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Dong X, Xu Z, Zhao H, Wu D, Qu B, Liu S, Xiao B. Predictive modeling and interpretability analysis of bioconcentration factors for organic chemicals in fish using machine learning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2025; 377:126323. [PMID: 40348274 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2025] [Revised: 04/12/2025] [Accepted: 04/26/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025]
Abstract
Chemicals are misused and released into the environment, causing adverse effects on people and ecosystems. Assessing the potential environmental risks of these chemicals before their use is crucial. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) is a key parameter used to describe the extent of chemical bioaccumulation. However, previous experiments to determine BCF values are often time-consuming and costly. In this study, a machine learning (ML) model was developed to predict BCF values using molecular descriptors and 9 algorithms. The random forest (RF) model demonstrated strong predictive performance, achieving Rtrain2 and Rtest2 values of 0.949 and 0.935. Moreover, it required only 10 easily obtainable features. The Tanimoto similarity coefficient based on molecular structure was used to characterize the applicability domain (AD). We employed SHAP method, which identified primary factors, including hydrophobicity, molecular volume and shape, polarizability and lipophilicity, that have significantly affected BCF values. Furthermore, partial dependence plots (PDP) and 2D interaction were utilized to delve deeper into the relationship between feature values and model predictions. Results showed that MollogP>4.5, SM1_Dzv>0, SM1_Dzp>0, and ZM1C1>35 were linked to higher lgBCF values (3.2 L/kg), indicating stronger bioconcentration potential. Conversely, under other conditions that suggested weaker bioconcentration capacities, the focus should move to environmental migration. The study provided valuable insights into the factors that influence the bioaccumulation of chemicals, while the RF models can be an effective tool for assessing the bioconcentration potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzhi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Facility Fisheries (Ministry of Education), School of Marine Science, Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhenpeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Di Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Baocheng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Facility Fisheries (Ministry of Education), School of Marine Science, Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Siyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Facility Fisheries (Ministry of Education), School of Marine Science, Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Facility Fisheries (Ministry of Education), School of Marine Science, Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116024, China
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Liu Y, Lv J, Guo C, Jin X, Zuo D, Xu J. Environmental behavior, risks, and management of antidepressants in the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2025; 27:1196-1228. [PMID: 40293178 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00793j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
Antidepressants are increasingly detected in aquatic environments due to their incomplete removal in wastewater treatment, raising significant concerns about their ecological impacts. This review focuses on the three most widely used classes of antidepressants-tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). It systematically explores their physicochemical properties and how these properties influence their environmental fate, including sorption, mobility, and bioaccumulation in aquatic ecosystems. The sublethal effects of these antidepressants on aquatic organisms, particularly their impacts on behavior, reproduction, and development, are critically analyzed, highlighting potential threats to biodiversity and ecological stability. Key knowledge gaps are identified, including the long-term impacts of chronic low-dose exposure, the role of bioactive metabolites, and the combined toxicity of antidepressants with other contaminants. The review underscores the importance of advanced wastewater treatment technologies, environmentally mindful prescribing practices, and public awareness campaigns as essential measures to mitigate these risks. By addressing these challenges, this study aims to inform future research and guide sustainable environmental management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Jiapei Lv
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Depeng Zuo
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Shaalan WM, Idriss SKA, Lee JS, Mohamed NH, Sayed AEDH. Evaluating the effects of pharmaceutical pollutants on common carp ( Cyprinus carpio): histopathological and antioxidant responses. Front Physiol 2025; 16:1557647. [PMID: 40365086 PMCID: PMC12069368 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1557647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 03/20/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction The release of pharmaceutical chemicals into aquatic environments has emerged as a significant ecological concern, originating from agricultural runoff, sewage effluents, and improper disposal of medications. Methods This study investigates the impacts of four common pharmaceuticals (bromazepam, naproxen, metoprolol, and sotalol) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio), a vital bioindicator species. We evaluated neurological, immunological, and histopathological responses in carp exposed to these pharmaceuticals over 15 days. Results Neurological assessments showed significant reductions in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities, and nitric oxide (NO) levels, indicating potential disruptions in neurotransmission and enzyme function. Immunological analysis revealed elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), suggesting an inflammatory response. Histopathological examinations identified tissue alterations in the liver, kidney which correlated with the observed biochemical and immune responses. Discussion These findings highlight the adverse effects of pharmaceutical contaminants on aquatic species, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive environmental risk assessments and strategies to mitigate their impact. This study enhances the understanding of pharmaceutical pollutants' ecological effects, informing policy and conservation efforts to protect aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa M. Shaalan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
- Bioinformatics Group, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology and Center for Protein Diagnostics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Shaimaa K. A. Idriss
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nadia H. Mohamed
