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Bruhns T, Sánchez-Girón Barba C, König L, Timm S, Fisch K, Sokolova IM. Combined effects of organic and mineral UV-filters on the lugworm Arenicola marina. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142184. [PMID: 38697569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Pollution from personal care products, such as UV-filters like avobenzone and nano-zinc oxide (nZnO), poses a growing threat to marine ecosystems. To better understand this hazard, especially for lesser-studied sediment-dwelling marine organisms, we investigated the physiological impacts of simultaneous exposure to nZnO and avobenzone on the lugworm Arenicola marina. Lugworms were exposed to nZnO, avobenzone, or their combination for three weeks. We assessed pollutant-induced metabolic changes by measuring key metabolic intermediates in the body wall and coelomic fluid, and oxidative stress by analyzing antioxidant levels and oxidative lesions in proteins and lipids of the body wall. Exposure to UV filters resulted in shifts in the concentrations of Krebs' cycle and urea cycle intermediates, as well as alterations in certain amino acids in the body wall and coelomic fluid of the lugworms. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed that nZnO induced more pronounced metabolic shifts compared to avobenzone or their combination. Exposure to avobenzone or nZnO alone prompted an increase in tissue antioxidant capacity, indicating a compensatory response to restore redox balance, which effectively prevented oxidative damage to proteins or lipids. However, co-exposure to nZnO and avobenzone suppressed superoxide dismutase and lead to accumulation of lipid peroxides and methionine sulfoxide, indicating oxidative stress and damage to lipids and proteins. Our findings highlight oxidative stress as a significant mechanism of toxicity for both nZnO and avobenzone, especially when combined, and underscores the importance of further investigating the fitness implications of oxidative stress induced by these common UV filters in benthic marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Bruhns
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Candela Sánchez-Girón Barba
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian König
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Timm
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Fisch
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 21, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Breakell T, Kowalski I, Foerster Y, Kramer R, Erdmann M, Berking C, Heppt MV. Ultraviolet Filters: Dissecting Current Facts and Myths. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2986. [PMID: 38792526 PMCID: PMC11121922 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is a global and increasingly prevalent issue, causing significant individual and economic damage. UV filters in sunscreens play a major role in mitigating the risks that solar ultraviolet ra-diation poses to the human organism. While empirically effective, multiple adverse effects of these compounds are discussed in the media and in scientific research. UV filters are blamed for the dis-ruption of endocrine processes and vitamin D synthesis, damaging effects on the environment, induction of acne and neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Some of these allegations are based on scientific facts while others are simply arbitrary. This is especially dangerous considering the risks of exposing unprotected skin to the sun. In summary, UV filters approved by the respective governing bodies are safe for human use and their proven skin cancer-preventing properties make them in-dispensable for sensible sun protection habits. Nonetheless, compounds like octocrylene and ben-zophenone-3 that are linked to the harming of marine ecosystems could be omitted from skin care regimens in favor of the myriad of non-toxic UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Breakell
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel Kowalski
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yannick Foerster
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University (TU) Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Rafaela Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Erdmann
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus V. Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Carrao AM, Coleman JC, Guo JJ, Kumari H. A novel online survey approach designed to measure consumer sunscreen application thickness-implications for estimating environmental emissions. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41370-023-00608-z. [PMID: 37898625 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of ultraviolet (UV) filters in the aquatic environment have been well studied, but environmental exposures remain unclear and understudied. Consumer usage directly influences the amount of sunscreen products, and subsequently UV filters, potentially released into the environment. OBJECTIVE To conduct a literature review of previous research into sunscreen application thickness, develop a questionnaire protocol designed to semi-quantify sunscreen usage by US consumers, and conduct a large-scale survey to determine a sunscreen application thickness (to face and body) that is more refined than conservative defaults. The United States Food & Drug Administration (US FDA) recommends a sunscreen application rate of 2 mg/cm2. This value is typically used as a worst-case assumption in environmental exposure assessments of UV filters. METHODS Designed a novel approach to estimate lotion sunscreen application thickness using an online questionnaire protocol employing visual references and self-reported height and weight of the respondents. A literature review was also conducted to collect historical sunscreen usage. RESULTS Over 9000 people were surveyed in the US, and after the dataset was refined, their sunscreen application thickness was estimated based on calculated body surface area and reported sunscreen amounts. The mean and median values for survey respondents are 3.00 and 1.78 mg/cm2, respectively, for facial application thickness and 1.52 and 1.35 mg/cm2, respectively, for body application thickness. Earlier research from 1985-2020 reported 36 of the 38 values are below the US FDA's recommended application thickness of 2 mg/cm2 (range 0.2-5 mg/cm2). IMPACT STATEMENT This web-based survey is the first of its kind, designed specifically to quantify sunscreen application in a large and diverse set of consumers. This method provides a greater reach to larger populations thus enabling more granular data analysis and understanding. Exposure assessments of sunscreen ingredients typically use conservative parameters. These data can refine those assessments and allow for more informed and science-based risk management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Carrao
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
- Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | | | - Jeff J Guo
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Harshita Kumari
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
