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Gargiulo S, Boscutti F, Carrer M, Prendin AL, Unterholzner L, Dibona R, Casolo V. Snowpack permanence shapes the growth and dynamic of non-structural carbohydrates in Juniperus communis in alpine tundra. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174891. [PMID: 39047817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Climate warming is altering snowpack permanence in alpine tundra, modifying shrub growth and distribution. Plant acclimation to snowpack changes depends on the capability to guarantee growth and carbon storage, suggesting that the content of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in plant organs can be a key trait to depict the plant response under different snow regimes. To test this hypothesis, we designed a 3-years long manipulative experiment aimed at evaluating the effect of snow melt timing (i.e., early, control, and late) on NSC content in needles, bark and wood of Juniperus communis L. growing at high elevation in the Alps. Starch evidenced a general decrease from late spring to summer in control and early melting, while starch was low but stable in plants subjected to a late snow melt. Leaves, bark and wood have different level of soluble NSC changing during growing season: in bark, sugars content decreased significantly in late summer, while there was no seasonal effect in needles and wood. Soluble NSC and starch were differently related with the plant growth, when considering different tissues and snow treatment. In leaf and bark we observed a starch depletion in control and early melting plants, consistently to a higher growth (i.e., twig elongation), while in late snow melt, we did not find any significant relationship between growth and NSC concentration. Our findings confirmed that snowpack duration affects the onset of the growing season promoting a change in carbon allocation in plant organs and, between bark and wood in twigs. Finally, our results suggest that plants, at this elevation, could take advantage from an early snow melt caused by climate warming, most likely due to photosynthetic activity by maintaining the level of reserves and enhancing the carbon investment for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gargiulo
- Department of Agricultural Food Environmental Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Francesco Boscutti
- Department of Agricultural Food Environmental Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Angela Luisa Prendin
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Italy; Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lucrezia Unterholzner
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaela Dibona
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Valentino Casolo
- Department of Agricultural Food Environmental Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Sun H, Wang WJ, Liu Z, Wang L, Bao SG, Ba S, Cong Y. Woody encroachment induced earlier and extended growing season in boreal wetland ecosystems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1413896. [PMID: 38812732 PMCID: PMC11133685 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1413896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Woody plant encroachment (WPE), a widespread ecological phenomenon globally, has significant impacts on ecosystem structure and functions. However, little is known about how WPE affects phenology in wetland ecosystems of middle and high latitudes. Here, we investigated the regional-scale effects of WPE on the start (SOS), peak (POS), end (EOS), and length (GSL) of the growing season in boreal wetland ecosystems, and their underlying mechanisms, using remote sensing dataset during 2001-2016. Our results showed that WPE advanced the annual SOS and POS, while delaying EOS and extending GSL in boreal wetlands with these impacts increasing over time. When boreal wetland ecosystems were fully encroached by woody plants, the SOS and POS were advanced by 12.17 and 5.65 days, respectively, the EOS was postponed by 2.74 days, and the GSL was extended by 15.21 days. We also found that the impacts of WPE on wetland SOS were predominantly attributed to the increased degree of WPE (α), while climatic factors played a more significant role in controlling the POS and EOS responses to WPE. Climate change not only directly influenced phenological responses of wetlands to WPE but also exerted indirect effects by regulating soil moisture and α. Winter precipitation and spring temperature primarily determined the effects of WPE on SOS, while its impacts on POS were mainly controlled by winter precipitation, summer temperature, and precipitation, and the effects on EOS were mainly determined by winter precipitation, summer temperature, and autumn temperature. Our findings offer new insights into the understanding of the interaction between WPE and wetland ecosystems, emphasizing the significance of considering WPE effects to ensure accurate assessments of phenology changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, Beijing, China
| | - Wen J. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Suri G. Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Ba
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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Li T, Fu B, Lü Y, Du C, Zhao Z, Wang F, Gao G, Wu X. Soil freeze-thaw cycles affect spring phenology by changing phenological sensitivity in the Northern Hemisphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169963. [PMID: 38215850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The use of frozen soil-vegetation feedback for predictive models is undergoing enormous changes under rapid climate warming. However, the influence of soil freeze-thaw (SFT) cycles on vegetation phenology and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. By synthesizing a variety of satellite-derived data from 2002 to 2021 in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), we demonstrated a widespread positive correlation between soil thawing and the start of the growing season (SOS). Our results also showed that the SFT cycles had a significant impact on vegetation phenology mainly by altering the phenological sensitivities to daytime and nighttime temperatures, solar radiation and precipitation. Moreover, the effects of SFT cycles on the sensitivity of the SOS were more pronounced than those on the sensitivity of the end of the growing season (EOS) and the length of growing season (LOS). Furthermore, due to the degradation of frozen soil, the changes in phenological sensitivity in the grassland and tundra biomes were significantly larger than those in the forest. These findings highlighted the importance of incorporating the SFT as an intermediate process into process-based phenological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihe Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangyao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Ma P, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Luo