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa El-Din H. Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Molecular Biology Research and Studies Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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James WR, Castillo NA, Distrubell A, Trabelsi S, Santos RO, Cerveny D, Rezek RJ, Boucek RE, Adams AJ, Fick J, Brodin T, Rehage JS. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in muscle tissue of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) across subtropical estuaries: Comparison to blood plasma and implications for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2025; 972:179106. [PMID: 40086314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2025] [Accepted: 03/09/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical contaminants have received increasing attention as evidence for their widespread presence throughout diverse aquatic systems and potential for adverse effects in exposed biota continues to grow. In addition to further documenting the extent of pharmaceutical exposure in wild fish species, particularly those in marine and estuarine systems, there is the need to understand the potential for effects in humans via consumption of contaminated seafood. This study evaluated pharmaceutical contamination of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) - a commonly consumed recreational sportfish - muscle tissue, compared differences in pharmaceutical accumulation between blood plasma and muscle, and determined the risk of pharmaceutical exposure for humans via ingestion. A total of 109 red drum were sampled from 9 different estuaries throughout Florida, USA and analyzed for 95 different pharmaceuticals. Among the 109 muscle samples, 42 fish (38.5 %) contained at least one pharmaceutical. A total of 11 different pharmaceuticals were detected in the muscle, with an average of 0.6 pharmaceuticals per sample. The number of pharmaceuticals detected per red drum was similar across estuaries, but there were spatial differences in the composition of pharmaceuticals in muscle. Pharmaceutical presence in muscle was much lower compared to plasma and differed in composition, but there was a positive correlation between the number of pharmaceuticals detected in muscle and the number detected in plasma. Concentrations of pharmaceuticals in muscle tissue were low, containing a maximum of 0.002 % of a recommended daily dose per serving. Therefore, the immediate risk of pharmaceutical exposure to humans through consumption of red drum is likely high, but the risk of therapeutic or adverse effects is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ryan James
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA; Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Castillo
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andy Distrubell
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shakira Trabelsi
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rolando O Santos
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Cerveny
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Aaron J Adams
- Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, Miami, FL, USA; Florida Atlantic University Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jennifer S Rehage
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Tang J, Liu A, Chen K, Shi Y, Qiu X. Exposure to amitriptyline disturbs behaviors in adult zebrafish and their offspring via altering neurotransmitter levels. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2025; 288:110079. [PMID: 39551226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 11/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024]
Abstract
Amitriptyline (AMI), one of the widely used tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), has become a pharmaceutical contaminant frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems. However, the impacts of AMI exposure and underlying mechanisms on fish are still limited. In this study, adult zebrafish (F0) were exposed to AMI at 0 (control), 0.8, and 8 μg/L for 14 days. Subsequently, the exposed zebrafish were paired for spawning, and their offspring (F1) were reared in an AMI-free medium until 5 days post-fertilization (dpf). This study aimed to assess variations in behaviors and neurotransmitter levels in both the F0 (at the end of the 14-day exposure) and F1 generations (at 5 dpf). As a result, waterborne AMI exposure significantly reduced the locomotor activity, frequency of body contact, and duration of chase in F0 zebrafish, and resulted in notable changes in monoamine neurotransmitter levels in their brains. Parental exposure to AMI significantly elevated the heart rate and eye movement but reduced the locomotor activity in the F1 zebrafish, also along with significant changes in monoamine neurotransmitters and acetylcholine. Furthermore, significant correlations between the changes in behavioral traits and neurotransmitter levels were identified in both F0 and F1 generations. Our findings confirm the critical role of monoamine modulation in the neurobehavioral toxicity of AMI on zebrafish and their offspring, and emphasize the importance of paying attention to its multigenerational effects on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Anqi Liu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Kun Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xuchun Qiu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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6
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Chen Z, Li N, Li L, Liu Z, Zhao W, Li Y, Huang X, Li X. BCDPi: An interpretable multitask deep neural network model for predicting chemical bioconcentration in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2025; 264:120356. [PMID: 39549907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2024] [Revised: 11/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/18/2024]
Abstract
Predicting the bioconcentration of chemical compounds plays a crucial role in assessing environmental risks and toxicological impacts. This study presents a robust multitask deep learning model for predicting the bioconcentration potential. The model can predict the bioconcentration of compounds in multiple categories, including non-bioconcentrative (non-BC), weakly bioconcentrative (weak-BC), and strongly bioconcentrative (strong-BC). We also employed the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) technology for the model interpretation. The binary classification models (non-BC vs BC and weak-BC vs strong-BC) showed good predictive performance, which achieved accuracy values over 90% and area under the curve (AUC) values with 0.95. The final ternary classification model provided an overall accuracy with 91.11%. Comparative analysis of molecular physicochemical properties showed that the importance of molecular weight, polar surface area, solubility, and hydrogen bonding are important for chemical bioconcentration. Besides, we identified eight structural alerts responsible for chemical bioconcentration. We made the model available as an online tool named BCdpi-predictor, which is accessible at http://bcdpi.sapredictor.cn/. Users can predict the bioconcentration potential of chemical compounds freely. The model has significant implications for environmental policy and regulatory frameworks, such as REACH, by providing a more accurate and interpretable method for assessing chemical risks. We hope that the results of this study can provide helpful tools and meaningful information for chemical bioconcentration prediction in environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Chen
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Na Li
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ling Li
