1
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Xu J, Ganji A, Saeedi M, Jeong CH, Su Y, Munoz T, Lloyd M, Weichenthal S, Evans G, Hatzopoulou M. Unveiling the Impact of Wildfires on Nanoparticle Characteristics and Exposure Disparities through Mobile and Fixed-Site Monitoring in Toronto, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2025; 59:5621-5635. [PMID: 40070205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c08675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2025]
Abstract
This study investigates the impacts of wildfires on nanoparticle characteristics and exposure disparities in Toronto, integrating data from a large-scale mobile monitoring campaign and fixed-site measurements during the unprecedented 2023 wildfire season. Our results reveal changes in particle characteristics during wildfire days, with particle number concentrations decreasing by 60% and particle diameter increasing by 30% compared to nonwildfire days. Moreover, the median lung deposited surface area (LDSA) levels rose by 31% during wildfire events. We employed gradient boosting models to estimate near-road LDSA levels on both wildfire and nonwildfire days. The LDSA ratio (wildfire/nonwildfire) exceeded 2.0 in certain areas along highways and in downtown Toronto. Furthermore, our findings show that marginalized communities faced greater LDSA increases than less marginalized ones. Under wildfire conditions, the LDSA ratio difference between the most and least marginalized groups was 16% for recent immigrants and visible minorities and 7% for seniors and children, both statistically significant. This study delivers critical insights into the spatiotemporal variations of nanoparticle characteristics during wildfire and nonwildfire periods, demonstrating the substantial health risks posed by increased LDSA levels and the inequitable distribution of these risks among Toronto's diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshi Xu
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A4 Ontario, Canada
| | - Arman Ganji
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A4 Ontario, Canada
| | - Milad Saeedi
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A4 Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yushan Su
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Etobicoke M9P 3 V6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony Munoz
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Etobicoke M9P 3 V6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Marshall Lloyd
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1G1 Quebec, Canada
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1G1 Quebec, Canada
| | - Greg Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Marianne Hatzopoulou
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A4 Ontario, Canada
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2
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Lintusaari H, Lepistö T, Saarikoski S, Salo L, Silvonen V, Barreira LMF, Aurela M, Hoivala J, Markkula L, Ondracek J, Wahle T, Vojtisek-Lom M, Topinka J, Schins RPF, Jalava P, Timonen H, Kanninen KM, Rönkkö T. Importance of sub-23 nm particles in traffic environments: Particle number emission factors and extrathoracic deposition doses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2025; 369:125835. [PMID: 39947577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2025] [Accepted: 02/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/23/2025]
Abstract
New research suggests that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFPs; particle diameter dp < 100 nm) is particularly harmful to brain health. One pathway into the body is via deposition in the respiratory system, where the smallest UFPs deposit efficiently in human extrathoracic airways. Traffic is a major source of these particles, yet sub-23 nm (dp < 23 nm) particles are currently unregulated in engine emission testing worldwide, including the stringent requirements of the European Union, nor are there requirements for ambient monitoring. In this study, we report size-resolved particle number emission factors (EFs) for traffic and estimates of extrathoracic dose rates of sub-23 nm particles. The EFs and dose rates are based on measurements conducted in different urban environments, including roads, tunnels, an airport, and a riverside, in two Central European cities (Düsseldorf and Prague) from March to April 2022. A key difference between the cities is that Düsseldorf has a low-emission zone in its central area and a newer vehicle fleet compared to Prague. Overall, traffic-influenced sites had large EFs for sub-23 nm particles. In the highway and tunnel environments, EFs of particles with dp > 2.5 nm were between 2 and 18 times greater than the EFs of particles with dp > 23 nm. Near the airport, the EF of particles with dp > 23 nm was already high, being 2-9 times higher than in other environments. The number concentrations of sub-23 nm particles varied significantly within the studied cities, and dose rates (measured in billions of particles per hour) differed by up to a factor of ten or more depending on the location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Lintusaari
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland.
