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Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhong D, Cui J, Sun W, Jiang Y. Enhancing and sustaining arsenic removal in a zerovalent iron-based magnetic flow-through water treatment system. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 263:122199. [PMID: 39128421 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
In areas affected by arsenicosis, zerovalent iron (ZVI)/sand filters are extensively used by households to treat groundwater, but ZVI surface passivation and filter clogging limit their arsenic (As) removal performance. Here we present a magnetic confinement-enabled column reactor coupled with periodic ultrasonic depassivation (MCCR-PUD), which efficiently and sustainably removes As by reaction with continuously generated iron (oxyhydr)oxides from ZVI oxidative corrosion. In the MCCR, ZVI microparticles self-assemble into stable millimeter-scale wires in forest-like arrays in a parallel magnetic field (0.42-0.48 T, produced by two parallel permanent magnets), forming a highly porous structure (87 % porosity) with twice the accessible reactive surface area of a ZVI/sand mixture. For a feed concentration of 100 μg/L As(III), the MCCR-PUD, with a short empty bed contact time (1.6 min), treated ca. 7340 empty bed volume (EBV) of water at breakthrough (10 μg/L), 9.4 folds higher than that of a ZVI/sand filter. Due to the large interspace between ZVI wires, the MCCR-PUD effectively prevented column clogging that occurred in the ZVI/sand filter. The high water treatment capacity was attributed to the much enhanced ZVI reactivity in the magnetic field, sustained through rejuvenation by PUD. Furthermore, most of As was structurally incorporated into the produced iron (oxyhydr)oxides (mostly ferrihydrite) in the MCCR-PUD, as revealed by Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and sequential extraction experiments. This finding evinced a different mechanism from the surface adsorption in the ZVI/sand filter. The structural incorporation of As also resulted in much less As remobilization from the produced corrosion products during aging in water, in total ∼1 % in 28 days. Furthermore, the MCCR-PUD exihibted robust performance when treating complex synthetic groundwater containing natural organic matter and common ions (∼3700 EBV at breakthrough). Taken together, our study demonstrates the potential of the magnetic confinement-enabled ZVI reactor as a promising decentralized As treatment platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Delai Zhong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Jinli Cui
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhang W, Qi L, Li D, Xiao L. A kinetic model for porosity evaluation in Fe(0) mixed material-based sequential groundwater remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168507. [PMID: 37963539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In aquifer systems, particularly those characterized by homogeneity in the shallow layers, the even distribution of contaminants, such as solutes, solvents, and reductive agents or substrates is frequently impeded. Consequently, this complicates the accurate delineation homogeneity within the groundwater matrix, which is a crucial aspect for the effective subsurface treatment of contaminants. In this study, columnar assays were conducted using acid-activated zero-valent iron [Fe(0), ZVI] emulated in situ remediation across disparate iron-to-sand weight ratios. To decipher the interaction between porosity and solute migration, a mass transfer-centric model was developed to provide quantitative insights during heterogeneous groundwater interventions. The results revealed that nitrate attenuation by Fe(0) rigorously adheres to a first-order kinetic paradigm. The efficiency porosity (n̅) during non-equilibrium (rate-limited) conditions can be calculated under different NO3- concentrations and Fe(0)/sand ratios. This analysis predicts that large porosity and preferential flow will occur in the Fe(0)50/% and Fe(0)25/% columns. The optimal parameters were determined as a mixing ratio of Fe(0)/sand of 0.5/0.5 (volume) and an HRT of 7.3 h when the influent NO3--N concentration ranged from 20 mg·L-1 to 100 mg·L-1, resulting in enhanced nitrate removal efficiency. A positive correlation was observed between K (a mass-transfer rate coefficient) and Fe(0)/sand ratio. Using a power-law function to fit A [the value of fitting parameter] and the Fe(0)/sand ratio, a positive correlation was calculated that closely resembles the trend observed in lab columns. This model subsequently facilitated the calibration of operational variables, optimizing the in situ amelioration of nitrate-laden groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, No. 508, 2nd Street, Qiantang District, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China; Civil Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Liang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dunzhu Li
- Civil Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Liwen Xiao
- Civil Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland.