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zihan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Ekka B, Mierina I, Zarina R, Mezule L. Efficient removal of lipophilic compounds from sewage sludge: Comparative evaluation of solvent extraction techniques. Heliyon 2024; 10:e40749. [PMID: 39687164 PMCID: PMC11648152 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Municipal sewage sludge, a by-product of wastewater treatment plants, presents environmental challenges due to its complex composition. Particular concern is the lipophilic and aliphatic compounds that pose risks to the environment and human health. This study focuses on the efficient removal of those compounds from sewage sludge using several organic solvents (hexane, toluene, chloroform, dichloromethane, acetone, hexane-methanol mixture, ethanol, and methanol) and ionic liquids (ILs) like tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate by solvent extraction techniques. To determine optimal conditions, various factors such as solvent types, contact time, and temperature were examined. The results reveal that solvent polarity significantly impacts extract composition, with non-polar solvents like hexane and toluene yielding profiles characteristic of lipid-type compounds. An in-depth analysis of contaminants present in the sewage sludge was studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to identify the extracted compounds, including triglycerides, aliphatic esters, aliphatic alcohols, and free carboxylic acids. NMR provides data on the composition of the sewage sludge and indicates that among all the solvents used, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride was the most suitable solvent for removing lipophilic and aliphatic compounds. Regeneration potential and reusability of the IL were conducted and verified by NMR. The results showed that tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride ionic liquid could be used for several extraction cycles. Identifying these compounds in the extracted mixture demonstrates that it adds value and potential for various applications. Towards environmental sustainability and circular economy, this effort develops strategies for the safe management, disposal, and recyclability of sewage sludge and, the reduction in environmental and health hazards associated with organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanti Ekka
- Water Systems and Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6a, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inese Mierina
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Ruta Zarina
- Water Systems and Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6a, Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Mezule
- Water Systems and Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6a, Riga, Latvia
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Cardenas Perez AS, Challis JK, Alcaraz AJ, Ji X, Ramirez AVV, Hecker M, Brinkmann M. Developing an Approach for Integrating Chemical Analysis and Transcriptional Changes to Assess Contaminants in Water, Sediment, and Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:2252-2273. [PMID: 38801401 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments pose threats to aquatic organisms because of their continuous release and potential accumulation. Monitoring methods for these contaminants are inadequate, with targeted analyses falling short in assessing water quality's impact on biota. The present study advocates for integrated strategies combining suspect and targeted chemical analyses with molecular biomarker approaches to better understand the risks posed by complex chemical mixtures to nontarget organisms. The research aimed to integrate chemical analysis and transcriptome changes in fathead minnows to prioritize contaminants, assess their effects, and apply this strategy in Wascana Creek, Canada. Analysis revealed higher pharmaceutical concentrations downstream of a wastewater-treatment plant, with clozapine being the most abundant in fathead minnows, showing notable bioavailability from water and sediment sources. Considering the importance of bioaccumulation factor and biota-sediment accumulation factor in risk assessment, these coefficients were calculated based on field data collected during spring, summer, and fall seasons in 2021. Bioaccumulation was classified as very bioaccumulative with values >5000 L kg-1, suggesting the ability of pharmaceuticals to accumulate in aquatic organisms. The study highlighted the intricate relationship between nutrient availability, water quality, and key pathways affected by pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and rubber components. Prioritization of these chemicals was done through suspect analysis, supported by identifying perturbed pathways (specifically signaling and cellular processes) using transcriptomic analysis in exposed fish. This strategy not only aids in environmental risk assessment but also serves as a practical model for other watersheds, streamlining risk-assessment processes to identify environmental hazards and work toward reducing risks from contaminants of emerging concern. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2252-2273. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sharelys Cardenas Perez
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Challis
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alper James Alcaraz
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- Division of Environmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexis Valerio Valery Ramirez
- Grupo de investigación Agrícola y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Experimental del Táchira, San Cristóbal, Venezuela
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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9
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Castillo NA, Santos RO, James WR, Rezek R, Cerveny D, Boucek RE, Adams AJ, Fick J, Brodin T, Rehage JS. Differential tissue distribution of pharmaceuticals in a wild subtropical marine fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 275:107064. [PMID: 39208620 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
To date, the presence of pharmaceuticals has been extensively documented across a wide range of aquatic systems and biota. Further, substantial progress has been made in transitioning from laboratory assessments of pharmaceutical fate and effects in fish to in situ assessments of exposure and effects; however, certain research areas remain understudied. Among these is investigation of differential accumulation across multiple internal tissues in wild marine fish beyond the species commonly sampled in laboratory and freshwater field settings. This study examined the presence of pharmaceuticals across four tissues (plasma, muscle, brain, and liver) in a wild marine fish, bonefish (Albula vulpes), throughout coastal South Florida, USA. Differential accumulation across tissues was assessed for the number and concentration, identity, and composition of accumulated pharmaceuticals by sampling 25 bonefish and analyzing them for 91 pharmaceuticals. The concentration of pharmaceuticals was highest in plasma > liver > brain > muscle, while the number of pharmaceuticals was highest in liver > brain > plasma > muscle. The identity of detected pharmaceuticals was tissue specific, and there was an inverse relationship between the number of detections for each pharmaceutical and its log Kow. The composition of pharmaceuticals was tissue specific for both pharmaceutical presence/absence and concentration. Across all tissues, the greatest similarity was between brain and liver, which were more similar to plasma than to muscle, and muscle was the most distinct tissue. For tissue compositional variability, muscle was the most diverse in accumulated pharmaceuticals, while plasma, brain, and liver were similarly variable. With the highest concentrations in plasma and highest number in liver, and documented variability in accumulated pharmaceuticals across tissues, our results highlight the importance of tissue selection when surveying exposure in wild fish, suggesting that multi-tissue analysis would allow for a more comprehensive assessment of exposure diversity and risk of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Castillo
