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Bhattu D, Tripathi SN, Bhowmik HS, Moschos V, Lee CP, Rauber M, Salazar G, Abbaszade G, Cui T, Slowik JG, Vats P, Mishra S, Lalchandani V, Satish R, Rai P, Casotto R, Tobler A, Kumar V, Hao Y, Qi L, Khare P, Manousakas MI, Wang Q, Han Y, Tian J, Darfeuil S, Minguillon MC, Hueglin C, Conil S, Rastogi N, Srivastava AK, Ganguly D, Bjelic S, Canonaco F, Schnelle-Kreis J, Dominutti PA, Jaffrezo JL, Szidat S, Chen Y, Cao J, Baltensperger U, Uzu G, Daellenbach KR, El Haddad I, Prévôt ASH. Local incomplete combustion emissions define the PM 2.5 oxidative potential in Northern India. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3517. [PMID: 38664406 PMCID: PMC11045729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) is a major driver of PM-associated health effects. In India, the emission sources defining PM-OP, and their local/regional nature, are yet to be established. Here, to address this gap we determine the geographical origin, sources of PM, and its OP at five Indo-Gangetic Plain sites inside and outside Delhi. Our findings reveal that although uniformly high PM concentrations are recorded across the entire region, local emission sources and formation processes dominate PM pollution. Specifically, ammonium chloride, and organic aerosols (OA) from traffic exhaust, residential heating, and oxidation of unsaturated vapors from fossil fuels are the dominant PM sources inside Delhi. Ammonium sulfate and nitrate, and secondary OA from biomass burning vapors, are produced outside Delhi. Nevertheless, PM-OP is overwhelmingly driven by OA from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels, including traffic. These findings suggest that addressing local inefficient combustion processes can effectively mitigate PM health exposure in northern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
- Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sachchida Nand Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering & Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Himadri Sekhar Bhowmik
- Department of Civil Engineering & Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaios Moschos
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gary Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pawan Vats
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Suneeti Mishra
- Department of Civil Engineering & Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering & Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
- College of Engineering, Science, Technology and Agriculture, Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio, USA
| | - Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Casotto
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Varun Kumar
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Yufang Hao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Lu Qi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peeyush Khare
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Qiyuan Wang
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuemei Han
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Sophie Darfeuil
- University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP*, IGE (Institute of Environmental Geosciences), Grenoble, France
| | - Mari Cruz Minguillon
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Conil
- ANDRA DRD/GES Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement, Bure, France
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Atul Kumar Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sasa Bjelic
- Biogenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pamela A Dominutti
- University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP*, IGE (Institute of Environmental Geosciences), Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP*, IGE (Institute of Environmental Geosciences), Grenoble, France
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 400714, Chongqing, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP*, IGE (Institute of Environmental Geosciences), Grenoble, France
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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2
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Kuppili SK, K A, Alshetty D, Nagendra S M S. Real-world tailpipe emissions from autorickshaws (3-wheelers) under heterogeneous traffic conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 196:3. [PMID: 38044411 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to measure real-world emissions of three-wheeled autorickshaws powered by CNG and parameters (such as speed, acceleration, air-fuel (A/F) ratio, and rpm) influencing 3-wheeler emission rates. Test vehicles manufactured under Bharat Standards BS-III and BS-IV were monitored for exhaust emissions in Delhi city using a portable exhaust emission measurement system (AVL Ditest Gas 1000). The average emission rates of CO, HC, and NO gases for on-road autorickshaws were found to be 0.015 ± 0.017, 0.003 ± 0.0017, and 0.007 ± 0.005 g/s, respectively. Further, the highest emission factor values of 3.98 g/km and 3.93 g/km were estimated for CO and HC+NO gases, respectively. These values were found to be 1.4-3.2 times higher than the respective BS emission norms (BS III-CO =1.25 g/km, HC+NO = 1.25 g/km; BS-IV-CO = 0.94 g/km and HC+NO = 0.94 g/km). In this study, it was observed that the driving pattern and emissions were affected by traffic characteristics, driver behavior (constant acceleration and deceleration), and vehicle characteristics. The air-fuel ratio (A/F) was found to correlate highly with emission rates, followed by acceleration/deceleration and speed. Further analysis found that more than 70% of the aggregated emissions were due to acceleration and deceleration, which contributed to nearly 70% of the travel time. This was followed by the breakdown of speed and emissions into different bins, which found that 20-30 kmph has a higher emission rate and 40-50 kmph bin has a lower emission rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Kumar Kuppili
- Environmental and Water Resource Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600 036, India.