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3
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Yuan L, Wang K, Zhao Q, Yang L, Wang G, Jiang M, Li L. An overview of in situ remediation for groundwater co-contaminated with heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119342. [PMID: 37890298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is an important component of water resources. Mixed pollutants comprising heavy metals (HMs) and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) from industrial activities can contaminate groundwater through such processes as rainfall infiltration, runoff and discharge, which pose direct threats to human health through the food chain or drinking water. In situ remediation of contaminated groundwater is an important way to improve the quality of a water environment, develop water resources and ensure the safety of drinking water. Bioremediation and permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) were discussed in this paper as they were effective and affordable for in situ remediation of complex contaminated groundwater. In addition, media types, technology combinations and factors for the PRBs were highlighted. Finally, insights and outlooks were presented for in situ remediation technologies for complex groundwater contaminated with HMs and PHs. The selection of an in situ remediation technology should be site specific. The remediation of complex contaminated groundwater can be approached from various perspectives, including the development of economical materials, the production of slow-release and encapsulated materials, and a combination of multiple technologies. This review is expected to provide technical guidance and assistance for in situ remediation of complex contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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Budania R, Dangayach S. A comprehensive review on permeable reactive barrier for the remediation of groundwater contamination. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 332:117343. [PMID: 36758361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater quality is deteriorating due to contamination from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Traditional "Pump and Treat" techniques of treating the groundwater suffer from the disadvantages of a small-scale and energy-intensive approach. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs), owing to their passive operation, offer a more sustainable strategy for remediation. This promising technique focuses on eliminating heavy metal pollutants and hazardous aromatic compounds by physisorption, chemisorption, precipitation, denitrification, and/or biodegradation. Researchers have utilized ZVI, activated carbon, natural and manufactured zeolites, and other by-products as reactive media barriers. Environmental parameters, i.e., pH, initial pollutant concentration, organic substance, dissolved oxygen, and reactive media by-products, all influence a PRB's performance. Although their long-term impact and performance are uncertain, PRBs are still evolving as viable alternatives to pump-and-treat techniques. The use of PRBs to remove anionic contaminants (e.g., Fluoride, Nitrate, etc.) has received less attention since precipitates can clog the reactive barrier and hinder groundwater flow. In this paper, we present an insight into this approach and the tremendous implications for future scientific study that integrates this strategy using sustainability and explores the viability of PRBs for anionic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Budania
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sanyam Dangayach
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India.
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5
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Song IG, Kang YG, Kim JH, Yoon H, Um WY, Chang YS. Assessment of sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron for in-situ remediation of cadmium-contaminated acidic groundwater at a zinc smelter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129915. [PMID: 36113350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented high concentrations of heavy metals have been detected in the groundwater at a zinc smelter in Seokpo, South Korea. The outflow of the contaminated groundwater into the nearby Nakdong River must be prevented by some means such as permeable reactive barrier (PRB). As a reactive material for injection-type PRB, we have tested sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) to assess its efficacy in remediating the groundwater from the smelter. The S-nZVI efficiently removed Zn, Ni, and Al in the groundwater, and neutralized the groundwater to pH > 6. Sulfidation of nZVI greatly increased the removal of Cd (99.8%) compared to that by nZVI (7.2%). MINEQL+ modeling and particle characterization were performed to elucidate the forms of heavy metals in the solution and on the surface of S-nZVI. Raman and XPS results suggested that FeS on the surface of S-nZVI reacted with Cd(II) and Zn(II), forming more-stable CdS and ZnS. Sequential application of NaHCO3 after S-nZVI treatment in a column setup was suited for the removal of remaining Zn and Fe as well as the reduction of microbial toxicity. This study guides to use of S-nZVI for in-situ remediation of cadmium-contaminated groundwater with other coexisting heavy metals from a zinc smelter.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Gyu Song
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Gyeong Kang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Advanced Geo-Materials R&D Department, Pohang Branch, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Pohang 37559, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakwon Yoon
