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Riaz HH, Munir A, Farooq U, Arshad A, Chan TC, Zhao M, Khan NB, Islam MS. Optimal Treatment of Tumor in Upper Human Respiratory Tract Using Microaerosols. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:25106-25123. [PMID: 38882164 PMCID: PMC11170752 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a frequently diagnosed respiratory disease caused by particulate matter in the environment, especially among older individuals. For its effective treatment, a promising approach involves administering drug particles through the inhalation route. Multiple studies have investigated the flow behavior of inhaled particles in the respiratory airways of healthy patients. However, the existing literature lacks studies on the precise understanding of the transportation and deposition (TD) of inhaled particles through age-specific, unhealthy respiratory tracts containing a tumor, which can potentially optimize lung cancer treatment. This study aims to investigate the TD of inhaled drug particles within a tumorous, age-specific human respiratory tract. The computational model reports that drug particles within the size range of 5-10 μm are inclined to deposit more on the tumor located in the upper airways of a 70-year-old lung. Conversely, for individuals aged 50 and 60 years, an optimal particle size range for achieving the highest degree of particle deposition onto upper airway tumor falls within the 11-20 μm range. Flow disturbances are found to be at a maximum in the airway downstream of the tumor. Additionally, the impact of varying inhalation flow rates on particle TD is examined. The obtained patterns of airflow distribution and deposition efficiency on the tumor wall for different ages and tumor locations in the upper tracheobronchial airways would be beneficial for developing an efficient and targeted drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Hamza Riaz
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Munir
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Attique Arshad
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tzu-Chi Chan
- Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Niaz Bahadur Khan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Isa Town 32038, Bahrain
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Farkas Á, Tomisa G, Szénási G, Füri P, Kugler S, Nagy A, Varga J, Horváth A. The effect of lung emptying before the inhalation of aerosol drugs on drug deposition in the respiratory system. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100192. [PMID: 37405278 PMCID: PMC10315997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The amount of drug depositing in the airways depends, among others, on the inhalation manoeuvre and breathing parameters. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of lung emptying before the inhalation of drugs on the lung doses. Thirty healthy adults were recruited. Their breathing profiles were recorded while inhaling through six different emptied DPI devices without breathe-out and after comfortable or forced exhalation. The corresponding emitted doses and aerosol size distributions were derived from the literature. The Stochastic Lung Model was used to estimate the deposited doses. In general, forceful exhalation caused increased flow rate and inhaled air volume. Increased flow rate led to the increase of the average lung dose for drugs with positive lung dose-flow rate correlation (e.g. Symbicort®: relative increase of 6.7%, Bufomix®: relative increase of 9.2%). For drugs with negative correlation of lung dose with flow rate (all the studied drugs except the above two) lung emptying caused increased (Foster® by 2.7%), almost unchanged (Seebri®, Relvar®, Bretaris®) and also decreased (Onbrez® by 6.6%) average lung dose. It is worth noting that there were significant inter-individual differences, and lung dose of each drug could be increased by a number of subjects. In conclusion, the change of lung dose depends on the degree of lung emptying, but it is also inhaler and drug specific. Forceful exhalation can help in increasing the lung dose only if the above specificities are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Árpád Farkas
- Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, Budapest 1121, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tomisa
- Chiesi Hungary Kft., Dunavirág utca 2, Budapest 1138, Hungary
- Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | | | - Péter Füri
- Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, Budapest 1121, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Kugler
- Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, Budapest 1121, Hungary
| | - Attila Nagy
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, Budapest 1121, Hungary
| | - János Varga
- Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Alpár Horváth
- Chiesi Hungary Kft., Dunavirág utca 2, Budapest 1138, Hungary
- Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, Budapest 1085, Hungary
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Salma I, Farkas Á, Weidinger T, Balogh M. Firework smoke: Impacts on urban air quality and deposition in the human respiratory system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121612. [PMID: 37062402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Particle number concentrations and size distributions resulting from the firework displays held in Budapest, Hungary every year on St. Stephen's Day were studied over a period of seven years. In the year most impacted, the total particle number concentration reached its peak measured level of 369 × 103 cm-3 5 min after the end of the display, and returned to the pre-event state within 45 min. The fireworks increased hourly mean concentrations by a factor of 5-6, whereas the concentrations in the diameter range of 100-1000 nm, in which the magnitude of the increase was the greatest, were elevated by a factor of 20-25. An extra particle size mode at 203 nm was manifested in the size distributions as result of the fireworks. The PM10 mass concentrations at peak firework influence and as 1-h mean increased 123 and 58 times, respectively, relative to the concentration before the display. The smoke was characterised by a relatively short overall atmospheric residence time of 25 min. Spatiotemporal dispersion simulations revealed that there were substantial vertical and horizontal concentration gradients in the firework plume. The affected area made up a large part of the city. Not only the spectators of the display at the venue and nearby areas, but the population located further away downwind of the displays and more distant, large and populous urban quarters were affected by the plume and its fallout. The fireworks increased the deposition rate in the respiratory system of females by a factor of 4, as a conservative estimate. The largest surface density deposition rates were seen in the segmental and sub-segmental bronchi, which represents an excessive risk to health. Compared to adults, children were more susceptible to exposure, with the maximum surface density deposition rates in their case being three times those of adults in the trachea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Tamás Weidinger
- Department of Meteorology, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Balogh
- Department of Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Ying Z, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Huang Q, Shen Y, Fang H, Hou H, Yan L. Unexpected hygroscopic behaviors of individual sub-50 nm NaNO 3 nanoparticles observed by in situ atomic force microscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158441. [PMID: 36067856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hygroscopicity is one of the most important physicochemical properties of salt nanoparticles, greatly influencing the environment, climate and human health. However, the hygroscopic properties of salt nanoparticles are poorly understood owing to the great challenges of the preparation, preservation and in situ characterization. Here we show the unexpected shape- and size-dependent hygroscopic behaviors of NaNO3 nanoparticles prepared from molten salts using in situ environment-controlled atomic force microscopy. During the humidifying process, the angular and round sub-50 nm NaNO3 particles display anisotropic and isotropic water adsorption behaviors, respectively. The sub-10 nm NaNO3 nanoparticles abnormally shrink and disappear. The growth factors of the NaNO3 nanoparticles are highly sensitive to their sizes and shapes, and quite different from those of NaNO3 microparticles. These findings show that the hygroscopic behaviors of salt nanoparticles may not be comprehensively described by the traditional growth factors, and open up a new pathway to study the hygroscopic behaviors of salt nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemian Ying
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Haiping Fang
- School of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huiqi Hou
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Long Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
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