Effects of glyphosate exposure on gut-liver axis: Metabolomic and mechanistic analysis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Effect of polystyrene nanoplastics on the intestinal histopathology, oxidative stress, and microbiota of Acrossocheilus yunnanensis

Even though extensive research exists on the negative impact of nanoplastics on fish, their effect on the microbiota and intestinal health of freshwater fish remains unclear. This study investigated the impact of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on the microbiota, oxidative stress, and intestinal morphology of the Acrossocheilus yunnanensis (A. yunnanensis) freshwater fish species. The findings demonstrated that PS-NPs induced structural changes (e.g., epithelial rupture and microvilli damage) in the intestinal tissue of A. yunnanensis. Meanwhile, they increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the intestine, but did not significantly cause changes in the activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. The microbiome results indicated that PS-NPs increased gut microbial community diversity and Proteobacteria abundance while decreasing the Fusobacteriota content. Furthermore, PS-NPs significantly improved multiple microbial functions such as amino acid and lipid transfer and metabolism, as well as energy generation and conversion. Overall, this study revealed that PS-NPs caused oxidative stress and microbiota dysbiosis in A. yunnanensis, possibly causing intestinal epithelial damage. This research elucidates the mechanism underlying PS-NP toxicity to freshwater fish and its subsequent impact.

Toxicological effects of chemical pesticides in fish: Focusing on intestinal injury and gut microbial dysbiosis

The gut is susceptible to environmental pollutants and is a crucial barrier to exchanging internal and exterior substances in animals and humans. Intestinal microbiota plays vital roles in nutrition metabolism, synthesis of functional compounds, immune regulation, inflammation, and infection. Gut microbiota dysbiosis can induce intestinal physical barrier damage, trigger inflammation, and increase gut permeability. Intestinal barrier dysfunction facilitates the entry of pathogenic bacteria and harmful chemicals into the body through the blood circulation system, potentially causing neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, respiratory toxicity, growth inhibition, and even death. Herein, we overviewed the knowledge on the toxic effects of chemical pesticides on fish intestines and gut microbiota in the latest decade (2015-2025) and attempted to summarize the potential toxicological mechanisms. Chemical pesticide exposure can cause intestinal damage, impair immune function, and disrupt gut microbiota in fish. Gut microbial dysbiosis was strongly associated with intestinal injury. Alterations in gut microbiome metabolites, such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and short-chain fatty acids, have been linked to intestinal damage, inflammation, and changes in permeability. The mechanisms underlying intestinal injury in fish exposed to chemical pesticides included apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which are mediated by reactive oxygen species pathways as well as death receptor and mitochondrial signaling pathways. Furthermore, pesticide-induced intestinal dysbiosis can cause neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity through the microbiome-gut-brain/liver axis.

Impact of 1,2-Bis (2,4,6-Tribromophenoxy) Ethane on Liver Metabolism and Intestinal Health in Zebrafish: Role of the Liver X Receptor

1,2-Bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) has been increasingly detected in environmental and biota samples, primarily accumulating in the liver. However, the mechanism underlying BTBPE-induced metabolic dysregulation remains unclear. In this study, molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis assays indicated that BTBPE binds to zebrafish liver X receptor α (LXRα). Subsequently, zebrafish embryos were exposed to BTBPE, an LXR antagonist (GSK2033), or coexposed to BTBPE with an LXR agonist (GW3965) for 120 h postfertilization (hpf). The results showed that BTBPE induced reduction in body weight and lipid levels, likely via inhibition of the LXR signaling pathway. Exposure of adult female zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations of BTBPE (0.01-10 μg/L) for 28 days induced developmental toxicity, evidenced by decreases in body weight, growth rate, and fat accumulation. Metabolomic analysis revealed that BTBPE-induced alterations in liver metabolites were primarily associated with LXR-mediated lipid metabolic pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Additionally, BTBPE impaired the physical barrier and induced inflammation, resulting in gut microbiota dysbiosis, which is potentially linked to LXR activation. These effects were validated through the alterations of multiple biomarkers at various levels. Overall, our results suggest that BTBPE disrupts lipid metabolism and gut function via the LXR-mediated pathway.