- Environmental Exposure & Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Yong Um
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Zhang Y, Li M, Hua Y, Wu X, Zhang X, Fang Q, Cai T. A novel solar-powered electrochemical mineralization system for persistent remediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 250:106909. [PMID: 35597073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of the migratory ability of uranium via reduction, co-precipitation or immobilization is a widely used technology for remediation of uranium contaminated groundwater (UCG). However, the re-released uranium due to environmental alterations such as oxidation, acid dissolution, or microbial decomposition limits the long-term effect of UCG remediation. Here, we developed a novel solar-powered electrochemical mineralization (SPEM) system for persistent remediation of UCG under laboratory conditions. The SPEM system incorporates uranium into magnetite crystal to achieve long-term stability of uranium. The effects of photoelectric conversion, subsurface void fraction, groundwater seepage velocity, and electrode configuration on uranium removal were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the remediation system had excellent adaptability to complex water quality and geological conditions, and could remediate large-area contamination. After 12 h of persistent treatment, the system with newly hexagonal two-dimensional electrode configuration (1A6C) reduced uranium concentration by more than 85% in simulated subsurface environment. The mineralized uranium was not re-released within continuous rinsing of treated regions using an acid solution (pH = 3.0), for 370 h. The developed method solely requires metallic iron as a raw material, which has high and long-term efficiency, is eco-friendly, simple, and widely applicable, thus reliable for the remediation of deep UCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Mi Li
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Yilong Hua
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Qi Fang
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Tao Cai
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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7
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Dinh VC, Hou CH, Dao TN. O, N-doped porous biochar by air oxidation for enhancing heavy metal removal: The role of O, N functional groups. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133622. [PMID: 35033519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen- and nitrogen-doped porous oxidized biochar (O,N-doped OBC) was fabricated in this study. Biochar (BC) can be enriched in surface functional groups (O and N) and the porosity can be improved by a simple, convenient and green procedure. BC was oxidized at 200 °C in an air atmosphere with quality control via oxidation time changes. As the oxidation time increased, the O and N contents and porosity of the materials improved. After 1.5 h of oxidation, the O and N contents of O,N-doped OBC-1.5 were 54.4% and 3.9%, higher than those of BC, which were 33.4% and 1.8%, respectively. The specific surface area and pore volume of O,N-doped OBC-1.5 were 88.5 m2 g-1 and 0.07 cm3 g-1, respectively, which were greater than those of BC. The improved surface functionality and porosity resulted in an increased heavy metal removal efficiency. As a result, the maximum adsorption capacity of Cu(II) by O,N-doped OBC was 23.32 mg L-1, which was twofold higher than that of pristine BC. Additionally, for a multiple ion solution, O,N-doped OBC-1.5 showed a greater adsorption behavior toward Cu(II) than Zn(II) and Ni(II). In a batch experiment, the concentration of Cu(II) decreased 92.3% after 90 min. In a filtration experiment, the O,N-doped OBC-based filter achieved a Cu(II) removal capacity of 12.90 mg g-1 and breakthrough time after 250 min. Importantly, the chemical mechanism was mainly governed by monolayer adsorption of Cu(II) onto a homogeneous surface of O,N-doped OBC-1.5. Surface complexation and electrostatic attraction were considered to be the chemical mechanisms governing the adsorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Cuong Dinh
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Chia-Hung Hou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Research Center for Future Earth, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Thuy Ninh Dao
- Faculty of Economics and Construction Management, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
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Zhu F, Tan X, Zhao W, Feng L, He S, Wei L, Yang L, Wang K, Zhao Q. Efficiency assessment of ZVI-based media as fillers in permeable reactive barrier for multiple heavy metal-contaminated groundwater remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127605. [PMID: 34741938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Four zero valent iron-based composites were prepared and applied as the reactive media of permeable reactive barriers. Batch tests and continuous-flow column experiments were conducted to assess the long-term performance of these composites for possible utilization as fillers for PRB. The experimental results of the batch tests revealed that in single-metal systems, the removal efficiency of Cu(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ), Cr(Ⅵ) and As(Ⅲ) could reach 98% at equilibrium. Equilibrium data showed that composites displayed different selectivity values in binary and quaternary-component