| | - Anjana K
- Environmental and Water Resource Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Dheeraj Alshetty
- Environmental and Water Resource Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Shiva Nagendra S M
- Environmental and Water Resource Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600 036, India
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3
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Lepistö T, Lintusaari H, Oudin A, Barreira LMF, Niemi JV, Karjalainen P, Salo L, Silvonen V, Markkula L, Hoivala J, Marjanen P, Martikainen S, Aurela M, Reyes FR, Oyola P, Kuuluvainen H, Manninen HE, Schins RPF, Vojtisek-Lom M, Ondracek J, Topinka J, Timonen H, Jalava P, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSA al) size distributions in different urban environments and geographical regions: Towards understanding of the PM 2.5 dose-response. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108224. [PMID: 37757619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that monitoring only fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may not be enough to understand and tackle the health risk caused by particulate pollution. Health effects per unit PM2.5 seem to increase in countries with low PM2.5, but also near local pollution sources (e.g., traffic) within cities. The aim of this study is to understand the differences in the characteristics of lung-depositing particles in different geographical regions and urban environments. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) concentrations and size distributions, along with PM2.5, were compared with ambient measurement data from Finland, Germany, Czechia, Chile, and India, covering traffic sites, residential areas, airports, shipping, and industrial sites. In Finland (low PM2.5), LDSAal size distributions depended significantly on the urban environment and were mainly attributable to ultrafine particles (<100 nm). In Central Europe (moderate PM2.5), LDSAal was also dependent on the urban environment, but furthermore heavily influenced by the regional aerosol. In Chile and India (high PM2.5), LDSAal was mostly contributed by the regional aerosol despite that the measurements were done at busy traffic sites. The results indicate that the characteristics of lung-depositing particles vary significantly both within cities and between geographical regions. In addition, ratio between LDSAal and PM2.5 depended notably on the environment and the country, suggesting that LDSAal exposure per unit PM2.5 may be multiple times higher in areas having low PM2.5 compared to areas with continuously high PM2.5. These findings may partly explain why PM2.5 seems more toxic near local pollution sources and in areas with low PM2.5. Furthermore, performance of a typical sensor based LDSAal measurement is discussed and a new LDSAal2.5 notation indicating deposition region and particle size range is introduced. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for country-specific emission mitigation strategies, and the potential of LDSAal concentration as a health-relevant pollution metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland.
| | - Henna Lintusaari
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Anna Oudin
- Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Sweden; Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki 00066, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Ville Silvonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Jussi Hoivala
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Petteri Marjanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Sampsa Martikainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | | | | | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki 00066, Finland
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michal Vojtisek-Lom
- Centre of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 160 00, Czechia
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, ICPF CAS, Prague 165 00, Czechia
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, 142 20 Prague, Czechia
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
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4
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Gupta AD, Gupta T. A review on potential approach for in silico toxicity analysis of respirable fraction of ambient particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1216. [PMID: 37715017 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and toxicological studies have shown the adverse effect of ambient particulate matter (PM) on respiratory and cardiovascular systems inside the human body. Various cellular and acellular assays in literature use indicators like ROS generation, cell inflammation, mutagenicity, etc., to assess PM toxicity and associated health effects. The presence of toxic compounds in respirable PM needs detailed studies for proper understanding of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion mechanisms inside the body as it is difficult to accurately imitate or simulate these mechanisms in lab or animal models. The leaching kinetics of the lung fluid, PM composition, retention time, body temperature, etc., are hard to mimic in an artificial experimental setup. Moreover, the PM size fraction also plays an important role. For example, the ultrafine particles may directly enter systemic circulations while coarser PM10 may be trapped and deposited in the tracheo-bronchial region. Hence, interpretation of these results in toxicity models should be done judiciously. Computational models predicting PM toxicity are rare in the literature. The variable composition of PM and lack of proper understanding for their synergistic role inside the body are prime reasons behind it. This review explores different possibilities of in silico modeling and suggests possible approaches for the risk assessment of PM particles. The toxicity testing approach for engineered nanomaterials, drugs, food industries, etc., have also been investigated for application in computing PM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Deep Gupta
- Atmospheric Particle Technology Lab at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering and Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Pin-208016, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Atmospheric Particle Technology Lab at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering and Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Pin-208016, India.