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
| | - Ville Silvonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Jussi Hoivala
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Research Group of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, ICPF CAS, Prague, 16500, Czech Republic
| | - Tina Wahle
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Michal Vojtisek-Lom
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, 16000, Czech Republic; Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, IEM CAS, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, IEM CAS, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
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3
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Alramzi Y, Aghaei Y, Badami MM, Aldekheel M, Tohidi R, Sioutas C. Urban emissions of fine and ultrafine particulate matter in Los Angeles: Sources and variations in lung-deposited surface area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2025; 367:125651. [PMID: 39788181 PMCID: PMC11813679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 01/03/2025] [Accepted: 01/04/2025] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) in urban environments poses significant health risks by penetrating the respiratory system, with concern over lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) as an indicator of particle exposure. This study aimed to investigate the diurnal trends and sources of LDSA, particle number concentration (PNC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) concentrations in Los Angeles across different seasons to provide a comprehensive understanding of the contributions from primary and secondary sources of ultrafine particles (UFPs). Hourly measurements of PNC and LDSA were conducted using the DiSCmini and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), while OC and EC concentrations were measured using the Sunset Lab EC/OC Monitor. The results showed distinct diurnal trends in PNC and EC, with peaks occurring in the early morning and evening, which were consistent with periods of increased traffic volume. During warmer periods, a midday increase in PNC was observed, attributed to photochemical reactions. In contrast, a nighttime peak during colder months suggested the formation of secondary aerosols through aqueous-phase chemistry. Additionally, the DiSCmini consistently reported higher LDSA values than SMPS, indicating the presence of irregularly shaped UFPs, particularly during periods of heavy traffic flow. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis identified three primary sources. Factor 1 (photochemically influenced processes), driven by secondary organic aerosol formation during warmer periods, contributed to 19% of LDSA. Factor 2, in which primarily traffic influenced emissions were the dominant contributor, accounting for 70% of LDSA and associated with high loadings of OC (61%), EC (78%), and NOx (94%). Factor 3 (aqueous phase secondary process influenced emissions) during colder months, accounted for 11% of LDSA. Both Factor 1 and 3 sources exhibited comparable contributions of OC4 (52% and 48%, respectively), underscoring their roles in secondary aerosol formation. These findings emphasize the need to address both primary and secondary emissions to mitigate health risks associated with UFP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Alramzi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yashar Aghaei
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Badami
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Aldekheel
- Kuwait University, Department of Civil Engineering, P.O Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
| | - Ramin Tohidi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Lin TC, Chiueh PT, Hsiao TC. Challenges in Observation of Ultrafine Particles: Addressing Estimation Miscalculations and the Necessity of Temporal Trends. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2025; 59:565-577. [PMID: 39670560 PMCID: PMC11741106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c07460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 11/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/14/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) pose a significant health risk, making comprehensive assessment essential. The influence of emission sources on particle concentrations is not only constrained by meteorological conditions but often intertwined with them, making it challenging to separate these effects. This study utilized valuable long-term particle number and size distribution (PNSD) data from 2018 to 2023 to develop a tree-based machine learning model enhanced with an interpretable component, incorporating temporal markers to characterize background or time series residuals. Our results demonstrated that, differing from PM2.5, which is significantly shaped by planetary boundary layer height, wind speed plays a crucial role in determining the particle number concentration (PNC), showing strong regional specificity. Furthermore, we systematically identified and analyzed anthropogenically influenced periodic trends. Notably, while Aitken mode observations are initially linked to traffic-related peaks, both Aitken and nucleation modes contribute to concentration peaks during rush hour periods on short-term impacts after deweather adjustment. Pollutant baseline concentrations are largely driven by human activities, with meteorological factors modulating their variability, and the secondary formation of UFPs is likely reflected in temporal residuals. This study provides a flexible framework for isolating meteorological effects, allowing more accurate assessment of anthropogenic impacts and targeted management strategies for UFP and PNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chi Lin