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Carrao AM, Schmitt CN, Dyer SD. Repurposing consumer sunscreen habits and practices survey data to guide the development of UV filter environmental exposure models and risk assessments. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45 Suppl 1:93-100. [PMID: 37799078 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A key factor that is deficient in most environmental emissions assessments for UV filters is a keen understanding of consumer habits and practices that can inform realistic exposure assessments. This study utilized a large volunteer survey (>11 000 persons) that captured many factors that affect consumer-based loadings to aquatic environments. The purpose of this study was to utilize this large survey to identify factors that affect the amount of sunscreen products used by consumers. METHODS Correlations among more than 20 variables were used to provide an understanding of the overall dataset and identify factors that may be related to the amount of sunscreen product applied to the body (i.e., application thickness). Forward multiple linear regressions were used to identify the relative importance of each of these factors alone and in combination with others in predicting the amount of applied sunscreen. RESULTS The proportion of body surface area (BSA) covered by sunscreen was the primary factor related to application thickness, followed by body surface area of the survey participant, seasonal usage, Fitzpatrick skin type and the sun protection factor, respectively. Each of the five regression models examined was statistically highly significant. CONCLUSIONS Comparisons to recommendations from the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine parameters illustrated sufficient differences so as to encourage the development of future consumer habits and practice surveys that include factors beyond the scope of this study (e.g., activities, time of day, year, location, etc.) that can lead to improved exposure and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Carrao
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Scott D Dyer
- Waterborne Environmental, Inc., Leesburg, Virginia, USA
- LeTourneau University, Longview, Texas, USA
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5
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Boyd A, Choi J, Ren G, How ZT, El-Din MG, Tierney KB, Blewett TA. Can short-term data accurately model long-term environmental exposures? Investigating the multigenerational adaptation potential of Daphnia magna to environmental concentrations of organic ultraviolet filters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130598. [PMID: 37056014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (UVFs) are contaminants of concern, ubiquitously found in many aquatic environments due to their use in personal care products to protect against ultraviolet radiation. Research regarding the toxicity of UVFs such as avobenzone, octocrylene and oxybenzone indicate that these chemicals may pose a threat to invertebrate species; however, minimal long-term studies have been conducted to determine how these UVFs may affect continuously exposed populations. The present study modeled the effects of a 5-generation exposure of Daphnia magna to these UVFs at environmental concentrations. Avobenzone and octocrylene resulted in minor, transient decreases in reproduction and wet mass. Oxybenzone exposure resulted in > 40% mortality, 46% decreased reproduction, and 4-fold greater reproductive failure over the F0 and F1 generations; however, normal function was largely regained by the F2 generation. These results indicate that Daphnia are able to acclimate over long-term exposures to concentrations of 6.59 μg/L avobenzone, ∼0.6 μg/L octocrylene or 16.5 μg/L oxybenzone. This suggests that short-term studies indicating high toxicity may not accurately represent long-term outcomes in wild populations, adding additional complexity to risk assessment practices at a time when many regions are considering or implementing UVF bans in order to protect these most sensitive invertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Boyd
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Jessica Choi
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Grace Ren
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Keith B Tierney
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada; University of Alberta, School of Public Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
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6
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Kim H, Kim D, An YJ. Microplastics enhance the toxicity and phototoxicity of UV filter avobenzone on Daphnia magna. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130627. [PMID: 37056007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and ultraviolet (UV) filters cause pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, regulations on the use and discharge of UV filters in personal care products are lacking. Therefore, the combined toxicity of MPs (virgin polystyrene (PS) spheres; size: 200 nm) and avobenzone (AVO; a UV filter) on Daphnia magna were assessed. The exposure groups were AVO, AVO + UV irradiation for 6 h [AVO (UV)], AVO with MPs (Mix), and AVO with MPs + UV irradiation for 6 h [Mix (UV)]. The daphnids were exposed to these treatments for 48 h and observed for an additional 6 h. Energy reserves of all treated groups increased compared to that of the control group. Growth in the Mix group was inhibited despite a high food uptake, and food uptake and growth inhibition were validated in the Mix (UV) group. Additionally, the food uptake of the AVO (UV) and Mix (UV) groups decreased during the recovery period, possibly owing to a decrease in the normal feeding ability resulting from an increase in abnormality. These results indicate that the combined toxicity of MPs+AVO can be exacerbated under natural conditions; the complex toxicity should be considered when assessing aquatic environment pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haemi Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dokyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Santo DE, Dusman E, da Silva Gonzalez R, Romero AL, Dos Santos Gonçalves do Nascimento GC, de Souza Moura MA, Bressiani PA, Filipi ÁCK, Gomes EMV, Pokrywiecki JC, da Silva Medeiros FV, de Souza DC, Peron AP. Prospecting toxicity of octocrylene in Allium cepa L. and Eisenia fetida Sav. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:8257-8268. [PMID: 36053420 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Octocrylene sunscreen is found in different environmental compartments. Unlike aquatic organisms, there are few studies evaluating the adverse effects caused by this pollutant on terrestrial plants, and no studies on soil fauna. In this study, octocrylene was evaluated at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L for phytotoxicity, cytogenotoxicity, and oxidative stress in Allium cepa L., and acute toxicity and oxidative stress in Eisenia fetida Sav. In A. cepa, at concentrations of 100 and 1000 µg/L, octocrylene reduced the germination potential in seeds, inhibited root elongation, and caused disturbance in cell division in roots. In E. fetida, the concentration of 1000 µg/L promoted an avoidance rate of 80%, while 10 µg/L caused a hormesis effect. The concentrations 100 and 1000 µg/L caused lipid peroxidation in A. cepa and E. fetida. Based on the results, the recurrent use of biosolids in soil fertilization, as well as the irrigation of plants with wastewater, with the presence of octocrylene can negatively impact the survival of different species that depend directly or indirectly on the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Espirito Santo
- Environmental Engineering Course, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elisângela Dusman
- PosGraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Regiane da Silva Gonzalez
- Academic Department of Chemistry (DAQUI), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adriano Lopes Romero
- Academic Department of Chemistry (DAQUI), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Augusto de Souza Moura
- Environmental Engineering Course, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patricia Aline Bressiani
- PosGraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ádila Cristina Krukoski Filipi
- PosGraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Michel Vieira Gomes
- Academic Department of Physics, Statistics and Mathematics (DAFEM), Federal Technological University of Paraná, Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Pokrywiecki
- Academic Department of Engineering (DAENG), Federal Technological University of Paraná, Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávia Vieira da Silva Medeiros
- Professional Master's in National Network in Management and Regulation of Water Resources (PROFÁGUA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
- PosGraduate Program in Technological Innovations (PPGIT), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina de Souza
- Academic Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation (DABIC), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Peron
- PosGraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil.
- PosGraduate Program in Technological Innovations (PPGIT), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil.
- Academic Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation (DABIC), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil.
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8
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Occurrence, effects, and ecological risks of chemicals in sanitizers and disinfectants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:62-78. [PMCID: PMC9911856 DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In response to the novel coronavirus referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) – a virus that causes COVID-19 disease has led to wide use of sanitizers and disinfectants. This, in turn, triggered concerns on their potential deleterious effects to human health and the environment due to numerous chemicals incorporated in both product categories. Here, the current state of science regarding the occurrence and ecological effects of different classes of chemicals in these products (e.g., ultraviolent filters, fragrances, etc.) are summarized in different natural (e.g., rivers) and engineered (e.g., wastewater treatment plants) systems. Data collected in the literature suggests chemicals incorporated in sanitizers and disinfectants are present in the environment, and a large portion are toxic to fish, algae, and daphnia. Using the risk quotient approach based on occurrence data, we found eight chemicals that posed the highest risk to aquatic organisms in freshwater systems were benzalkonium chloride, 4-chloro-m-cresol, sodium ortho phenyl phenate, hydrogen peroxide, 1, 2-propanediol, 4-Methyl-benzilidine-camphor, ethylhexyl methoxy cinnamate, and octocrylene. Considering limited occurrence and effects information for most chemicals, further studies on environmental monitoring and potential consequences of long-term exposure in aquatic ecosystems are recommended.
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9
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Bordalo D, Cuccaro A, De Marchi L, Soares AMVM, Meucci V, Battaglia F, Pretti C, Freitas R. In vitro spermiotoxicity and in vivo adults' biochemical pattern after exposure of the Mediterranean mussel to the sunscreen avobenzone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:119987. [PMID: 35995291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone (AVO) is one of the most frequent ultraviolet (UV) filters in personal care products (PCPs). The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is a bioindicator often used for ecotoxicological research. Since UV filters reach higher peaks during summer in aquatic bodies, coincident with mussels' spawning period, and bivalves are sessile, both male gametes and adults of this species were used in this experiment. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess how AVO affects M. galloprovincialis at different biological levels. In vitro experiments on sperms (30 min-exposure) and in vivo experiments on adults (28 days-exposure) were carried out at 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L of AVO concentrations. The oxidative and physiological status together with genotoxicity in exposed sperms were assessed. Several biochemical parameters related to enzymatic antioxidant defences, biotransformation enzymes, cell membrane damage, energy reserves, and neurotoxicity were evaluated in adult mussels. Results of in vitro sperm exposure to AVO showed significant overproduction of superoxide anions and DNA damages in all treatments and decrease in sperm viability at 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L. AVO exposure also led to complete inhibition of motility of sperms at the highest concentration, while a significant increase of curvilinear velocity and decrease of wobble occurred at 1.0 μg/L. In vivo exposed adults exhibited a significant decrease in metabolic capacity at 0.1 μg/L, a significant increase in the total protein content and enzymatic turnover as superoxide dismutase (antioxidant defence) at 10 μg/L. This study revealed an ecological concern related to the high sensitivity of sperms respectively to adults under environmentally relevant concentrations of AVO, underpinning an hypothesis of male reproductive function impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bordalo
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Alessia Cuccaro
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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10
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Chatzigianni M, Pavlou P, Siamidi A, Vlachou M, Varvaresou A, Papageorgiou S. Environmental impacts due to the use of sunscreen products: a mini-review. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1331-1345. [PMID: 36173495 PMCID: PMC9652235 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreen use has increased in recent years, as sunscreen products minimize the damaging effects of solar radiation. Active ingredients called ultraviolet (UV) filters or UV agents, either organic or inorganic, responsible for defending skin tissue against harmful UV rays, are incorporated in sunscreen formulations. UV agents have a serious impact on many members of bio communities, and they are transferred to the environment either directly or indirectly. Many organic UV filters are found to be accumulated in marine environments because of high values of the octanol/water partition coefficient. However, due to the fact that UV agents are not stable in water, unwanted by-products may be formed. Experimental studies or field observations have shown that organic UV filters tend to bioaccumulate in various aquatic animals, such as corals, algae, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, marine vertebrates. This review was conducted in order to understand the effects of UV agents on both the environment and marine biota. In vivo and in vitro studies of UV filters show a wide range of adverse effects on the environment and exposed organisms. Coral bleaching receives considerable attention, but the scientific data identify potential toxicities of endocrine, neurologic, neoplastic and developmental pathways. However, more controlled environmental studies and long-term human use data are limited. Several jurisdictions have prohibited specific UV filters, but this does not adequately address the dichotomy of the benefits of photoprotection vs lack of eco-friendly, safe, and approved alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Chatzigianni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
| | - Panagoula Pavlou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece.