systems. For the continuous tests, column filled with chitosan-zero valent iron-based composites, exhibited optimal removal efficiency and achieved average removal values of 98.84%, 88.28%, 95.65% and 87.10% for Cu(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ), Cr(Ⅵ) and As(Ⅲ) during the whole 30-day operation, respectively. Dynamic removal improvement of multiple metals was observed with further assembly media, with average removal of 99.11%, 90.05% and 87.34% for Cu(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ) and As(Ⅲ), respectively. Combined with superficial characteristic analysis, the functional groups distributed on the surface of composites played a key role in metal sorption. Moreover, the adsorbed Cu(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ) and Cr(Ⅵ) gradually transferred to the mobile phase when the operational periods were prolonged, while As(Ⅲ) became more stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Zhu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xuefei Tan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin 100050, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Likui Feng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shufei He
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Cao R, Liu S, Yang X, Wang C, Wang Y, Wang W, Pi Y. Enhanced remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater by coupling electrokinetics with ZVI/Fe 3O 4/AC-based permeable reactive barrier. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 112:280-290. [PMID: 34955212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although widely used in permeation reaction barrier (PRB) for strengthening the removal of various heavy metals, zero-valent iron (ZVI) is limited by various inherent drawbacks, such as easy passivation and poor electron transfer. As a solution, a synergistic system with PRB and electrokinetics (PRB-EK) was established and applied for the efficient removal of Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater. As the filling material of PRB, ZVI/Fe3O4/activated carbon (ZVI/Fe3O4/AC) composites were synthesized by ball milling and thermal treatment. A series of continuous flow column experiments and batch tests was conducted to evaluate the removal efficiency of Cr(VI). Results showed that the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) remained above 93% even when the bed volume (BV) reached 2000 under the operational parameters (iron/AC mass ratio, 2:1; current, 5 mA). The mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by the PRB-EK system was revealed through field emission scanning electron microscopy images, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fe2+ concentration, and redox potential (Eh) values. The key in Cr(VI) reduction was the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle driven by the surface microelectrolysis of the composites. The application of an externally supplied weak direct current maintained the redox process by enhancing the electron transfer capability of the system, thereby prolonging the column lifetime. Cr(VI) chemical speciation was determined through sequential extraction, verifying the stability and safety of the system. These findings provide a scientific basis for PRB design and the in-situ remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Cao
- Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control and Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shiqing Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control and Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control and Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control and Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control and Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Wanfeng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control and Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yunqing Pi
- Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control and Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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10
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The Suitability of Hybrid Fe0/Aggregate Filtration Systems for Water Treatment. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metallic iron (Fe0) corrosion under immersed conditions (Fe0/H2O system) has been used for water treatment for the past 170 years. Fe0 generates solid iron corrosion products (FeCPs) which are known to in situ coat the surface of aggregates, including granular activated carbon (GAC), gravel, lapillus, manganese oxide (MnO2), pyrite (FeS2), and sand. While admixing Fe0 and reactive aggregates to build hybrid systems (e.g., Fe0/FeS2, Fe0/MnO2, Fe0/sand) for water treatment, it has been largely overlooked that these materials would experience reactivity loss upon coating. This communication clarifies the relationships between aggregate addition and the sustainability of Fe0/H2O filtration systems. It is shown that any enhanced contaminant removal efficiency in Fe0/aggregate/H2O systems relative to the Fe0/H2O system is related to the avoidance/delay of particle cementation by virtue of the non-expansive nature of the aggregates. The argument that aggregate addition sustains any reductive transformation of contaminants mediated by electrons from Fe0 is disproved by the evidence that Fe0/sand systems are equally more efficient than pure Fe0 systems. This demonstration corroborates the concept that aqueous contaminant removal in iron/water systems is not a process mediated by electrons from Fe0. This communication reiterates that only hybrid Fe0/H2O filtration systems are sustainable.