- Graduate
Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Te Chiueh
- Graduate
Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate
Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Research
Center for Environmental Changes, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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5
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Li D, Wu D, Gui X, Liao S, Zhu M, Yu F, Zheng J. Exploring ultrafine particle emission characteristics from in-use light-duty diesel trucks in China using a portable measurement system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 263:120234. [PMID: 39461696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024]
Abstract
Diesel vehicle exhaust is one of the major contributors to ultrafine particles (UFPs) in urban areas in China. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about UFPs emission characteristics from current in-use diesel vehicles. This study has carried out an on-road test of 10 in-use Light-duty Diesel Trucks (LDDTs) with different emission control standards in China using a self-established portable measurement system based on the Electronic Low-pressure Impactor (ELPI) and characterized the ultrafine particle number (PN) concentration, particle size distribution and metal element contents. The results revealed a significant reduction of 93.37% in the average PN0.1 emission factor of LDDTs from China III to China VI. Notably, LDDTs compliant with the China VI vehicle emission control standard exhibited the lowest PN0.1 and PM0.1 emission factors, measuring 4.991 × 1014 #/km and 0.627 g/km, respectively. By taking into account emissions under real driving conditions, we found that the PN emission rates grow with the increase of the Vehicle Specific Power (VSP). The cold-start phase had higher PN emissions than the hot-start phase, with 8590, 1890, 477, and 22 times higher than those of the ambient air (1.18 × 105 #/cm3), respectively. The installation of Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) can decrease UFPs by more than 99.8%, while the PN emission factor during the DPF regeneration stage (1.85 × 1016 #/km) increased by 5 orders of magnitude that of the DPF normal works (7.51 × 1011 #/km). Metal element contents analysis shows that Fe, Ca, Al and Mg are the dominant elements in UFPs of LDDT exhaust gas, but the element of Ni is slightly increasing in a China VI, possibly due to the new automotive engine exhaust manifolds being made of Ni instead of cast iron for the purpose of having more high-temperature resistance. Our study demonstrates the importance of monitoring and routine maintenance of exhaust after-treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Dongyang Wu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xiaoliang Gui
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Songdi Liao
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Manni Zhu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Sustainable Energy and Environmental Thrust, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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6
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Garcia-Marlès M, Lara R, Reche C, Pérez N, Tobías A, Savadkoohi M, Beddows D, Salma I, Vörösmarty M, Weidinger T, Hueglin C, Mihalopoulos N, Grivas G, Kalkavouras P, Ondracek J, Zikova N, Niemi JV, Manninen HE, Green DC, Tremper AH, Norman M, Vratolis S, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Alonso-Blanco E, Wiedensohler A, Weinhold K, Merkel M, Bastian S, Hoffmann B, Altug H, Petit JE, Acharja P, Favez O, Santos SMD, Putaud JP, Dinoi A, Contini D, Casans A, Casquero-Vera JA, Crumeyrolle S, Bourrianne E, Poppel MV, Dreesen FE, Harni S, Timonen H, Lampilahti J, Petäjä T, Pandolfi M, Hopke PK, Harrison RM, Alastuey A, Querol X. Source apportionment of ultrafine particles in urban Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 194:109149. [PMID: 39566442 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
There is a body of evidence that ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm) might have significant impacts on health. Accordingly, identifying sources of UFP is essential to develop abatement policies. This study focuses on urban Europe, and aims at identifying sources and quantifying their contributions to particle number size distribution (PNSD) using receptor modelling (Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF), and evaluating long-term trends of these source contributions using the non-parametric Theil-Sen's method. Datasets evaluated include 14 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 4 suburban background (SUB), and 1 regional background (RB) sites, covering 18 European and 1 USA cities, over the period, when available, from 2009 to 2019. Ten factors were identified (4 road traffic factors, photonucleation, urban background, domestic heating, 2 regional factors and long-distance transport), with road traffic being the primary contributor at all UB and TR sites (56-95 %), and photonucleation being also significant in many cities. The trends analyses showed a notable decrease in traffic-related UFP ambient concentrations, with statistically significant decreasing trends for the total traffic-related factors of -5.40 and -2.15 % yr-1 for the TR and UB sites, respectively. This abatement is most probably due to the implementation of European emissions standards, particularly after the introduction of diesel particle filters (DPFs) in 2011. However, DPFs do not retain nucleated particles generated during the dilution of diesel exhaust semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Trends in photonucleation were more diverse, influenced by a reduction in the condensation sink potential facilitating new particle formation (NPF) or by a decrease in the emissions of UFP precursors. The decrease of primary PM emissions and precursors of UFP also contributed to the reduction of urban and regional background sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Garcia-Marlès