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece.
| | - Angeliki Siamidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Marilena Vlachou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Varvaresou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
| | - Spyridon Papageorgiou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
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de Paula VDCS, Gomes MF, Martins LRR, Yamamoto FY, de Freitas AM. Acute toxicity characterization of organic UV-filters and chronic exposure revealing multigenerational effects in DAPHNIA MAGNA. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1413-1425. [PMID: 36264527 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters have often been detected in aquatic ecosystems in concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L. However, both their acute and chronic effects on aquatic organisms have been insufficiently explored. This study aimed to evaluate acute toxicity of some of the main UV filters used worldwide (2-ethylhexyl,4-methoxycinnamate/EHMC, avobenzone/AVO, benzophenone-3/BP-3, and octocrylene/OC), in three aquatic organisms (Artemia salina, Desmodesmus subspicatus, and Daphnia magna), and to further investigate multigenerational effects in D. magna. After acute toxicity was confirmed, daphnids were chronically exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of UV filters for two consecutive generations (F0 and F1), and reproductive endpoints, as well as catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, were assessed. EHMC showed the most toxic potential, with the lowest EC50 values for the three organisms. On the other hand, reproductive delays and a decrease in the reproduction rate were observed in the F1 generation exposed to AVO (4.4 µg/L), BP-3 (0.17 µg/L), EHMC (0.2 µg/L), and MIX. An increase of the CAT activity in organisms exposed to BP-3 and EHMC suggested induction of the antioxidant system. Although no reproductive effect was observed in the first generation, toxic effects obtained in the F1 revealed the importance of multigenerational studies and the potential harm of UV filters to the life cycle of D. magna, even at environmentally relevant concentrations. This emphasizes the need for further studies considering these levels of exposure and more realistic experimental designs to better understand their potential risks. Environmentally relevant concentrations of Organic UV filters are not lethal to aquatic organisms, however may affect reproductive parameters in Daphnia magna though multigenerational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius de C S de Paula
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Monike F Gomes
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucia Regina R Martins
- Multiuser Laboratory of Environmental Analysis, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávia Y Yamamoto
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Adriane Martins de Freitas
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
- Multiuser Laboratory of Environmental Analysis, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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12
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Zhang Y, Goss GG. Nanotechnology in agriculture: Comparison of the toxicity between conventional and nano-based agrochemicals on non-target aquatic species. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129559. [PMID: 35863222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased crop production is necessary to keep up with rising food demand. However, conventional agricultural practices and agrochemicals are unable to sustain further increases without serious risk of adverse environmental consequences. The implementation of nanotechnology in agriculture practices has been increasing in recent years and has shown tremendous potential to boost crop production. The rapid growth in development and use of nano-agrochemicals in agriculture will inevitably result in more chemicals reaching water bodies. Some unique properties of nanoformulations may also alter the toxicity of the AI on aquatic organisms when compared to their conventional counterparts. Results from studies on conventional formulations may not properly represent the toxicity of new nanoformulations in the aquatic environment. As a result, current guidelines derived from conventional formulations may not be suitable to regulate those newly developed nanoformulations. Current knowledge on the toxicity of nano-agrochemicals on aquatic organisms is limited, especially in an ecologically relevant setting. This review complies and analyzes 18 primary studies based on 7 criteria to provide a comprehensive analysis of the available toxicity information of nano-agrochemicals and their conventional counterparts on aquatic organisms. Our analysis demonstrates that the overall toxicity of nano-agrochemicals on non-target aquatic species is significantly lower as compared to conventional counterparts. However, further dividing formulations into three categories (organic, bulk and ionic) shows that some nanoformulations can be more toxic when compared to bulk materials but less toxic as compared to ionic formulations while organic nanopesticides do not show a general trend in overall toxicity. Moreover, our analysis reveals the limitations of current studies and provides recommendations for future toxicity studies to ensure the effective and sustainable application of nano-agrochemicals, which will be beneficial to both the agrochemical industry and regulatory agencies alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada; Director of Office of Environmental Nanosafety, University of Alberta, Canada.
