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Zhou W, Wu T, Tao X. Exploring the spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of cooling effect of an urban river on a landscape scale. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8327. [PMID: 38594340 PMCID: PMC11004010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Urban water bodies can effectively mitigate the urban heat island effect and thus enhance the climate resilience of urban areas. The cooling effect of different water bodies varies, however, the cooling heterogeneity of different sections of a single watercourse or river network is rarely considered. Based on various satellite images, geospatial approaches and statistical analyses, our study confirmed the cooling heterogeneity from spatial and seasonal perspectives of the Suzhou Outer-city River in detail in the urban area of Suzhou, China. The cooling effect of the river was observed in the daytime in four seasons, and it is strongest in summer, followed by spring and autumn, and weakest in winter. The combination of the width of the river reach, the width and the NDVI value of the adjacent green space can explain a significant part of the cooling heterogeneity of the different river sections in different seasons. Land surface temperature (LST) variations along the river are more related to the width of the river reach, but the variations of the cooling distance are more related to the adjacent green space. The cooling effect of a river reach could be enhanced if it is accompanied by green spaces. In addition, the cooling effect of a looping river is stronger on the inside area than on the outside. The methodology and results of this study could help orient scientific landscape strategies in urban planning for cooler cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Xin Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
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Liu F, Liu J, Zhang Y, Hong S, Fu W, Wang M, Dong J. Construction of a cold island network for the urban heat island effect mitigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:169950. [PMID: 38199340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The urban heat island (UHI) effect seriously challenges sustainable urban development strategies and livability. Numerous studies have explored the UHI problem from the perspective of isolated blue and green patches, ignoring the overall function of cold island networks. This study aims to explore the construction method of cold island network by integrating scattered cold island resources, rationally guiding urban planning and construction, and providing effective ideas and methods for improving the urban thermal environment. Taking the central city of Fuzhou as an example, the identification of the cold island core source (CICS) was optimized by applying relative land surface temperature (LST), morphological spatial pattern analysis, and landscape connectivity analysis. The combined resistance surface was constructed based on a spatial principal component analysis. Subsequently, the cold island network was constructed by applying circuit theory and identifying the key nodes. The results showed that the central and eastern parts of the study area experienced the most significant UHI effects and there was a tendency for them to cluster. Overall, 48 core sources, 104 corridors, 89 cooling nodes, and 34 heating nodes were identified. The average LST of the CICSs was 28.43 °C, significantly lower than the average LST of the entire study area (31.50 °C), and the 104 cold corridors were classified into three categories according to their importance. Different targeting measures should be adopted for the cooling and heating nodes to maintain the stability of the cold island network and prevent the formation of a heat network. Finally, we suggest a model for urban cold island network construction and explore methods for mitigating issues with UHI to achieve proactive and organized adaptation and mitigation of thermal environmental risks in urban areas, as well as to encourage sustainable urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350100, China; Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350100, China; Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanqin Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350100, China; Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shaoping Hong
- School of Architecture and Urban-Rural Planning, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Weicong Fu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350100, China; Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minhua Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350100, China; Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianwen Dong
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350100, China; Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Kumar P, Debele SE, Khalili S, Halios CH, Sahani J, Aghamohammadi N, Andrade MDF, Athanassiadou M, Bhui K, Calvillo N, Cao SJ, Coulon F, Edmondson JL, Fletcher D, Dias de Freitas E, Guo H, Hort MC, Katti M, Kjeldsen TR, Lehmann S, Locosselli GM, Malham SK, Morawska L, Parajuli R, Rogers CD, Yao R, Wang F, Wenk J, Jones L. Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure: Drivers, effectiveness, and future needs. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100588. [PMID: 38440259 PMCID: PMC10909648 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate change. Yet, the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure (GBGI), such as parks, wetlands, and engineered greening, which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air temperatures. Despite many reviews, the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are unclear. This systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits, identifies knowledge gaps, and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their benefits. After screening 27,486 papers, 202 were reviewed, based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main divisions. Certain GBGI (green walls, parks, street trees) have been well researched for their urban cooling capabilities. However, several other GBGI have received negligible (zoological garden, golf course, estuary) or minimal (private garden, allotment) attention. The most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens (5.0 ± 3.5°C), wetlands (4.9 ± 3.2°C), green walls (4.1 ± 4.2°C), street trees (3.8 ± 3.1°C), and vegetated balconies (3.8 ± 2.7°C). Under changing climate conditions (2070-2100) with consideration of RCP8.5, there is a shift in climate subtypes, either within the same climate zone (e.g., Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa) or across other climate zones (e.g., Dfb [continental warm-summer humid] to BSk [dry, cold semi-arid] and Cwa [temperate] to Am [tropical]). These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the future. Given the importance of multiple services, it is crucial to balance their functionality, cooling performance, and other related co-benefits when planning for the future GBGI. This global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating, filling research gaps, and promoting community resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Sisay E. Debele
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Soheila Khalili
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Christos H. Halios
- School of Built Environment, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6BU, UK
| | - Jeetendra Sahani
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Nasrin Aghamohammadi
- School Design and the Built Environment, Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute, Kent St, Bentley 6102, Western Australia