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5
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Puthussery JV, Dave J, Shukla A, Gaddamidi S, Singh A, Vats P, Salana S, Ganguly D, Rastogi N, Tripathi SN, Verma V. Effect of Biomass Burning, Diwali Fireworks, and Polluted Fog Events on the Oxidative Potential of Fine Ambient Particulate Matter in Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14605-14616. [PMID: 36153963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of biomass burning (BURN), Diwali fireworks, and fog events on the ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) oxidative potential (OP) during the postmonsoon (PMON) and winter season in Delhi, India. The real-time hourly averaged OP (based on a dithiothreitol assay) and PM2.5 chemical composition were measured intermittently from October 2019 to January 2020. The peak extrinsic OP (OPv: normalized by the volume of air) was observed during the winter fog (WFOG) (5.23 ± 4.6 nmol·min-1·m-3), whereas the intrinsic OP (OPm; normalized by the PM2.5 mass) was the highest during the Diwali firework-influenced period (29.4 ± 18.48 pmol·min-1·μg-1). Source apportionment analysis using positive matrix factorization revealed that traffic + resuspended dust-related emissions (39%) and secondary sulfate + oxidized organic aerosols (38%) were driving the OPv during the PMON period, whereas BURN aerosols dominated (37%) the OPv during the WFOG period. Firework-related emissions became a significant contributor (∼32%) to the OPv during the Diwali period (4 day period from October 26 to 29), and its contribution peaked (72%) on the night of Diwali. Discerning the influence of seasonal and episodic sources on health-relevant properties of PM2.5, such as OP, could help better understand the causal relationships between PM2.5 and health effects in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Puthussery
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jay Dave
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5C9, Canada
| | - Ashutosh Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sreenivas Gaddamidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Atinderpal Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pawan Vats
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sudheer Salana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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6
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Nenes A, Wild O, Song S, Hu D, Liu D, He J, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Apte JS, Gunthe SS, Liu P. Ammonium Chloride Associated Aerosol Liquid Water Enhances Haze in Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7163-7173. [PMID: 35483018 PMCID: PMC9178790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between water vapor and atmospheric aerosol leads to enhancement in aerosol water content, which facilitates haze development, but its concentrations, sources, and impacts remain largely unknown in polluted urban environments. Here, we show that the Indian capital, Delhi, which tops the list of polluted capital cities, also experiences the highest aerosol water yet reported worldwide. This high aerosol water promotes secondary formation of aerosols and worsens air pollution. We report that severe pollution events are commonly associated with high aerosol water which enhances light scattering and reduces visibility by 70%. Strong light scattering also suppresses the boundary layer height on winter mornings in Delhi, inhibiting dispersal of pollutants and further exacerbating morning pollution peaks. We provide evidence that ammonium chloride is the largest contributor to aerosol water in Delhi, making up 40% on average, and we highlight that regulation of chlorine-containing precursors should be considered in mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.
- College
of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, U.K.
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institut (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
- (Y.C.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH
Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School
of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Center for
the Studies of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical
Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research
and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Oliver Wild
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.
| | - Shaojie Song
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dawei Hu
- Centre
for Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental
Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PS, U.K.
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jianjun He
- State
Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric
Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological
Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joshua S. Apte
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sachin S. Gunthe
- EWRE
Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Laboratory
for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian
Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- (S.S.G.)
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
- (P.L.)