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13
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Downs CA, Diaz-Cruz MS, White WT, Rice M, Jim L, Punihaole C, Dant M, Gautam K, Woodley CM, Walsh KO, Perry J, Downs EM, Bishop L, Garg A, King K, Paltin T, McKinley EB, Beers AI, Anbumani S, Bagshaw J. Beach showers as sources of contamination for sunscreen pollution in marine protected areas and areas of intensive beach tourism in Hawaii, USA. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129546. [PMID: 35941056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, sands in nearby runoff streams from public beach showers were sampled on three islands in the State of Hawaii and tested for over 18 different petrochemical UV filters. Beach sands that are directly in the plume discharge of beach showers on three of the islands of Hawaii (Maui, Oahu, Hawai'i) were found to be contaminated with a wide array of petrochemical-based UV-filters that are found in sunscreens. Sands from beach showers across all three islands had a mean concentration of 5619 ng/g of oxybenzone with the highest concentration of 34,518 ng/g of oxybenzone at a beach shower in the Waikiki area of Honolulu. Octocrylene was detected at a majority of the beach shower locations, with a mean concentration of 296.3 ng/g across 13 sampling sites with the highest concentration of 1075 ng/g at the beach shower in Waikiki. Avobenzone, octinoxate, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and benzophenone-2 were detected, as well as breakdown products of oxybenzone, including benzophenone-1, 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 4-hydroxybenzophenone. Dioxybenzone (DHMB) presented the highest concentration in water (75.4 ng/mL), whereas octocrylene was detected in all water samples. Some of these same target analytes were detected in water samples on coral reefs that are adjacent to the beach showers. Risk assessments for both sand and water samples at a majority of the sampling sites had a Risk Quotient > 1, indicating that these chemicals could pose a serious threat to beach zones and coral reef habitats. There are almost a dozen mitigation options that could be employed to quickly reduce contaminant loads associated with discharges from these beach showers, like those currently being employed (post-study sampling and analysis) in the State of Hawaii, including banning the use of sunscreens using petrochemical-based UV filters or educating tourists before they arrive on the beach.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Downs
- Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 92, Clifford, VA 24533, USA.
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | | | - Marc Rice
- Hawai'i Preparatory Academy, 65-1692 Kohala Mountain Road, Kamuela, HI 96743, USA
| | - Laura Jim
- Hawai'i Preparatory Academy, 65-1692 Kohala Mountain Road, Kamuela, HI 96743, USA
| | - Cindi Punihaole
- Kahalu`u Bay Education Center, The Kohala Center, P.O. Box 437462, Kamuela, HI 967, USA
| | - Mendy Dant
- Fair Wind Cruises, Kailua Kona, HI 96740, USA
| | - Krishna Gautam
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Cheryl M Woodley
- US National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Coral Disease & Health Program, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Kahelelani O Walsh
- Hawai'i Preparatory Academy, 65-1692 Kohala Mountain Road, Kamuela, HI 96743, USA
| | - Jenna Perry
- Hawai'i Preparatory Academy, 65-1692 Kohala Mountain Road, Kamuela, HI 96743, USA
| | - Evelyn M Downs
- Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 92, Clifford, VA 24533, USA
| | - Lisa Bishop
- Friends of Hanauma Bay, P.O. Box 25761, Honolulu, HI 96825-07610, USA
| | - Achal Garg
- Chemists Without Borders, Sacramento, CA 95835, USA
| | - Kelly King
- Maui County Council, 200 S. High St., Wailuku, HI 96793, USA
| | - Tamara Paltin
- Maui County Council, 200 S. High St., Wailuku, HI 96793, USA
| | | | - Axel I Beers
- Maui County Council, 200 S. High St., Wailuku, HI 96793, USA
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jeff Bagshaw
- Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife, 685 Haleakala Hwy, Kahului, HI 96732, USA
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Downs CA, Bishop E, Diaz-Cruz MS, Haghshenas SA, Stien D, Rodrigues AMS, Woodley CM, Sunyer-Caldú A, Doust SN, Espero W, Ward G, Farhangmehr A, Tabatabaee Samimi SM, Risk MJ, Lebaron P, DiNardo JC. Oxybenzone contamination from sunscreen pollution and its ecological threat to Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132880. [PMID: 34780745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hanauma Bay is a 101-acre bay created by the partial collapse of a volcanic cone and once supported a vibrant coral reef system. It is the most popular swimming area in the Hawaiian Islands and has been reported to have averaged between 2.8 and 3.5 million visitors a year between the 1980s and the 2010s, with visitors averaging between 3000-4000 a day and peaking around 10,000-13,000 per day. Concentrations of oxybenzone and other common UV filters were measured in subsurface water samples and in sands from the beach-shower areas in Hanauma Bay. Results demonstrate that beach showers also can be a source of sunscreen environmental contamination. Hydrodynamic modeling indicates that oxybenzone contamination within Hanauma Bay's waters could be retained between 14 and 50 h from a single release event period. Focusing on only oxybenzone, two different Hazard and Risk Assessment analyses were conducted to determine the danger of oxybenzone to Hanauma Bay's coral reef system. Results indicate that oxybenzone contamination poses a significant threat to the wildlife of Hanauma Bay. To recover Hanauma Bay's natural resources to a healthy condition and to satisfactorily conserve its coral reef and sea grass habitats, effective tourism management policies need to be implemented that mitigate the threat of sunscreen pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Downs
- Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 92, Clifford, VA, 2453, USA; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France.