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics-Meteorology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
| | - Rosa Lara
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa, 08242, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Vörösmarty
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Weidinger
- Department of Meteorology, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Kalkavouras
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece; Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Research Group of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 1, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nadezda Zikova
- Research Group of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 1, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00240 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00240 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Box 8136, 104 20 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), Dresden, German
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hicran Altug
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Prodip Acharja
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | | | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Casans
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Suzanne Crumeyrolle
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
| | - Eric Bourrianne
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
| | - Martine Van Poppel
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Freja E Dreesen
- Flanders Environment Agency, Dokter De Moorstraat 24-26, 9300, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Sami Harni
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Mukherjee A, Hartikainen A, Joutsensaari J, Basnet S, Mesceriakovas A, Ihalainen M, Yli-Pirilä P, Leskinen J, Somero M, Louhisalmi J, Fang Z, Kalberer M, Rudich Y, Tissari J, Czech H, Zimmermann R, Sippula O. Black carbon and particle lung-deposited surface area in residential wood combustion emissions: Effects of an electrostatic precipitator and photochemical aging. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175840. [PMID: 39214360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Residential wood combustion (RWC) remains a significant global source of particulate matter (PM) emissions with adverse impacts on regional air quality, climate, and human health. The lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) and equivalent black carbon (eBC) concentrations have emerged as important metrics to assess particulate pollution. In this study we estimated combustion phase-dependent emission factors of LDSA for alveolar, tracheobronchial, and head-airway regions of human lungs and explored the relationships between eBC and LDSA in fresh and photochemically aged RWC emissions. Photochemical aging was simulated in an oxidative flow reactor at OH• exposures equivalent to 1.4 or 3.4 days in the atmosphere. Further, the efficiency of a small-scale electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for reducing LDSA and eBC from the wood stove was determined. For fresh emission eBC correlated extremely well with LDSA, but the correlation decreased after aging. Soot-dominated flaming phase showed the highest eBC dependency of LDSA whereas for ignition and char burning phases non-BC particles contributed strongly the LDSA. Deposition to the alveolar region contributed around 60 % of the total lung-deposition. The ESP was found as an effective method to mitigate particulate mass, LDSA, as well as eBC emissions from wood stoves, as they were reduced on average by 72%, 71%, and 69%, respectively. The reduction efficiencies, however, consistently dropped over the span of an experiment, especially for eBC. Further, the ESP was found to increase the sub-30 nm ultrafine particle number emissions, with implications for LDSA. The results of this study can be used for assessing the contribution of RWC to LDSA concentrations in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mukherjee
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland.
| | - A Hartikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland.
| | - J Joutsensaari
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - S Basnet
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - A Mesceriakovas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - M Ihalainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - P Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - J Leskinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - M Somero
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - J Louhisalmi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Z Fang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - M Kalberer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Y Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - J Tissari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - H Czech
- Group of Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Technical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock 18056, Germany
| | - R Zimmermann
- Group of Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Technical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock 18056, Germany
| | - O Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland.