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia
| | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Atmospheric Sciences Department, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Kamaldeep Bhui
- Department of Psychiatry and Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Wadham College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nerea Calvillo
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Methodologies, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Shi-Jie Cao
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Environment and Energy, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Jill L. Edmondson
- Plants, Photosynthesis, Soil Cluster, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Fletcher
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Edmilson Dias de Freitas
- Atmospheric Sciences Department, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Madhusudan Katti
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Faculty Excellence Program for Leadership in Public Science, North Carolina State University, Chancellor, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Thomas Rodding Kjeldsen
- Departments of Architecture & Civil Engineering, and Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Steffen Lehmann
- School of Architecture, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Giuliano Maselli Locosselli
- Department of Tropical Ecosystems Functioning, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shelagh K. Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5 AB, UK
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Science and Technology, QLD, Australia
| | - Rajan Parajuli
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Christopher D.F. Rogers
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Runming Yao
- School of Built Environment, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6BU, UK
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments, Ministry of Education, School of the Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jannis Wenk
- Departments of Architecture & Civil Engineering, and Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Laurence Jones
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
- Liverpool Hope University, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Hope Park, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK
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Laffitte B, Seyler BC, Yang X, Tang Y. Transplanted Ginkgo growth rates indicate common Chinese nursery techniques may severely limit urban ecosystem services. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168977. [PMID: 38036147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
China has experienced history's largest rural-to-urban migration. The social, economic, and environmental challenges brought about by urbanization are diverse and complex. Given China's national goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 and commitment to urban sustainability, large cities have focused on urban greening initiatives. Yet, studies seeking to quantify ecosystem services and disservices only assess healthy, mature trees, rather than those with severe damage, declining health, or lack of vitality due to poor management. In this short communication, we conducted a case-study in one of China's major nursery stock-producing cities, Chengdu, on a common street tree, Ginkgo biloba, to assess the long-term impact of one of the most common yet extreme nursery transplant practices on tree growth (traumatic root-cutting of 'super-large' nursery stock). We used tree-ring data collected in a typical urban greenspace from 23 Ginkgo trees, including 18 trees transplanted as 'super-large' nursery stock and a control group (5 trees) transplanted as small-caliper trees. We found the trees transplanted as 'super-large' nursery stock experienced declining tree growth with decades of lost landscape potential likely due to traumatic root-cutting at the time of transplant from nursery to landscape. The control group allowed contrast between the growth patterns of 'super-large' transplanted trees with those that remained healthy, being transplanted as smaller-caliper trees. For the 'super-large' trees, we found a decrease in carbon sequestration from 7.6 kg C yr-1 on average per tree in 2001 to about 1.5 kg C yr-1 on average per tree in 2021, while no decreasing trends were observed among the control trees. This implies a negative impact on multiple expected ecosystem services including carbon sequestration, shade, canopy coverage, and pollutant mitigation. These results highlight the unrecognized costs of common Chinese nursery and transplant techniques on urban landscape trees, necessitating more research, science-based policies, and better management techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Laffitte
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; Department of Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Barnabas C Seyler
- Shude International, Chengdu Shude High School, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xuexin Yang
- Department of Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ya Tang
- Department of Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Chen J, Li H, Luo S, Su D, Xie J, Zang T, Kinoshita T. Estimating changes in inequality of ecosystem services provided by green exposure: From a human health perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168265. [PMID: 37949139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem services provided by green spaces are closely related to human health, strongly supporting sustainable urban and territorial development. Urbanization has not only resulted in the reduction of green spaces but has also created inequalities in exposure. Inequitable green exposure creates disparities in residents' access to the ecosystem services provided by green spaces and can lead to significant health inequities. In this context, we first categorized green exposures into active and passive types based on their characteristics. Second, utilizing the benefit transfer method and Gini coefficient, we estimated the value and equity of ecosystem services offered by these green exposures around residences at the municipality level in Japan from 2000 to 2020, with a focus on human health implications. Finally, we explored the potential relationship between socioeconomics and ecosystem service inequity. Our findings reveal that: 1) ecosystem service value per capita and equity provided by green exposure are significantly different across municipalities; 2) although most municipalities show an upward trend in per capita ecosystem service value around residences, ecosystem service inequity increases significantly; and 3) ecosystem service inequity is related to the socioeconomic factors of municipalities and could be non-linear. The results of this study suggest that the government should adopt indicators related to the ecosystem services provided by green exposure during urban planning. While focusing on per-capita ecosystem services, they should also consider the equitable distribution of ecosystem services to promote sustainable urban health development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan.
| | - Hongyu Li
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan.
| | - Shixian Luo
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan; School of Architecture, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Daer Su
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Jing Xie
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan.
| | - Tongguang Zang
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan.
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