| | - Elizabeth Bishop
- Friends of Hanauma Bay, P.O. Box 25761, Honolulu, HI, 96825-07610, USA
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center. Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Alice M S Rodrigues
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Cheryl M Woodley
- U.S. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Coral Disease & Health Program, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Rd. Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center. Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - William Espero
- Hawaii State Senate, Senate District 19, Hawaii State Capitol, 415 S. Beretania St. Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Gene Ward
- Hawaii State Legislature, House District 17, Hawaii State Capitol, 415 S. Beretania St. Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Risk
- Department of Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
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15
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Jesus A, Sousa E, Cruz MT, Cidade H, Lobo JMS, Almeida IF. UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030263. [PMID: 35337062 PMCID: PMC8955451 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of sunscreens is an established and recommended practice to protect skin from solar-induced damage. Around 30 UV filters can be used in sunscreen products in the European Union, which ought to follow the requirements of the regulation 1223/2009 to ensure their efficacy and safety for humans. Nevertheless, low photostability and putative toxicity for humans and environment have been reported for some UV filters. Particularly, the negative impact in marine organisms has recently raised concern on the scientific community. Therefore, it is important to develop new UV filters with improved safety profile and photostability. Over the last two decades, nearly 200 new compounds have revealed promising photoprotection properties. The explored compounds were obtained through different approaches, including exploration of natural sources, synthetic pathways, and nanotechnology. Almost 50 natural products and around 140 synthetic derivatives, such as benzimidazoles, benzotriazoles, hydroxycinnamic acids, xanthones, triazines, among others, have been studied aiming the discovery of novel, effective, and safer future photoprotective agents. Herein, we provide the reader with an overview about UV filters’ challenges and prospects, offering a forward-looking to the next-generation of UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jesus
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428 (I.F.A.)
| | - José M. Sousa Lobo
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428 (I.F.A.)
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Li N, Jiang S. Avobenzone and nanoplastics affect the development of zebrafish nervous system and retinal system and inhibit their locomotor behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150681. [PMID: 34599957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of cosmetics is growing with each passing day, arousing widespread attention to their ingredients. Avobenzone (AVO) and nanoplastics (NPs) are typical ingredients in cosmetics, which coexist in the aquatic environment and have a combined effect on aquatic organisms. In this study, the accumulation of AVO and NPs in zebrafish larvae and effects on gene expression and enzymatic activity related to nervous functions, and locomotor behavior were investigated. AVO and NPs accumulated continuously in zebrafish, and the combined exposure enhanced AVO accumulation. After recovery, the accumulated concentrations of AVO and NPs in zebrafish remained unchanged, suggesting that AVO and NPs could not be eliminated in 72 h. The genes regulated nervous system development were affected mainly by AVO exposure, while the genes regulated retinal system development were affected by NPs exposure. Single and combined exposures of AVO and NPs affected the activities of acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes in zebrafish, and superoxide dismutase activity could not return to normal level after 72 h of recovery period. The locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae was significantly inhibited by AVO and NPs, which might be related to the alterations in functions of nervous system development and retinal system development as well as the interference of neurotransmitter system and antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shengnan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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17
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Wang P, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Wang H, Zhang L, Shi H, Sze-Yin Leung K, Zhang Y. Organic UV filters mixture exposure and childhood adiposity: A prospective follow-up study in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106912. [PMID: 34619533 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UV filters are emerging contaminants with endocrine disrupting effects, but little is known about their health effects, especially for children. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between multiple organic UV filters exposure and adiposity measures and by gender in peripubertal children. METHODS This prospective follow-up study included 327 children aged 7-15 years old. Urinary organic UV filters including benzophenone derivatives (BP-2, BP-3), octyl dimethyl para-aminobenzoic acid (OD-PABA), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and its metabolite (4-MCA and 4'-MAP) were quantified. Six adiposity biometrics including height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness were measured with 1.5-year duration. The Bayesian kernel machine regression method was used to estimate the associations of UV filters mixture with adiposity measurements, and longitudinal analyses were then considered to further evaluate the associations between individual UV filters and trajectories of growth development using linear mixed models or generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS Exposure to mixture of UV filters was negatively associated with most adiposity measurements, with a reduction of 1.399 kg/m2 (95% CI: -2.246 to -0.551 kg/m2) in BMI, 0.674 (95% CI: -1.045 to -0.304) in BMI z-score, 0.033 BF% (95% CI: -0.053 to -0.013), and 2.301 mm (95% CI: -3.823 to -0.78) in subscapular skinfold thickness at baseline, comparing the 75th percentile to the 25th level of UV filters mixture exposure. Consistent associations were found at follow-up. Both baseline and follow-up results suggested that EHMC was identified as the most important contributor to lower adiposity measurements, which was also confirmed by linear mixed models in longitudinal analyses. No significant effects were found in girls. CONCLUSION This study found that childhood organic UV filters exposure was negatively associated with adiposity measures in peripubertal boys, but not girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanran Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yingya Zhao