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7
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Dey S. Impact of Air Pollution on Child Health in India and the Way Forward. Indian Pediatr 2022. [PMID: 35695140 PMCID: PMC9253235 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-022-2532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent research in epidemiological modelling reveals that air pollution affects child health in various ways resulting in low birthweight, stillbirth, preterm birth, developmental delay, growth failure, poor respiratory and cardiovascular health, and a higher risk of anemia. India has embarked on the national clean air program, but a much stronger coordinated multi-sectoral approach is required to minimize the child health burden caused by air pollution. Air pollution should be treated as a public health crisis that can only be managed with policy backed by science, gradual transition to clean energy use, emission reduction supported by clean air technologies, long-term commitment from the Government, and cooperation of the citizens.
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8
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Latha R, Mukherjee A, Dahiya K, Bano S, Pawar P, Kalbande R, Maji S, Beig G, Murthy BS. On the varied emission fingerprints of particulate matter over typical locations of NCR (Delhi) - A perspective for mitigation plans. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114834. [PMID: 35287076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment study of PM2.5 using positive matrix factorization was performed to identify the emission characteristic from different sectors (sub-urban residential, industrial and rapidly urbanizing) of Delhi during winter. Chemical characterization of PM2.5 included metals (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn), water soluble ionic compounds (WSICs) (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and NH4+) and Carbon partitions (OC, EC). Particulates (PM2.5) were collected on filter twice daily for stable and unstable atmospheric conditions, at the locations with specific characteristics, viz. Ayanagar, Noida and Okhla. Ions solely occupied 50% of the total PM2.5 concentration. Irrespective of location, high correlation between OC and EC (0.871-0.891) at p ≤ 0.1 is observed. Relatively lower ratio of NO3/SO4 at Ayanagar (0.696) and Okhla (0.84) denotes predominance of emission from stationary sources rather than mobile sources like that observed at Noida (1.038). Using EPA PMF5.0, optimum factors for each location are fixed based on error estimation (EE). Crustal dust, vehicular emission, biomass burning and secondary aerosol are the major contributing sources in all the three locations. Incineration contributes about 19% at Ayanagar and 18% at Okhla. Metal industries in Okhla contribute about 19% to PM2.5. These specific local emissions with considerable potency are to be targeted for long-term policymaking. Considerable secondary aerosol contribution (15%-24%) indicates that gaseous emissions also need to be reduced to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Latha
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India.
| | - A Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - K Dahiya
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - S Bano
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - P Pawar
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - R Kalbande
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - S Maji
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - G Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - B S Murthy
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
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9
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Manchanda C, Kumar M, Singh V. Meteorology governs the variation of Delhi's high particulate-bound chloride levels. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132879. [PMID: 34774914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of past studies have reported Delhi to witness some of the highest levels of particulate-bound chloride compared to anywhere else in the world. The present study employs long-term, highly time-resolved chloride measurements at the IIT Delhi campus from February 2020 to April 2021. The present work sheds light on the dependence of high chloride levels in Delhi on the winds from the northwest direction. The study makes use of linear regression models and stepped linear models to quantify the role of meteorological variables in driving the seasonal variation of chloride in Delhi. The results indicate that ∼85-88% of the variation in chloride concentration observed in Delhi can be attributed to meteorological parameters, mainly temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and percentage of wind incoming from the northwest (%NW). The results also suggest that the primary chloride emissions remain relatively consistent year-round, and are regionally transported from Delhi's northwest. The results of this study provide valuable insights in understanding the nature of the sources and the variability associated with the chloride levels in Delhi and thus provide a basis for future emission control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Manchanda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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10