- Earth and Environment Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - R O Santos
- Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W R James
- Earth and Environment Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R Rezek
- Department of Marine Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - D Cerveny
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden; Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - R E Boucek
- Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A J Adams
- Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, Miami, FL, USA; Florida Atlantic University Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - J Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J S Rehage
- Earth and Environment Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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Castillo NA, James WR, Santos RO, Rezek R, Cerveny D, Boucek RE, Adams AJ, Trabelsi S, Distrubell A, Sandquist M, Fick J, Brodin T, Rehage JS. Identifying pathways of pharmaceutical exposure in a mesoconsumer marine fish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135382. [PMID: 39088947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical uptake involves processes that vary across aquatic systems and biota. However, single studies examining multiple environmental compartments, microhabitats, biota, and exposure pathways in mesoconsumer fish are sparse. We investigated the pharmaceutical burden in bonefish (Albula vulpes), pathways of exposure, and estimated exposure to a human daily dose. To evaluate exposure pathways, the number and composition of pharmaceuticals across compartments and the bioconcentration in prey and bonefish were assessed. To evaluate bioaccumulation, we proposed the use of a field-derived bioaccumulation factor (fBAF), due to variability inherent to natural systems. Exposure to a human daily dose was based on bonefish daily energetic requirements and consumption rates using pharmaceutical concentrations in prey. Pharmaceutical number and concentration were highest in prey, followed by bonefish, water and sediment. Fifteen pharmaceuticals were detected in common among bonefish, prey, and water; all of which bioconcentrated in prey and bonefish, and four bioaccumulated in bonefish. The composition of detected pharmaceuticals was compartment specific, and prey were most similar to bonefish. Bonefish were exposed to a maximum of 1.2 % of a human daily dose via prey consumption. Results highlight the need for multicompartment assessments of exposure and consideration of prey along with water as a pathway of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Castillo
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - W R James
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R O Santos
- Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R Rezek
- Department of Marine Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - D Cerveny
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden; Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - R E Boucek
- Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A J Adams
- Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, Miami, FL, USA; Florida Atlantic University Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - S Trabelsi
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Distrubell
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Sandquist
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J S Rehage
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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11
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André C, Auclair J, Gagné F. Acute exposure and biomarkers assessment in rainbow trout exposed to selected pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104472. [PMID: 38763437 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals released from municipal effluents discharges pose a risk to aquatic organisms. The toxicity of 5 pharmaceuticals with distinct therapeutic actions were assessed in rainbow trout: olanzapine (antipsychotic), erythromycin (antibiotic), mycophenoate (immunosuppression), pinaverium (anti-inflammatory) and trazodone (sedative). Juveniles were exposed to these drugs for 96 h at concentrations between 64 µg/L up to 40 mg/L to reach lethality. Survival was determined and a suite of biomarkers was analyzed for drug biotransformation, oxidative stress/damage and metabolic activity at sublethal concentrations. The data revealed the following toxicity: olanzapine >trazodone>mycophenolate>pinaverium∼erythromycin based on mortality. The data also revealed that toxicity was associated to mass, pKa and hydrophobicity and the following sublethal effects: GST, LPO and DNA strand breaks. Pharmaceuticals with lower molecular weight, physiological pKa, moderate hydrophobicity, low biotransformation and DNA strand breaks were generally more toxic to fish. However, this should be considered as a general guide in identifying toxic pharmaceuticals in non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C André
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill, Montréal, Québec H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - J Auclair
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill, Montréal, Québec H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - F Gagné
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill, Montréal, Québec H2Y 2E7, Canada.
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12
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Chen P, Hu Y, Chen G, Zhao N, Dou Z. Probing the bioconcentration and metabolism disruption of bisphenol A and its analogues in adult female zebrafish from integrated AutoQSAR and metabolomics studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167011. [PMID: 37704156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Plenty of emerging bisphenol A (BPA) substitutes rise to wait for assessment of bioconcentration and metabolism disruption. Computational methods are useful to fill the data gap in chemical risk assessment, such as automated quantitative structure-activity relationship (AutoQSAR). It is not clear how AutoQSAR performs in predicting the bioconcentration factor (BCF) in adult zebrafish. Herein, AutoQSAR was used to predict the logBCFs of BPA, bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B, bisphenol F and bisphenol S (BPS). For the test set, a linear relationship was shown between the observed and predicted logBCFs with a slope of 0.97. The predicted logBCFs of these five bisphenols were quite close to their experimental data with a slope of 0.94, suggesting better performance than directed message passing neural networks and EPI Suite with a slope of 0.69 and 0.61, respectively. Thus, AutoQSAR is powerful in modeling logBCFs in fish with minimal time and expertise. To link bioconcentration with metabolic effects, female zebrafish were exposed to BPA, BPAF and BPS for metabolomics analysis. BPA caused a significant disturbance in amino acid metabolism, while BPAF and BPS significantly altered another three metabolic pathways, showing chemical-specific responses. BPAF with the highest logBCF elicited the strongest metabolomic responses reflected by the metabolic effect level index, followed by BPA and BPS. Thus, BPAF and BPS elicited higher or similar metabolism disruption compared with BPA in female zebrafish, respectively, reflecting consequences of bioconcentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China.