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11
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Samuel MS, Selvarajan E, Chidambaram R, Patel H, Brindhadevi K. Clean approach for chromium removal in aqueous environments and role of nanomaterials in bioremediation: Present research and future perspective. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131368. [PMID: 34225115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is an insidious ecological pollutant that is of huge value for its toxicity. The existing ecological objective to lower the heights of toxic materials in marine systems and to stimulate the existing water to recycle after suitable treatment of wastewater. Chromium is a hazard element that appears in discharges of numerous industries that must be diminished to accomplish the goals. Nearly all of the findings described in the literature related to the usage of various materials such as fungal, algal, bacterial biomass, and nanomaterials for chromium adsorption. The current work evaluates the findings of research commenced in the preceding on the use of a variety of adsorbents to decrease chromium concentrations in contaminated waters. This review article focuses on the issue of chromium contamination, its chemistry, causes, consequences, biological agent remediation techniques, and the detailed process of chromium detoxification in microbial cells. It also lists a description of the in situ and ex situ chromium bioremediation methods used. This can help design more effective Cr(VI) removal methods, thus bridging the difference between laboratory discoveries and industrial chromium remediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin S Samuel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CEAS, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - E Selvarajan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Himanshu Patel
- Applied Science and Humanities Department, Pacific School of Engineering, Kadodara, Palasana Road, Surat, 394305, Gujarat, India
| | - Kathirvel Brindhadevi
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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12
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Integrated Treatment at Laboratory Scale of a Mature Landfill Leachate via Active Filtration and Anaerobic Digestion: Preliminary Results. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13202845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The management of mature landfill leachate (MLL) represents an increasingly crucial issue to tackle. In this study, the feasibility of an integrated treatment was investigated at the laboratory scale using synthetic leachate with the objective of maximizing the recovery of potentially useful compounds present in leachate (especially ammonia nitrogen). First, in order to remove heavy metals, active filtration of the MLL was carried out using zero-valent iron (ZVI) mixed with either lapillus or granular activated carbon (GAC). The average removal rates for the ZVI/lapillus and the ZVI/GAC filter were 33%, 85%, 66%, and 58% and 56%, 91%, 67%, and 75% for COD, Cu, Ni, and Zn, respectively. Then, pre-treated MLL was added during the anaerobic digestion (AD) of cellulose with the aim of providing bacteria with macro (i.e., ammonia nitrogen) and micro (e.g., residual heavy metals) nutrients. After 38 days, the best performance in terms of cumulative methane production (5.3 NL) and methane yield (0.26 NL/gVSadded on average) was recorded in the reactor fed with the lowest dosage (17.9 mL/d) of MLL pre-treated by the ZVI/lapillus filter. The main issue that emerged during AD was the possible inhibition of the process linked to an excessive presence of humic substances; however, in future experiments, this problem can be solved through an optimization of the management of the whole process. The residual digestate from AD, rich in nitrogen and humic substances, may be safely used for agriculture purposes, closing the cycle of MLL management.