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Rastogi N, Satish R, Singh A, Kumar V, Thamban N, Lalchandani V, Shukla A, Vats P, Tripathi SN, Ganguly D, Slowik J, Prevot ASH. Diurnal variability in the spectral characteristics and sources of water-soluble brown carbon aerosols over Delhi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148589. [PMID: 34214816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that light-absorbing organic aerosols (commonly known as brown carbon, BrC) impact climate. However, uncertainties remain as their contributions to absorption at different wavelengths are often ignored in climate models. Further, BrC exhibits differences in absorption at different wavelengths due to the variable composition including varying sources and meteorological conditions. However, diurnal variability in the spectral characteristics of water-soluble BrC (hereafter BrC) is not yet reported. This study presents unique measurement hitherto lacking in the literature. Online measurements of BrC were performed using an assembled system including a particle-into-liquid sampler, portable UV-Visible spectrophotometer with liquid waveguid capillary cell, and total carbon analyzer (PILS-LWCC-TOC). This system measured the absorption of ambient aerosol extracts at the wavelengths ranging from 300 to 600 nm with 2 min integration time and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) with 4 min integration time over a polluted megacity, New Delhi. Black carbon, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and the chemical composition of non-refractory submicron aerosols were also measured in parallel. Diurnal variability in absorption coefficient (0.05 to 65 Mm-1), mass absorption efficiency (0.01 to 3.4 m-2 gC-1) at 365 nm, and absorption angstrom exponent (AAE) of BrC for different wavelength range (AAE300-400: 4.2-5.8; AAE400-600: 5.5-8.0; and AAE300-600: 5.3-7.3) is discussed. BrC chromophores absorbing at any wavelength showed minimum absorption during afternoon hours, suggesting the effects of boundary layer expansion and their photo-sensitive/volatile nature. On certain days, a considerable presence of BrC absorbing at 490 nm was observed during nighttime that disappears during the daytime. It appeared to be associated with secondary BrC. Observations also infer that BrC species emitted from the biomass and coal burning are more absorbing among all sources. A fraction of BrC is likely associated with trash burning, as inferred from the spectral characteristics of Factor-3 from the PMF analysis of BrC spectra. Such studies are essential in understanding the BrC characteristics and their further utilization in climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India.
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Atinderpal Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Navaneeth Thamban
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ashutosh Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Pawan Vats
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - S N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jay Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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11
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Tobler A, Bhattu D, Canonaco F, Lalchandani V, Shukla A, Thamban NM, Mishra S, Srivastava AK, Bisht DS, Tiwari S, Singh S, Močnik G, Baltensperger U, Tripathi SN, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH. Chemical characterization of PM 2.5 and source apportionment of organic aerosol in New Delhi, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140924. [PMID: 32738681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Delhi is one of the most polluted cities worldwide and a comprehensive understanding and deeper insight into the air pollution and its sources is of high importance. We report 5 months of highly time-resolved measurements of non-refractory PM2.5 and black carbon (BC). Additionally, source apportionment based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the organic aerosol (OA) fraction is presented. The highest pollution levels are observed during winter in December/January. During that time, also uniquely high chloride concentrations are measured, which are sometimes even the most dominant NR-species in the morning hours. With increasing temperature, the total PM2.5 concentration decreases steadily, whereas the chloride concentrations decrease sharply. The concentrations measured in May are roughly 6 times lower than in December/January. PMF analysis resolves two primary factors, namely hydrocarbon-like (traffic-related) OA (HOA) and solid fuel combustion OA (SFC-OA), and one or two secondary factors depending on the season. The uncertainties of the PMF analysis are assessed by combining the random a-value approach and the bootstrap resampling technique of the PMF input. The uncertainties for the resolved factors range from ±18% to ±19% for HOA, ±7% to ±19% for SFC-OA and ±6 % to ±11% for the OOAs. The average correlation of HOA with equivalent black carbon from traffic (eBCtr) is R2 = 0.40, while SFC-OA has a correlation of R2 = 0.78 with equivalent black carbon from solid fuel combustion (eBCsf). Anthracene (m/z 178) and pyrene (m/z 202) (PAHs) are mostly explained by SFC-OA and follow its diurnal trend (R2 = 0.98 and R2 = 0.97). The secondary oxygenated aerosols are dominant during daytime. The average contribution during the afternoon hours (1 pm-5 pm) is 59% to the total OA mass, with contributions up to 96% in May. In contrast, the primary sources are more important during nighttime: the mean nightly contribution (22 pm-3 am) to the total OA mass is 48%, with contributions up to 88% during some episodes in April.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Ashutosh Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Navaneeth M Thamban
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Suneeti Mishra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Atul K Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deewan S Bisht
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Surender Singh
- Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Griša Močnik
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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