| | - Yuxi Hu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Geng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Zhichao Dou
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
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13
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Yang W, Bao Y, Hao J, Hu X, Xu T, Yin D. Effects of carbamazepine on the central nervous system of zebrafish at human therapeutic plasma levels. iScience 2023; 26:107688. [PMID: 37701572 PMCID: PMC10494213 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The fish plasma model (FPM) facilitated the environmental risk assessment of human drugs by using existing data on human therapeutic plasma concentrations (HTPCs) and predicted fish plasma concentrations (FPCs). However, studies on carbamazepine (CMZ) with both the mode of action (MOA) based biological effects at molecular level (such as neurotransmitter and gene level) and measured FPCs are lacking. Bioconcentration of CMZ in adult zebrafish demonstrated that the FPM underestimated the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in plasma at environmental CMZ exposure concentrations (1-100 μg/L). CMZ significantly increased Glu and GABA, decreased ACh and AChE as well as inhibited the transcription levels of gabra1, grin1b, grin2b, gad1b, and abat when the actual FPCs were in the ranges of 1/1000 HTPC to HTPC. It is the first read-across study of CMZ integrating MOA-based biological effects at molecular level and FPCs. This study facilitates model performance against a range of different drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tinggi University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yifan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tinggi University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiaoyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tinggi University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xialin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tinggi University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tinggi University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tinggi University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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14
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McCallum ES, Cerveny D, Bose APH, Fick J, Brodin T. Cost-Effective Pharmaceutical Implants in Fish: Validating the Performance of Slow-Release Implants for the Antidepressant Fluoxetine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1326-1336. [PMID: 36942382 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Internal, slow-release implants can be an effective way to manipulate animal physiology or deliver a chemical exposure over long periods of time without the need for an exogenous exposure route. Slow-release implants involve dissolving a compound in a lipid-based carrier, which is inserted into the body of an organism. However, the release kinetics of the compound from the implant to body tissues also requires careful validation. We tested and validated a slow-release implant methodology for exposing fish to a pharmaceutical pollutant, fluoxetine. We tested two lipid-based carriers (coconut oil or vegetable shortening) in the common roach (Rutilus rutilus). The implants contained either a high (50 μg/g), low (25 μg/g), or control (0 μg/g) concentration of fluoxetine, and we measured tissue uptake in the brain, muscle, and plasma of implanted fish over 25 days. The two carriers released fluoxetine differently over time: coconut oil released fluoxetine in an accelerating manner (tissue uptake displayed a positive quadratic curvature), whereas vegetable shortening released fluoxetine in a decelerating manner (a negative quadratic curvature). For both carrier types, fluoxetine was measured at the highest concentration in the brain, followed by muscle and plasma. By comparing the implant exposures with waterborne exposures in the published literature, we showed that the implants delivered an internal exposure that would be similar if fish were exposed in surface waters containing effluents. Overall, we showed that slow-release internal implants are an effective method for delivering chronic exposures of fluoxetine over at least 1-month time scales. Internal exposures can be an especially powerful experimental tool when coupled with field-based study designs to assess the impacts of pharmaceutical pollutants in complex natural environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1326-1336. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S McCallum
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel Cerveny
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Aneesh P H Bose
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Abajo Z, Jimenez A, Domingo-Echaburu S, Valcárcel Y, Segura Y, Orive G, Lertxundi U. Analyzing the potential environmental impact of NIOSH list of hazardous drugs (group 2). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162280. [PMID: 36822426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, several pharmaceuticals have been defined as priority substances in the new proposal of the revision of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Consequently, environmental quality standards have been determined for several drugs. This is the case with the antiepileptic carbamazepine, which is considered as hazardous in healthcare settings by The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). This organism considers as such drugs that have shown teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity or other developmental, reproductive, or organ toxicity at low doses in studies with animals or humans. This study has been focused on the non-carcinogenic drugs classified in group 2, and their presence in the environment. This group contains many different therapeutic agents such as antineoplastics, psychoactive drugs, immunosuppressants and antivirals, among others. Of the 116 drugs included in the list, 26 have been found in aquatic environmental matrices. Certain drugs have received most attention (e.g., the antiepileptic carbamazepine, progesterone and the antidepressant paroxetine) while others completely lack environmental monitoring. Carbamazepine, fluconazole, paroxetine and warfarin have been found in invertebrates' tissues, whereas carbamazepine, oxazepam and paroxetine have been found in fish tissues. The main aim of the NIOSH's hazardous drug list is to inform healthcare professionals about adequate protection measures to prevent occupational exposure to these pharmaceuticals. However, this list contains useful information for other professionals and researchers such as environmental scientists. The paucity of relevant environmental data of certain hazardous pharmaceuticals might be important to help in the prioritization of compounds that may demand further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Abajo
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute
| | - A Jimenez
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country
| | - S Domingo-Echaburu
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Debagoiena Integrated Health Organisation, Pharmacy Service, Nafarroa Hiribidea 16, 20500 Arrasate, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Health and Environment Risk Assessment Group, (RiSAMA), University Rey Juan Carlos, Avda Tulipán sn, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Segura
- Chemical and Environmental Technology Department, University Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - G Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology-UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - U Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, c/Alava 43, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain.