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8
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Kecorius S, Madueño L, Lovric M, Racic N, Schwarz M, Cyrys J, Casquero-Vera JA, Alados-Arboledas L, Conil S, Sciare J, Ondracek J, Hallar AG, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Ellul R, Kristensson A, Sorribas M, Kalivitis N, Mihalopoulos N, Peters A, Gini M, Eleftheriadis K, Vratolis S, Jeongeun K, Birmili W, Bergmans B, Nikolova N, Dinoi A, Contini D, Marinoni A, Alastuey A, Petäjä T, Rodriguez S, Picard D, Brem B, Priestman M, Green DC, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, O'Dowd C, Ceburnis D, Hyvärinen A, Henzing B, Crumeyrolle S, Putaud JP, Laj P, Weinhold K, Plauškaitė K, Byčenkienė S. Atmospheric new particle formation identifier using longitudinal global particle number size distribution data. Sci Data 2024; 11:1239. [PMID: 39550387 PMCID: PMC11569151 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-04079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is a naturally occurring phenomenon, during which high concentrations of sub-10 nm particles are created through gas to particle conversion. The NPF is observed in multiple environments around the world. Although it has observable influence onto annual total and ultrafine particle number concentrations (PNC and UFP, respectively), only limited epidemiological studies have investigated whether these particles are associated with adverse health effects. One plausible reason for this limitation may be related to the absence of NPF identifiers available in UFP and PNC data sets. Until recently, the regional NPF events were usually identified manually from particle number size distribution contour plots. Identification of NPF across multi-annual and multiple station data sets remained a tedious task. In this work, we introduce a regional NPF identifier, created using an automated, machine learning based algorithm. The regional NPF event tag was created for 65 measurement sites globally, covering the period from 1996 to 2023. The discussed data set can be used in future studies related to regional NPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Kecorius
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Leizel Madueño
- Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Nikolina Racic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maximilian Schwarz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Josef Cyrys
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sébastien Conil
- ANDRA - DISTEC-EES, Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement, Bure, France
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Gannet Hallar
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | | | - Raymond Ellul
- Department of Physics, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Adam Kristensson
- Division of Physics, Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mar Sorribas
- El Arenosillo - Atmospheric Sounding Station, Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch, INTA, Mazagón, Huelva, Spain
| | - Nikolaos Kalivitis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa & Vas. Pavlou, Palea Penteli, Greece
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Gini
- Environmental Radioactivity & Aerosol Tech. for Atmospheric & Climate Impacts, INRaSTES, National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity & Aerosol Tech. for Atmospheric & Climate Impacts, INRaSTES, National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- Environmental Radioactivity & Aerosol Tech. for Atmospheric & Climate Impacts, INRaSTES, National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Kim Jeongeun
- Forecast Research Division, National Institute of Meterological Sciences (NIMS), Seogwipo, Korea
| | | | | | - Nina Nikolova
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC-CNR), Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC-CNR), Lecce, Italy
| | - Angela Marinoni
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergio Rodriguez
- Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain Group of Atmosphere, Aerosols and Climate-AAC, IPNA CSIC, Tenerife, Spain
| | - David Picard
- Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont Auvergne (LPCA), UMR6533, CNRS-UCA, Aubière, France
| | - Benjamin Brem
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Max Priestman
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Antti Hyvärinen
- SIOS Knowledge Centre, Svalbard science centre Longyearbyen, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Bas Henzing
- The Netherlands Institute of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Crumeyrolle
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
| | | | - Paolo Laj
- Univ. Grenoble, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Kay Weinhold
- Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Liu X, Zhang X, Wang T, Jin B, Wu L, Lara R, Monge M, Reche C, Jaffrezo JL, Uzu G, Dominutti P, Darfeuil S, Favez O, Conil S, Marchand N, Castillo S, de la Rosa JD, Stuart G, Eleftheriadis K, Diapouli E, Gini MI, Nava S, Alves C, Wang X, Xu Y, Green DC, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, Alastuey A, Querol X. PM 10-bound trace elements in pan-European urban atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119630. [PMID: 39019137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Although many studies have discussed the impact of Europe's air quality, very limited research focused on the detailed phenomenology of ambient trace elements (TEs) in PM10 in urban atmosphere. This study compiled long-term (2013-2022) measurements of speciation of ambient urban PM10 from 55 sites of 7 countries (Switzerland, Spain, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, UK), aiming to elucidate the phenomenology of 20 TEs in PM10 in urban Europe. The monitoring sites comprised urban background (UB, n = 26), traffic (TR, n = 10), industrial (IN, n = 5), suburban background (SUB, n = 7), and rural background (RB, n = 7) types. The sampling campaigns were conducted using standardized protocols to ensure data comparability. In each country, PM10 samples were collected over a fixed period using high-volume air