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liyi Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Song J, Na J, An D, Jung J. Role of benzophenone-3 additive in chronic toxicity of polyethylene microplastic fragments to Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149638. [PMID: 34426313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastic additives may accelerate adverse effects of microplastics (MPs). This study aimed to identify the role of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) additive (10.82 ± 1.20% w/w) in chronic toxicity of polyethylene MP fragments to Daphnia magna (D. magna). MP fragments with and without BP-3 (48.37 ± 6.26 and 44.39 ± 11.16 μm, respectively) were synthesized and 4 d-old D. magna were exposed for 17 d. Daphnids exposed to MP/BP-3 fragments (98%) showed higher survival than those exposed to MP fragments (62%), which can be explained by a significantly low (p < 0.0001) bioconcentration of MP/BP-3 fragments. BP-3 leachate induced significantly low (p < 0.05) phototactic behavior of D. magna, likely leading to the low bioconcentration of MP/BP-3 fragments. Unlike MP fragments, both MP/BP-3 fragments and BP-3 additive inhibited embryonic development and offspring growth in a similar manner. Additionally, only BP-3 additive significantly induced (p < 0.05) higher lipid peroxidation in D. magna. This study suggests the critical role of plastic additives in MPs chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms, which should be further identified for other environmentally relevant plastic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Song
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joorim Na
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahee An
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Falfushynska H, Sokolov EP, Fisch K, Gazie H, Schulz-Bull DE, Sokolova IM. Biomarker-based assessment of sublethal toxicity of organic UV filters (ensulizole and octocrylene) in a sentinel marine bivalve Mytilus edulis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149171. [PMID: 34329935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The global occurrence of organic UV filters in the marine environment is of increasing ecotoxicological concern. Here we assessed the toxicity of UV filters ensulizole and octocrylene in the blue mussels Mytilus edulis exposed to 10 or 100 μg l-1 of octocrylene and ensulizole for two weeks. An integrated battery of biochemical and molecular biomarkers related to xenobiotics metabolism and cellular toxicity (including oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation) was used to assess the toxicity of these UV filters in the mussels. Octocrylene (but not ensulizole) accumulated in the mussel tissues during the waterborne exposures. Both studied UV filters induced sublethal toxic effects in M. edulis at the investigated concentrations. These effects involved induction of oxidative stress, genotoxicity (indicated by upregulation of DNA damage sensing and repair markers), upregulation of apoptosis and inflammation, and dysregulation of the xenobiotic biotransformation system. Octocrylene induced cellular stress in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas ensulizole appeared to be more toxic at the lower (10 μg l-1) studied concentration than at 100 μg l-1. The different concentration-dependence of sublethal effects and distinct toxicological profiles of ensulizole and octocrylene show that the environmental toxicity is not directly related to lipophilicity and bioaccumulation potential of these UV filters and demonstrate the importance of using bioassays for toxicity assessment of emerging pollutants in coastal marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Human Health, Physical Rehabilitation and Vital Activity, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Eugene P Sokolov
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Leibniz Science Campus Phosphorus Research, Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Fisch
- Department Marine Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hatem Gazie
- Department Marine Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Detlef E Schulz-Bull
- Department Marine Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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20
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Levine A. Reducing the prevalence of chemical UV filters from sunscreen in aquatic environments: Regulatory, public awareness, and other considerations. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:982-988. [PMID: 33913613 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Given increasing concerns about the persistence and toxic effects of some sunscreen ingredients in aquatic ecosystems, several states, territories, and nations have banned the sale and/or possession of sunscreens containing chemicals of concern. Little is known, however, about the outcomes or effectiveness of these efforts to reduce the prevalence of toxic chemicals in coastal waters. This article reviews the state of knowledge relating to regulatory and other efforts to reduce the impact of chemical ingredients in sunscreens on aquatic ecosystems, focusing on the following questions: To what extent will local legislative restrictions on ingredients actually reduce the concentrations of chemicals in coastal waters and protect aquatic health? Do these legislative measures effectively decrease overall public use of sunscreens containing potentially harmful ingredients, or would other measures, such as local outreach programs, consumer education, or broad-scale ingredient regulation, be more effective? How might restrictions on chemical UV filters impact human health? Although it is still early to assess the outcomes of recent ingredient bans, their effectiveness is limited by the fact that legislation generally applies only to sunscreens sold within the legislating jurisdiction. Public awareness campaigns can be locally effective, but they are hindered by the absence of clear environmental labeling standards for sunscreen. Although retail and industry groups, and many dermatologists, cite concerns that sunscreen ingredient bans might lead to increased incidences of skin cancer, consumer preferences are influenced by a wide range of factors and no studies clearly document whether restrictions on chemical ingredients will cause people to use sun protection less frequently or less effectively. Until more information is available, many consider it prudent to take a precautionary approach to sunscreen regulation supported by broad-scale, consistent regulatory policies and labeling standards that limit chemical ingredients to those considered safe for human use and ecosystem health. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:982-988. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Levine
- Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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21