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16
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Salahinejad A, Meuthen D, Attaran A, Chivers DP, Ferrari MCO. Effects of common antiepileptic drugs on teleost fishes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161324. [PMID: 36608821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are globally prescribed to treat epilepsy and many other psychiatric disorders in humans. Their high consumption, low metabolic rate in the human body and low efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in eliminating these chemicals results in the frequent occurrence of these pharmaceutical drugs in aquatic systems. Therefore, aquatic organisms, including ecologically and economically important teleost fishes, may be inadvertently exposed to these chemicals. Due to their physiological similarity with humans, fishes may be particularly vulnerable to AEDs. Almost all AED drugs are detectable in natural aquatic ecosystems, but diazepam (DZP) and carbamazepine (CBZ) are among the most widely detected AEDs to date. Recent studies suggest that these drugs have a substantial capacity to induce neurotoxicity and behavioral abnormality in fishes. Here we review the current state of knowledge regarding the potential mode of action of DZP and CBZ as well as that of some other AEDs on teleosts and put observable behavioral effects into a mechanistic context. We find that following their intended mode of action in humans, AEDs also disrupt the GABAergic, glutamatergic and serotonergic systems as well as parasympathetic neurotransmitters in fishes. Moreover, AEDs have non-specific modes of action in teleosts ranging from estrogenic activity to oxidative stress. These physiological changes are often accompanied by dose-dependent disruptions of anxiety, locomotor activity, social behaviors, food uptake, and learning and memory, but DZP and CBZ consistently induced anxiolytic effects. Thereby, AED exposure severely compromises individual fitness across teleost fish species, which may lead to population and ecosystem impairment. We also showcase promising avenues for future research by highlighting where we lack data when it comes to effects of certain AEDs, AED concentrations and behavioral endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Salahinejad
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Denis Meuthen
- Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anoosha Attaran
- Robart Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5K8, Canada
| | - Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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17
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Gómez-Regalado MDC, Martín J, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E, Zafra-Gómez A. Bioaccumulation/bioconcentration of pharmaceutical active compounds in aquatic organisms: Assessment and factors database. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160638. [PMID: 36473663 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the presence of certain pharmaceuticals in the environment leads to biota exposure and constitute a potential risk for ecosystems. Bioaccumulation is an essential focus of risk assessment to evaluate at what degree emerging contaminants are a hazard both to the environment and the individuals that inhabit it. The main goals of the present review are 1) to summarize and describe the research and factors that should be taken into account in the evaluation of bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals in aquatic organisms; and 2) to provide a database and a critical review of the bioaccumulation/bioconcentration factors (BAF or BCF) of these compounds in organisms of different trophic levels. Most studies fall into one of two categories: laboratory-scale absorption and purification tests or field studies and, to a lesser extent, large-scale, semi-natural system tests. Although in the last 5 years there has been considerable progress in this field, especially in species of fish and molluscs, research is still limited on other aquatic species like crustaceans or algae. This revision includes >230 bioconcentration factors (BCF) and >530 bioaccumulation factors (BAF), determined for 113 pharmaceuticals. The most commonly studied is the antidepressant group, followed by diclofenac and carbamazepine. There is currently no reported accumulation data on certain compounds, such as anti-cancer drugs. BCFs are highly influenced by experimental factors (notably the exposure level, time or temperature). Field BAFs are superior to laboratory BCFs, highlighting the importance of field studies for reliable assessments and in true environmental conditions. BAF data appears to be organ, species and compound-specific. The potential impact on food web transfer is also considered. Among different aquatic species, lower trophic levels and benthic organisms exhibit relatively higher uptake of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain.
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Sciences Faculty, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain.
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18
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Coors A, Brown AR, Maynard SK, Nimrod Perkins A, Owen S, Tyler CR. Minimizing Experimental Testing on Fish for Legacy Pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1721-1730. [PMID: 36653019 PMCID: PMC9893720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There was no regulatory requirement for ecotoxicological testing of human pharmaceuticals authorized before 2006, and many of these have little or no data available to assess their environmental risk. Motivated by animal welfare considerations, we developed a decision tree to minimize in vivo fish testing for such legacy active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The minimum no observed effect concentration (NOECmin, the lowest NOEC from chronic Daphnia and algal toxicity studies), the theoretical therapeutic water concentration (TWC, calculated using the fish plasma model), and the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) were used to derive API risk quotients (PEC/NOECmin and PEC/TWC). Based on a verification data set of 96 APIs, we show that by setting a threshold value of 0.001 for both risk quotients, the need for in vivo fish testing could potentially be reduced by around 35% without lowering the level of environmental protection. Hence, for most APIs, applying an assessment factor of 1000 (equivalent to the threshold of 0.001) to NOECmin substituted reliably for NOECfish, and TWC acted as an effective safety net for the others. In silico and in vitro data and mammalian toxicity data may further support the final decision on the need for fish testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Coors
- ECT
Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstraße 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim/Main, Germany
| | - A. Ross Brown
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker
Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, U.K.
| | - Samuel K. Maynard
- Global
Sustainability, AstraZeneca, Eastbrook House, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8DU, U.K.
| | - Alison Nimrod Perkins
- Eli
Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stewart Owen
- Global
Sustainability, AstraZeneca, Eastbrook House, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8DU, U.K.
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker
Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, U.K.