T. Increased precipitation leads to earlier green-up and later senescence in Tibetan alpine grassland regardless of warming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162000. [PMID: 36739031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It is debatable whether warming or increased precipitation primarily drives the changes of spring and autumn phenology in alpine grasslands at high elevations like the Tibetan Plateau. We aim to test the hypothesis that increased precipitation and soil moisture rather than warming significantly advance spring green-up dates (GUD) of dominant species in a semiarid alpine grassland, while both increases of temperature and precipitation delay their autumn senescence dates (SD). We conducted a 2-year manipulative experiment with infrared warming (ambient, +2 °C) and precipitation increase for each of rainfall events (ambient, +15 %, +30 %) during the growing season in a Tibetan alpine grassland. GUD and SD of three dominant species and the relevant soil temperature (ST) and moisture (SM) were observed. Rainy season onset as well as Pre-GUD or Pre-SD (30 days before GUD or SD) mean air-temperature (T-30d) and precipitation (P-30d) and relevant soil temperature (ST-30d) and moisture (SM-30d) were calculated for each experimental treatment. GUD dates of the three dominant species were advanced by increased precipitation rather than by warming, which showed a robust positive correlation with rainy season onset. SD dates were independently delayed by both increases of temperature and precipitation. There was no interactive effect of warming and increased precipitation on GUD and SD across species and years. In general, GUD had a significant negative correlation with Pre-GUD P-30d (SM-30d) but not with Pre-GUD T-30d (ST-30d), while SD showed a significant positive correlation with Pre-SD T-30d and P-30d or Pre-SD ST-30d and SM-30d. Our data support the hypothesis, indicating that spring and autumn phenology of monsoon-adapted alpine vegetation are more sensitive to precipitation change than to warming. The prolonged growing season length under increased temperature and precipitation is more depended on the delay of autumn senescence than the advance of spring green-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ma
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingxue Zhao
- College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haoze Zhang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tianxiang Luo
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Descals A, Gaveau DLA, Verger A, Sheil D, Naito D, Peñuelas J. Unprecedented fire activity above the Arctic Circle linked to rising temperatures. Science 2022; 378:532-537. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Arctic fires can release large amounts of carbon from permafrost peatlands. Satellite observations reveal that fires burned ~4.7 million hectares in 2019 and 2020, accounting for 44% of the total burned area in the Siberian Arctic for the entire 1982–2020 period. The summer of 2020 was the warmest in four decades, with fires burning an unprecedentedly large area of carbon-rich soils. We show that factors of fire associated with temperature have increased in recent decades and identified a near-exponential relationship between these factors and annual burned area. Large fires in the Arctic are likely to recur with climatic warming before mid-century, because the temperature trend is reaching a threshold in which small increases in temperature are associated with exponential increases in the area burned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Descals
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Aleixandre Verger
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV, 46113 València, Spain
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor 16000, Indonesia
| | - Daisuke Naito
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor 16000, Indonesia
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Alpine shrub growth follows bimodal seasonal patterns across biomes - unexpected environmental controls. Commun Biol 2022; 5:793. [PMID: 35933562 PMCID: PMC9357034 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Under climate change, cold-adapted alpine ecosystems are turning into hotspots of warming. However, the complexity of driving forces of growth, associated biomass gain and carbon storage of alpine shrubs is poorly understood. We monitored alpine growth mechanisms of six common shrub species across contrasting biomes, Mediterranean and tundra, using 257 dendrometers, recording stem diameter variability at high temporal resolution. Linking shrub growth to on-site environmental conditions, we modelled intra-annual growth patterns based on distributed lag non-linear models implemented with generalized additive models. We found pronounced bimodal growth patterns across biomes, and counterintuitively, within the cold-adapted biome, moisture, and within the drought-adapted biome, temperature was crucial, with unexpected consequences. In a warmer world, the Mediterranean alpine might experience strong vegetation shifts, biomass gain and greening, while the alpine tundra might see less changes in vegetation patterns, minor modifications of biomass stocks and rather browning. Generalized additive models reveal an unexpected environmental control in shrub growth across biomes.
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Remote Sensing in Studies of the Growing Season: A Bibliometric Analysis. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of climate change based on point observations indicate an extension of the plant growing season, which may have an impact on plant production and functioning of natural ecosystems. Analyses involving remote sensing methods, which have added more detail to results obtained in the traditional way, have been carried out only since the 1980s. The paper presents the results of a bibliometric analysis of papers related to the growing season published from 2000–2021 included in the Web of Science database. Through filtering, 285 publications were selected and subjected to statistical processing and analysis of their content. This resulted in the identification of author teams that mostly focused their research on vegetation growth and in the selection of the most common keywords describing the beginning, end, and duration of the growing season. It was found that most studies on the growing season were reported from Asia, Europe, and North America (i.e., 32%, 28%, and 28%, respectively). The analyzed articles show the advantage of satellite data over low-altitude and ground-based data in providing information on plant vegetation. Over three quarters of the analyzed publications focused on natural plant communities. In the case of crops, wheat and rice were the most frequently studied plants (i.e., they were analyzed in over 30% and over 20% of publications, respectively).
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