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13
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Qu M, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang X, Tong X, Li S, Xu H. Improved performance and applicability of copper-iron bimetal by sulfidation for Cr(VI) removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130820. [PMID: 34015648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of zero-valent iron (ZVI) for the Cr(VI) removal in groundwater is mainly limited by the formation of a passivation layer during its application in permeable reactive barrier (PRB). A kind of sulfidated copper-iron bimetal (S-ZVICu) with high reactivity for Cr(VI) removal was prepared by depositing FeSx onto copper modified ZVI via a one-pot method. The surface characteristic, reactivity and Cr(VI) removal performance of S-ZVICu were investigated. It was found that S-ZVICu had a Cr(VI) removal capacity as high as 67.5 mg/g and little risk of secondary contaminant of Cu(II). The optimal Cu/Fe mass ratio and S/Fe molar ratio were 0.0125 and 0.084, respectively. The S-ZVICu exhibited great superiority of Cr(VI) removal compared with ZVI, sulfidated ZVI (SZVI) and coper-iron bimetal (ZVICu). Mineralogy and morphology analysis showed that S-ZVICu had a hierarchical structure of Fe0/Cu0/FeSx, which could effectively reduce the risk of secondary contaminant of copper ions. The mechanism analysis suggested that the copper and FeSx successively plated on the surface of ZVI played a dual role in promoting the corrosion of zero-valent iron, and was facilitated to electron transfer between Fe0, Cu0, FeSx and Cr(VI). In addition, the loose FeSx layer had a positive effect on alleviating the oxidation of ZVI in air, which was helpful in maintaining the reactivity of S-ZVICu in the air. S-ZVICu is an environmentally friendly material for sustainable and effective removal of Cr(VI) in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huixia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xingrun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xuejiao Tong
- Yuhuan Environmental Technology Co. LTD., Shijiazhuang, 050091, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Hongbin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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14
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Pla C, Benavente D, Valdes-Abellan J, Kovacova Z. Effectiveness of two lightweight aggregates for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated urban stormwater. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 239:103778. [PMID: 33621944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated runoff stormwater from urban environments carries several contaminants to water bodies, thereby affecting the health of living beings and ecological systems. Among all the contaminants, heavy metals possess high toxicity and impact water quality. The stormwater management through green infrastructures composed by adequate materials can provide an excellent solution, simultaneously ensuring the appropriate hydraulic performance and contaminant removal rate. The proposed research aims at the elimination of heavy metals (i.e. Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) through column experiments by selecting four possible and novel treatments for urban stormwaters. Two lightweight aggregates (Arlita and Filtralite) were tested separately and in combination with CaCO3. The study determines the efficiency and lifetime of each treatment by varying the interaction time between the filter materials and contaminated water and the type of filter. The observed removal mechanisms were closely related to the changes in pH due to the interactions between water and different materials. The reductions in heavy metal concentrations depend on the type of heavy metal, interaction time and type of filter material. Results indicate that the combined use of CaCO3, Arlita and Filtralite did not improve the removal rates of heavy metals. However, it decreased the efficiency of the decontamination process. The significance of this study lies on the removal efficiency of Arlita and Filtralite as decontamination treatments. Both the tested lightweight aggregates led to a considerable decrease in the heavy metal concentrations in urban runoff stormwater although Filtralite was particularly efficient. After 4 weeks, the treatments were still successfully reducing and stabilising 99% of the heavy metals in the contaminated stormwater. These results confirm that the lifetime of the tested lightweight aggregates is adequate and emphasise, as a novel application of these materials, on their feasibility for the improvement of urban stormwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepcion Pla
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - David Benavente
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | | | - Zdenka Kovacova
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia.