samplers. The analysis encompassed the spatio-temporal distribution of TEs, and relationships between TEs at each site. Results indicated an annual average for the sum of 20 TEs of 90 ± 65 ng/m3, with TR and IN sites exhibiting the highest concentrations (130 ± 66 and 131 ± 80 ng/m3, respectively). Seasonal variability in TEs concentrations, influenced by emission sources and meteorology, revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) across all monitoring sites. Estimation of TE concentrations highlighted distinct ratios between non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic metals, with Zn (40 ± 49 ng/m3), Ti (21 ± 29 ng/m3), and Cu (23 ± 35 ng/m3) dominating non-carcinogenic TEs, while Cr (5 ± 7 ng/m3), and Ni (2 ± 6 ng/m3) were prominent among carcinogenic ones. Correlations between TEs across diverse locations and seasons varied, in agreement with differences in emission sources and meteorological conditions. This study provides valuable insights into TEs in pan-European urban atmosphere, contributing to a comprehensive dataset for future environmental protection policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Liu
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Beijing, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Bowen Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Rosa Lara
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Monge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, IGE, UMR 5001, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Gaelle Uzu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, IGE, UMR 5001, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Pamela Dominutti
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, IGE, UMR 5001, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Darfeuil
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, IGE, UMR 5001, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Laboratoire central de surveillance de la qualité de l'air (LCSQA), 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Sébastien Conil
- ANDRA DISTEC/EES Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement, F-55290, Bure, France
| | | | - Sonia Castillo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain; Andalusian Institute of Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, 18006, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús D de la Rosa
- Associate Unit CSIC-UHU Atmospheric Pollution, University of Huelva, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Grange Stuart
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310, Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310, Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria I Gini
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310, Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Silvia Nava
- INFN Division of Florence and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, via G.Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Célia Alves
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Xianxia Wang
- School of Management, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yiming Xu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - David C S Beddows
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Zhai J, Shao S, Yang X, Zeng Y, Fu TM, Zhu L, Shen H, Ye J, Wang C, Tao S. Chemically Resolved Respiratory Deposition of Ultrafine Particles Characterized by Number Concentration in the Urban Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:16507-16516. [PMID: 39223479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) dominate the atmospheric particles in number concentration, impacting human health and climate change. However, existing studies primarily rely on mass-based approaches, leading to a restricted understanding of the number-based and chemically resolved health effects of atmospheric UFPs. In this study, we utilized a high-mass-resolution single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer to investigate the online chemical composition and number size distribution of ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles during the summertime in urban Shenzhen, China. Human respiratory deposition dose assessments of particles with varying chemical compositions were further conducted by a respiratory deposition model. The results showed that during our observation, particles containing elemental carbon (EC) were the dominant components in UFPs (0.05-0.1 μm). Compared to fine and coarse particles, UFPs can deposit more deeply into the respiratory tract with a daily dose of ∼2.08 ± 0.67 billion particles. Among the deposited UFPs, EC-cluster particles constituted ∼85.7% in number fraction, accounting for a daily number dose of ∼1.78 billion particles, which poses a greater impact on human health. Simultaneously, we found discrepancies in the chemically resolved particle depositions among number-, surface area-, and mass-based approaches, emphasizing the importance of an appropriate metric for particle health-risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Zhai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shi Shao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
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11
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Liu X, Zhang X, Wang R, Liu Y, Hadiatullah H, Xu Y, Wang T, Bendl J, Adam T, Schnelle-Kreis J, Querol X. High-Precision Microscale Particulate Matter Prediction in Diverse Environments Using a Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network and Street View Imagery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3869-3882. [PMID: 38355131 PMCID: PMC10902834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a novel long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network model that leverages color features (HSV: hue, saturation, value) extracted from street images to estimate air quality with particulate matter (PM) in four typical European environments: urban, suburban, villages, and the harbor. To evaluate its performance, we utilize concentration data for eight parameters of ambient PM (PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10, particle number concentration, lung-deposited surface