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19
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Duarte IA, Reis-Santos P, Fick J, Cabral HN, Duarte B, Fonseca VF. Neuroactive pharmaceuticals in estuaries: Occurrence and tissue-specific bioaccumulation in multiple fish species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120531. [PMID: 36397612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of surface waters by pharmaceuticals is an emerging problem globally. This is because the increased access and use of pharmaceuticals by a growing world population lead to environmental contamination, threatening non-target species in their natural environment. Of particular concern are neuroactive pharmaceuticals, which are known to bioaccumulate in fish and impact a variety of individual processes such as fish reproduction or behaviour, which can have ecological impacts and compromise fish populations. In this work, we investigate the occurrence and bioaccumulation of 33 neuroactive pharmaceuticals in brain, muscle and liver tissues of multiple fish species collected in four different estuaries (Douro, Tejo, Sado and Mira). In total, 28 neuroactive pharmaceuticals were detected in water and 13 in fish tissues, with individual pharmaceuticals reaching maximum concentrations of 1590 ng/L and 207 ng/g ww, respectively. The neuroactive pharmaceuticals with the highest levels and highest frequency of detection in the water samples were psychostimulants, antidepressants, opioids and anxiolytics, whereas in fish tissues, antiepileptics, psychostimulants, anxiolytics and antidepressants showed highest concentrations. Bioaccumulation was ubiquitous, occurring in all seven estuarine and marine fish species. Notably, neuroactive compounds were detected in every water and fish brain samples, and in 95% of fish liver and muscle tissues. Despite variations in pharmaceutical occurrence among estuaries, bioaccumulation patterns were consistent among estuarine systems, with generally higher bioaccumulation in fish brain followed by liver and muscle. Moreover, no link between bioaccumulation and compounds' lipophilicity, species habitat use patterns or trophic levels was observed. Overall, this work highlights the occurrence of a highly diverse suite of neuroactive pharmaceuticals and their pervasiveness in waters and fish from estuarine systems with contrasting hydromorphology and urban development and emphasizes the urgent need for toxicity assessment of these compounds in natural ecosystems, linked to internalized body concentration in non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Patrick Reis-Santos
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Bernardo Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa F Fonseca
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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20
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Magnuson JT, Longenecker-Wright Z, Havranek I, Monticelli G, Brekken HK, Kallenborn R, Schlenk D, Sydnes MO, Pampanin DM. Bioaccumulation potential of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline in a marine Polychaete, Nereis virens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158193. [PMID: 35995163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The continual discharge of pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) into the marine environment, even at concentrations as low as ng/L, can exceed levels that induce sublethal effects to aquatic organisms. Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, is the most prescribed antidepressant in Norway, though the presence, potential for transport, and uptake by aquatic biota have not been assessed. To better understand the release and bioaccumulative capacity of amitriptyline, laboratory exposure studies were carried out with field-collected sediments. Influent and effluent composite samples from the WWTP of Stavanger (the 4th largest city in Norway) were taken, and sediment samples were collected in three sites in the proximity of this WWTP discharge at sea (WWTP discharge (IVAR), Boknafjord, and Kvitsøy (reference)). Polychaetes (Nereis virens) were exposed to field-collected sediments, as well as to Kvitsøy sediment spiked with 3 and 30 μg/g amitriptyline for 28 days. The WWTP influent and effluent samples had concentrations of amitriptyline of 4.93 ± 1.40 and 6.24 ± 1.39 ng/L, respectively. Sediment samples collected from IVAR, Boknafjord, and Kvitsøy had concentrations of 6.5 ± 3.9, 15.6 ± 12.7, and 12.7 ± 8.0 ng/g, respectively. Concentrations of amitriptyline were below the limit of detection in polychaetes exposed to sediment collected from Kvitsøy and IVAR, and 5.2 ± 2.8 ng/g in those exposed to Boknafjord sediment. Sediment spiked with 3 and 30 μg/g amitriptyline had measured values of 423.83 ± 33.1 and 763.2 ± 180.5 ng/g, respectively. Concentrations in worms exposed to the amended sediments were 9.5 ± 0.2 and 56.6 ± 2.2 ng/g, respectively. This is the first known study to detect measurable concentrations of amitriptyline in WWTP discharge in Norway and accumulation in polychaetes treated with field-collected sediments, suggesting that amitriptyline has the potential for trophic transfer in marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway.
| | - Zoe Longenecker-Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway
| | - Ivo Havranek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology & Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1433, Norway
| | - Giovanna Monticelli
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway
| | - Hans Kristian Brekken
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology & Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1433, Norway
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Magne O Sydnes
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway
| | - Daniela M Pampanin
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway
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21
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Alvarez-Mora I, Bolliet V, Lopez-Herguedas N, Castro L, Anakabe E, Monperrus M, Etxebarria N. Prioritization based on risk assessment to study the bioconcentration and biotransformation of pharmaceuticals in glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Adour estuary (Basque Country, France). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:120016. [PMID: 36007789 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of contaminants of emerging concern in the aquatic environment directly impacts water-living organisms and can alter their living functions. These compounds are often metabolized and excreted, but they can also be accumulated and spread through the food chain. The metabolized contaminants can also lead to the formation of new compounds with unknown toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. In this work, we have studied the occurrence, bioconcentration, and biotransformation of CECs in glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) using UHPLC-HRMS. To select the target CECs, we first carried out an environmental risk assessment of the WWTP effluent that releases directly into the Adour estuary (Bayonne, Basque Country, France). The risk quotients of every detected contaminant were calculated and three ecotoxicologically relevant contaminants were chosen to perform the exposure experiment: propranolol, diazepam, and irbesartan. An experiment of 14 days consisting of 7 days of exposure and 7 days of depuration was carried out to measure the bioconcentration of the chosen compounds. The quantitative results of the concentrations in glass eel showed that diazepam and irbesartan reached BCF ≈10 on day 7, but both compounds were eliminated after 7 days of depuration. On the other hand, propranolol's concentration remains constant all along with the experiment, and its presence can be detected even in the non-exposed control group, which might suggest environmental contamination. Two additional suspect screening strategies were used to identify metabolization products of the target compounds and other xenobiotics already present in wild glass eels. Only one metabolite was identified, nordiazepam, a well-known diazepam metabolite, probably due to the low metabolic rate of glass eels at this stage. The xenobiotic screening confirmed the presence of more xenobiotics in wild glass eels, prominent among them, the pharmaceuticals exemestane, primidone, iloprost, and norethandrolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Alvarez-Mora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Leioa (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, 48620 Plentzia (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Valérie Bolliet
