmospheric N deposition is comparable to that of land-based emissions in the NWPO. Based on the ship-induced PSN in surface seawater calculated by modeling results and World Ocean Atlas 2013 nutrient dataset, and the well-established quantitative relationship between Chl a and PSN obtained from microcosm experiments, we found a noticeable change in surface Chl a concentrations due to N deposition derived from marine traffic in the NWPO, particularly in the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea and open oceans. This work attempts to establish a direct link between marine productivity and air emissions from shipping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | - Junri Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yingchun Mu
- Estuarine and Coastal Environment Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Limin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohuan Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jinhui Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ytreberg E, Åström S, Fridell E. Valuating environmental impacts from ship emissions - The marine perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 282:111958. [PMID: 33461092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shipping is an activity responsible for a range of different pressures affecting the marine environment, air quality and human welfare. The methodology on how ship emissions impact air quality and human health are comparatively well established and used in cost-benefit analysis of policy proposals. However, the knowledge base is not the same for impacts on the marine environment and a coherent environmental and socio-economic impact assessment of shipping has not yet been made. This risk policies to be biased towards air pollution whilst trading off impacts on the marine environment. The aim of the current study was to develop a comprehensive framework on how different pressures from shipping degrade marine ecosystems, air quality and human welfare. A secondary aim was to quantify the societal damage costs of shipping due to the degradation of human welfare in a Baltic Sea case study. By adding knowledge from marine ecotoxicology and life-cycle analysis to the existing knowledge from climate, air pollution and environmental economics we were able to establish a more comprehensive conceptual framework that allows for valuation of environmental impacts from shipping, but it still omits economic values for biological pollution, littering and underwater noise. The results for the Baltic Sea case showed the total annual damage costs of Baltic Sea shipping to be 2.9 billion €2010 (95% CI 2.0-3.9 billion €2010). The damage costs due to impacts on marine eutrophication (768 million €2010) and marine ecotoxicity (582 million €2010) were in the same range as the total damage costs associated with reduced air quality (816 million €2010) and climate change (737 million €2010). The framework and the results from the current study can be used in future socio-economic assessments of ship emissions to prioritize cost efficient measures. The framework can be used globally but the damage costs presented on the marine environment are restricted to emissions on the Baltic Sea and Kattegat region as they are based on willingness to pay studies conducted on citizens around the Baltic Sea where eutrophication and emissions of chemicals are particularly threats to the state of the Baltic Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Åström
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, 400 14, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Fridell
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, 400 14, Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Preisner M, Smol M, Szołdrowska D. Trends, insights and effects of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) implementation in the light of the Polish coastal zone eutrophication. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 67:342-354. [PMID: 33452558 PMCID: PMC7904738 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of the Baltic Sea eutrophication is associated with the increase of anthropogenic nutrients loads, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus introduced into surface waters from a diffuse, point and natural background sources. Despite the observed decreasing trends in nutrient concentrations in some parts of the Baltic Sea, eutrophication-related indicators continue to deteriorate. This accelerates harmful algal blooms and dissolved oxygen deficits resulting in severe ecosystem disturbance. The paper presents trends, insights and effects of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 91/271/EEC implementation in Poland based on the nutrient riverine loads from Polish territory with particular attention given to the development of municipal wastewater treatment plants under the National Wastewater Treatment Programme 2003-2016. Environmental effects of wastewater infrastructure modernisation are investigated by using available data on the changing nutrient concentrations in the coastal water in 3 basins (Gdansk Basin, Bornholm Basin and Eastern Gotland Basin) belonging to the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone within the Baltic Sea. The results show that the decreasing trend regarding phosphorus loads reduction from municipal effluents was achieved while a stable trend with temporary increases was achieved in terms of nitrogen loads. Moreover, the investigation provides information about the potential bioavailability of discharged effluents before and after the Directive implementation by including total and inorganic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in the analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Preisner
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wybickiego Str. 7A, 31-261, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Marzena Smol
- AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Cracow, Poland
| | - Dominika Szołdrowska
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wybickiego Str. 7A, 31-261, Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ytreberg E, Eriksson M, Maljutenko I, Jalkanen JP, Johansson L, Hassellöv IM, Granhag L. Environmental impacts of grey water discharge from ships in the Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 152:110891. [PMID: 32479276 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Discharge of grey water from ships is today unregulated in most sea areas, including the Baltic Sea. Annually, an estimated 5.5 million m3 grey water is emitted to the Baltic Sea with largest contribution from RoPax (4.25 million m3) and cruise ships (0.65 million m3). In total 44 different contaminants in grey water was identified and sorted into the sub categories organic compounds (28) and metals (16). Zinc and copper had the highest average concentrations with yearly inputs of 2.8 tons (zinc) and 1.5 tons (copper). 159 tons of nitrogen and 26.4 tons of phosphorus were estimated to be discharged to the Baltic Sea annually. An environmental risk assessment of contaminants, performed at a shipping lane in the Baltic Sea, showed the risk for adverse effects from grey water to be low. Nitrogen and phosphorus input from grey water contributes to 0.25% of the exceedance of, for the Baltic Sea set, eutrophication target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Martin Eriksson
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ilja Maljutenko
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Road 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meterological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Johansson
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meterological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida-Maja Hassellöv
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lena Granhag
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jägerbrand AK, Brutemark A, Barthel Svedén J, Gren IM. A review on the environmental impacts of shipping on aquatic and nearshore ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133637. [PMID: 31422318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There are several environmental and ecological effects of shipping. However, these are rarely assessed in total in the scientific literature. Thus, the aim of this study was to summarize the different impacts of water-based transport on aquatic and nearshore ecosystems and to identify knowledge gaps and areas for future research. The review identified several environmental and ecological consequences within the main impact categories of water discharges, physical impacts, and air emissions. However, although quantitative data on these consequences are generally scarce the shipping contribution to acidification by SOx- and NOx-emissions has been quantified to some extent. There are several knowledge gaps regarding the ecological consequences of, for example, the increasing amount of chemicals transported on water, the spread of non-indigenous species coupled with climate change, and physical impacts such as shipping noise and artificial light. The whole plethora of environmental consequences, as well as potential synergistic effects, should be seriously considered in transport planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika K Jägerbrand
- Calluna AB, Hästholmsvägen 28, SE-131 30 Nacka, Sweden; Department of Construction Engineering and Lighting Science, School of Engineering, Jönköping University, P.O. Box 1026, SE-551 11 Jönköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Ing-Marie Gren
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|