area, equivalent mass concentrations of ultraviolet PM, black carbon, and brown carbon) collected from a mobile monitoring platform during the nonheating season in downtown Augsburg, Germany, along with synchronized street view images. Experimental comparisons were conducted between the LSTM model and other deep learning models (recurrent neural network and gated recurrent unit). The results clearly demonstrate a better performance of the LSTM model compared with other statistically based models. The LSTM-HSV model achieved impressive interpretability rates above 80%, for the eight PM metrics mentioned above, indicating the expected performance of the proposed model. Moreover, the successful application of the LSTM-HSV model in other seasons of Augsburg city and various environments (suburbs, villages, and harbor cities) demonstrates its satisfactory generalization capabilities in both temporal and spatial dimensions. The successful application of the LSTM-HSV model underscores its potential as a versatile tool for the estimation of air pollution after presampling of the studied area, with broad implications for urban planning and public health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Liu
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer
Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology
and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Institute
of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xun Zhang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer
Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology
and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer
Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology
and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer
Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology
and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | | | - Yanning Xu
- School
of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266525, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department
of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jan Bendl
- University
of the Bundeswehr Munich, Faculty for Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Adam
- University
of the Bundeswehr Munich, Faculty for Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular
Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular
Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute
of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Lepistö T, Lintusaari H, Oudin A, Barreira LMF, Niemi JV, Karjalainen P, Salo L, Silvonen V, Markkula L, Hoivala J, Marjanen P, Martikainen S, Aurela M, Reyes FR, Oyola P, Kuuluvainen H, Manninen HE, Schins RPF, Vojtisek-Lom M, Ondracek J, Topinka J, Timonen H, Jalava P, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSA al) size distributions in different urban environments and geographical regions: Towards understanding of the PM 2.5 dose-response. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108224. [PMID: 37757619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that monitoring only fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may not be enough to understand and tackle the health risk caused by particulate pollution. Health effects per unit PM2.5 seem to increase in countries with low PM2.5, but also near local pollution sources (e.g., traffic) within cities. The aim of this study is to understand the differences in the characteristics of lung-depositing particles in different geographical regions and urban environments. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) concentrations and size distributions, along with PM2.5, were compared with ambient measurement data from Finland, Germany, Czechia, Chile, and India, covering traffic sites, residential areas, airports, shipping, and industrial sites. In Finland (low PM2.5), LDSAal size distributions depended significantly on the urban environment and were mainly attributable to ultrafine particles (<100 nm). In Central Europe (moderate PM2.5), LDSAal was also dependent on the urban environment, but furthermore heavily influenced by the regional aerosol. In Chile and India (high PM2.5), LDSAal was mostly contributed by the regional aerosol despite that the measurements were done at busy traffic sites. The results indicate that the characteristics of lung-depositing particles vary significantly both within cities and between geographical regions. In addition, ratio between LDSAal and PM2.5 depended notably on the environment and the country, suggesting that LDSAal exposure per unit PM2.5 may be multiple times higher in areas having low PM2.5 compared to areas with continuously high PM2.5. These findings may partly explain why PM2.5 seems more toxic near local pollution sources and in areas with low PM2.5. Furthermore, performance of a typical sensor based LDSAal measurement is discussed and a new LDSAal2.5 notation indicating deposition region and particle size range is introduced. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for country-specific emission mitigation strategies, and the potential of LDSAal concentration as a health-relevant pollution metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland.
| | - Henna Lintusaari
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Anna Oudin
- Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Sweden; Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki 00066, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Ville Silvonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Jussi Hoivala
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Petteri Marjanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Sampsa Martikainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | | | | | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki 00066, Finland
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michal Vojtisek-Lom
- Centre of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 160 00, Czechia
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, ICPF CAS, Prague 165 00, Czechia
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, 142 20 Prague, Czechia
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
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