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, ECOBIOP, Aquapôle INRAE, MIRA, F64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Naroa Lopez-Herguedas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Leioa (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, 48620 Plentzia (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain
| | - Lyen Castro
- Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, 48620 Plentzia (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain
| | - Eneritz Anakabe
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Leioa (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les matériaux, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64000 Anglet, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Leioa (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, 48620 Plentzia (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain
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22
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Hong X, Chen R, Zhang L, Yan L, Li J, Zha J. Low doses and lifecycle exposure of waterborne antidepressants in zebrafish model: A survey on sperm traits, reproductive behaviours, and transcriptome responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155017. [PMID: 35395305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Venlafaxine and citalopram have been commonly found in surface water and may disrupt fish reproduction, yet the long-term impact and the underlying mechanism are largely unknown. Here, zebrafish were exposed to 0.1-100 μg/L venlafaxine and citalopram for their entire life cycle from embryo to adult, respectively. After exposure for 180 days, the lowest observable effective concentration (LOEC) of venlafaxine and citalopram to significantly reduce the mean number of egg production in adults were 10 and 1 μg/L, respectively, whereas the fertilization rate displayed no significant changes. Further, we investigated the impacts of venlafaxine and citalopram in a reproductive context, including sperm quality and reproductive behaviour. In contrast, venlafaxine and citalopram exposure did not affect sperm quality but caused a reduction of reproductive behaviour (e.g., mating duration and mating interval) of adults exposed to 1-10 μg/L of the antidepressant. Transcriptomic profiling of the whole ovary revealed that lifecycle venlafaxine and citalopram exposure significantly affected the Na+/Cl- dependent neurotransmitter transporters signaling. Moreover, immune system-mediated ovarian regeneration and creatine metabolism regulated energy metabolism were proposed as the novel mechanism in the observed effects. Taken together, our results highlight the risk of lifecycle venlafaxine and citalopram exposure to fish reproduction and provide novel perspectives for unveiling the mechanism of female reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiasu Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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23
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Calculation of Lipophilicity of Organophosphate Pesticides Using Density Functional Theory. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060632. [PMID: 35736339 PMCID: PMC9228327 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Higher lipophilicity facilitates the passage of a substance across lipid cell membranes, the blood–brain barrier and protein binding, and may also indicate its toxicity. We proposed eight methods for predicting the lipophilicity of the 22 most commonly used organophosphate pesticides. In this work, to determine the lipophilicity and thermodynamic parameters of the solvation of pesticides, we used methods of density functional theory with various basis sets, as well as modern Grimm methods. The prediction models were evaluated and compared against eight performance statistics, as well as time and RAM used in the calculation. The results show that the PBE-SVP method provided the best of the proposed predictive capabilities. In addition, this method consumes relatively less CPU and RAM resources. These methods make it possible to reliably predict the ability of pesticide molecules to penetrate cell membranes and have a negative effect on cells and the organism as a whole.
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Environmental Occurrence and Predicted Pharmacological Risk to Freshwater Fish of over 200 Neuroactive Pharmaceuticals in Widespread Use. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050233. [PMID: 35622646 PMCID: PMC9143194 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing concern that neuroactive chemicals released into the environment can perturb wildlife behaviour. Among these chemicals, pharmaceuticals such as antidepressants and anxiolytics have been receiving increasing attention, as they are specifically prescribed to modify behavioural responses. Many laboratory studies have demonstrated that some of these compounds can affect various aspects of the behaviour of a range of aquatic organisms; however, these investigations are focused on a very small set of neuroactive pharmaceuticals, and they often consider one compound at a time. In this study, to better understand the environmental and toxicological dimension of the problem, we considered all pharmaceuticals explicitly intended to modulate the central nervous system (CNS), and we hypothesised that these compounds have higher probability of perturbing animal behaviour. Based on this hypothesis, we used the classification of pharmaceuticals provided by the British National Formulary (based on their clinical applications) and identified 210 different CNS-acting pharmaceuticals prescribed in the UK to treat a variety of CNS-related conditions, including mental health and sleep disorders, dementia, epilepsy, nausea, and pain. The analysis of existing databases revealed that 84 of these compounds were already detected in surface waters worldwide. Using a biological read-across approach based on the extrapolation of clinical data, we predicted that the concentration of 32 of these neuroactive pharmaceuticals in surface waters in England may be high enough to elicit pharmacological effects in wild fish. The ecotoxicological effects of the vast majority of these compounds are currently uncharacterised. Overall, these results highlight the importance of addressing this environmental challenge from a mixture toxicology and systems perspective. The knowledge platform developed in the present study can guide future region-specific prioritisation efforts, inform the design of mixture studies, and foster interdisciplinary efforts aimed at identifying novel approaches to predict and interpret the ecological implications of chemical-induced behaviour disruption.
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