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15
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang K, Lin D. Reciprocal interference of clay minerals and nanoparticulate zero-valent iron on their interfacial interaction with dissolved organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140372. [PMID: 32758974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With increasing environmental application of nanoparticulate zero-valent iron (nZVI), it is essential to explore the interaction of nZVI with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and clay mineral particles (CMPs) and its potential effect on the formation of DOM-mineral complex that may impact the carbon sequestration. The aggregation and adsorption behaviors of nZVIs (two bare nZVIs of different sizes and one carboxymethyl cellulose coated nZVI (CMC-nZVI)) and CMPs (kaolinite and montmorillonite) coexisting in DOM (humic acid and fulvic acid) solutions were systematically investigated. The bare nZVIs more easily formed heteroaggregates with montmorillonite than kaolinite in DOM solutions, while the CMC-nZVI tended to attach on kaolinite surface. The heteroaggregation and competition between nZVIs and CMPs could change their interfacial interaction with DOM and the ultimate immobilization of DOM was determined by the formed nZVI-CMP complexes, irrelevant to the addition sequence of nZVIs and CMPs. Compared with the individual CMPs alone, the formed bare-nZVIs-CMP heteroaggregates promoted the sequestration of DOM especially its aromatic carbon fractions, while the CMC-nZVI had no such effect. These findings will be helpful for the understanding of nZVI interaction with DOM and CMPs and the effect on the immobilization of organic carbon in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yangzhi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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16
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Latif A, Sheng D, Sun K, Si Y, Azeem M, Abbas A, Bilal M. Remediation of heavy metals polluted environment using Fe-based nanoparticles: Mechanisms, influencing factors, and environmental implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114728. [PMID: 32408081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution by heavy metals (HMs) has raised considerable attention due to their toxic impacts on plants, animals and human beings. Thus, the environmental cleanup of these toxic (HMs) is extremely urgent both from the environmental and biological point of view. To remediate HMs-polluted environment, several nanoparticles (NPs) such as metals and its oxides, carbon materials, zeolites, and bimetallic NPs have been documented. Among these, Fe-based NPs have emerged as an effective choice for remediating environmental contamination, due to infinite size, high reactivity, and adsorption properties. This review summarizes the utilization of various Fe-based NPs such as nano zero-valent iron (NZVI), modified-NZVI, supported-NZVI, doped-NZVI, and Fe oxides and hydroxides in remediating the HMs-polluted environment. It presents a comprehensive elaboration on the possible reaction mechanisms between the Fe-based NPs and heavy metals, including adsorption, oxidation/reduction, and precipitation. Subsequently, the environmental factors (e.g., pH, organic matter, and redox) affecting the reactivity of the Fe-based NPs with heavy metals are also highlighted in the current study. Research shows that Fe-based NPs can be toxic to living organisms. In this context, this review points out the environmental hazards associated with the application of Fe-based NPs and proposes future recommendations for the utilization of these NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Latif
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China; Department of Agriculture, Soil and Water, Testing Laboratory for Research, DG Khan, Pakistan
| | - Di Sheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Youbin Si
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Aown Abbas
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Agriculture, Soil and Water, Testing Laboratory for Research, DG Khan, Pakistan
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17
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Chu KH. Exponential and logistic functions: The two faces of the Bohart-Adams model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:122025. [PMID: 31928789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khim Hoong Chu
- Honeychem, Nanjing Chemical Industry Park, Nanjing 210047, China.
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18
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Ozay H, Gungor Z, Yilmaz B, Ilgin P, Ozay O. Dual use of colorimetric sensor and selective copper removal from aqueous media with novel p(HEMA-co-TACYC) hydrogels: Cyclen derivative as both monomer and crosslinker. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121848. [PMID: 31874756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the scope of this study, p(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-tetraacrylic cyclen) (p(HEMA-co-TACYC)) hydrogels were synthesized for the first time in the literature using a tetraacrylic cyclen (TACYC) as both functional monomer and crosslinker. The hydrogels designed especially for Cu2+ ions showed colorimetric sensor behavior selective for Cu2+ ions in all aqueous media (deionized, tap, river and sea water) and in metal ion mixtures. The p(HEMA-co-TACYC) hydrogels forming a stable complex with Cu2+ ions simultaneously showed properties of being a good adsorbent material. The hydrogels have reuse capacity as both sensor and adsorbent material. Changing the amount of TACYC in the hydrogel structure changes the maximum adsorption capacity for Cu2+ ions. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption constants for Cu2+ ion adsorption of the hydrogels, acting as selective adsorbent in all aqueous media and metal ion mixtures, were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Ozay
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Gungor
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Betul Yilmaz
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Bioengineering and Materials Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ilgin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Lapseki Vocational School, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale/Lapseki, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ozay
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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