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Kwon B, Choi K. Occurrence of major organic UV filters in aquatic environments and their endocrine disruption potentials: A mini-review. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:940-950. [PMID: 33991024 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are frequently used in daily life, and hence are ubiquitously detected in the aquatic environment worldwide. Most monitoring efforts and toxicological studies are, however, limited to a few chemicals like benzophenone-3 (BP-3). In the present study, we chose other major organic UV filters, such as avobenzone (AVB), homosalate (HS), octisalate (OS), and octocrylene (OC), and reviewed information on their use, environmental occurrences, and endocrine disruption effects, available to date. Organic UV filters are used in high volume in many consumer applications, not only in sunscreen products but also in cosmetics, personal care products, home products, and food packaging. Environmental monitoring worldwide reveals that recreational coastal waters are among the hot spots of their contamination. An increasing number of experimental studies indicate that organic UV filters such as octinoxate (OMC), AVB, and HS may cause disruptions in sex hormones. Avobenzene and OMC can also influence thyroid function in experimental models. Observations in human population are rarely made, but OMC and OC have been associated with decreased androgenicity and increase of polycystic ovary syndrome, respectively. Further investigations are warranted to fill the knowledge gaps identified in the present study, to help develop relevant safety screening measures for organic UV filters. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:940-950. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bareum Kwon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Lambert FN, Gracy HR, Gracy AJ, Yoon SH, Scott RW, Rincon DM, Vulpe CD. Effects of ultraviolet-filters on Daphnia magna development and endocrine-related gene expression. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 238:105915. [PMID: 34329859 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are emerging contaminants of concern that are widely spread throughout the aquatic environment. Many organic UV filters are endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in vertebrates. However, few studies have assessed their effects on invertebrates. Molting, or the shedding of the exoskeleton, may be affected by exposure to these compounds in Arthropods (the largest phylum of invertebrates). Molting is necessary for growth and development and is regulated by an arthropod specific endocrine system, the ecdysteroid pathway. Alterations of this process by EDCs can result in improper development, reduced growth, and even death. We investigated the sublethal effects of chronic exposure to three organic UV filters (4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC), octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC), and benzophenone-3 (BP3) in a crustacean, Daphnia magna, with particular emphasis on molting and development. We demonstrate that 4MBC, OMC, and BP3 affect development and long-term health in neonates of exposed parents at concentrations of 130 µg/L, 75 µg/L, and 166 µg/L, respectively. Additionally, the expression of endocrine-related genes (including ultraspiracle protein, usp) are significantly altered by 4MBC and BP3 exposure, which may relate to their developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Lambert
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida.
| | - H R Gracy
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida
| | - A J Gracy
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida
| | - S H Yoon
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida
| | - R W Scott
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida
| | - D M Rincon
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida
| | - C D Vulpe
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida
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23
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Updated Distribution of the Mysid Antromysis cenotensis (Crustacea: Peracarida), a Protected Key Species in Yucatan Peninsula Cenotes. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present 52 new geographic location records for the peracarid crustacean Antromysis cenotensis Creaser, 1936, endemic in cenotes of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. This species is currently considered threatened and, therefore, is protected by Mexican law. These results arise from several expeditions carried out between 2017 and 2020 in 75 locations within the cenote-ring, the interior, and coastal plains of the peninsula. A comprehensive literature review provided 84 geographic location records since the species was described in 1936. A map with 136 geographic location records that better describe the current species distribution is also included. With this information, plus some notes on the ecology of the species, a comprehensive literature and data review, and a brief analysis regarding the possible factors associated with the confirmed absence of the species in some locations in the state of Yucatan, we provide a brief and condensed summary of the actual knowledge on this particular species. The data in Darwin Core format can be retrieved in Zenodo.
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Synthesis of Biobased Phloretin Analogues: An Access to Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Compounds for Cosmetic Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040512. [PMID: 33806117 PMCID: PMC8064475 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current cosmetic and nutraceutical markets are characterized by a strong consumer demand for a return to natural products that are less harmful to both the consumers and the environment than current petrosourced products. Phloretin, a natural dihydrochalcone (DHC) found in apple, has been widely studied for many years and identified as a strong antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase ingredient for cosmetic formulations. Its low concentration in apples does not allow it to be obtained by direct extraction from biomass in large quantities to meet market volumes and prices. Moreover, its remarkable structure prevents its synthesis through a green process. To overcome these issues, the synthesis of phloretin analogs appears as an alternative to access valuable compounds that are potentially more active than phloretin itself. Under such considerations, 12 chalcones (CHs) and 12 dihydrochalcones (DHCs) were synthesized through a green Claisen-Schmidt condensation using bio-based reagents. In order to evaluate the potential of these molecules, radical scavenging DPPH and anti-tyrosinase tests have been conducted. Moreover, the UV filtering properties and the stability of these analogs towards UV-radiations have been evaluated. Some molecules showed competitive antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities regarding phloretin. Two compounds in particular showed EC50 lower than phloretin, one chalcone and one dihydrochalcone.
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