Destruction of the intestinal microbiota and gut-liver axis homeostasis by microcystin-LR-induced inflammation in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Water eutrophication leads to the frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms, which pose a serious threat to the health and survival of fish, the top consumer in freshwater ecosystems. The hepatotoxicity induced by microcystin-LR (MC-LR) has been well studied; however, its impact on the intestinal flora and the gut-liver axis has rarely been reported. This study aimed to investigate the harmful effects of acute oral (303.89 µg/kg.bw) and intraperitoneal (i.p., 101.3 µg/kg.bw) exposure to MC-LR on the intestine and liver and the gut-liver axis of common carp. The results showed that the transaminase activity and levels of proinflammatory factors increased significantly, and histological abnormalities were observed, indicating that MC-LR induced a hepatoenteric inflammatory response. The levels of gram-negative bacteria increased, but the expression levels of bile acid (BA)-related genes (cyp7a1, cyp8b1, cyp27a1, and fxr) and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content decreased as the LPS level increased. These results suggest that MC-LR exposure induces liver inflammation and impairs BA synthesis, weakening intestinal defences and promoting LPS-related hepatic inflammation. Additionally, increased intestinal permeability and reduced SCFA synthesis can further compromise intestinal epithelium protection. The inflammation induced by MC-LR was significantly more severe in the liver than in the intestine, and the recovery of the liver was slower. This study enhances the understanding of the environmental risks posed by cyanobacteria.

Multi-Omic Analysis Reveals the Potential Anti-Disease Mechanism of Disease-Resistant Grass Carp

The gut-liver axis is essential in animal disease and health. However, the role of the gut-liver axis in the anti-disease mechanism of disease-resistant grass carp (DRGC) derived from the backcross of female gynogenetic grass carp (GGC) and male grass carp (GC) remains unclear. This study analyzed the changes in gut histopathology, fecal intestinal microflora and metabolites, and liver transcriptome between GC and DRGC. Histological analysis revealed significant differences in the gut between DRGC and GC. In addition, microbial community analyses indicated that hybridization induced gut microbiome variation by significantly increasing the proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota in DRGC. Metabolomic data revealed that the hybridization-induced metabolic change was probably characterized by being related to taurocholate and sphinganine in DRGC. Transcriptome analysis suggested that the enhanced disease resistance of DRGC was primarily attributed to immune-related genes (SHMT2, GOT1, ACACA, DLAT, GPIA, TALDO1, G6PD, and FASN). Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a significant association between the gut microbiota, immune-related genes, and metabolites. Collectively, the gut-liver axis, through the interconnected microbiome-metabolite-gene pathway, may play a crucial role in the mechanism of greater disease resistance in DRGC, offering valuable insights for advancing the grass carp cultivation industry.

Multi-omics analysis reveals toxicity and gut-liver axis disruption induced by polychlorinated biphenyls exposure in Yellowfin Seabream (Acanthopagrus latus)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants known for their environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, posing significant health risks. This study examines the toxic effects of a representative PCBs (Aroclor 1254) on yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) exposured for 30 days through a multi-omics approach. Histopathological examinations revealed structural damage to the intestinal structure and hepatic steatosis, along with elevated serum lipopolysaccharide levels, indicating compromised intestinal barrier integrity and liver inflammation. Metabolomic profiling showed significant alterations in lipid metabolites, including elevated lysophosphatidylcholines and arachidonic acid derivatives. Transcriptomic analysis unveiled 2272 differentially expressed genes in the liver, with notable changes in immune response and metabolic pathways. Gut microbiome analysis showed dysbiosis characterized by an increase in Proteobacteria and a decrease in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Remarkably, Tetranor-12S-HETE and LPC 15:1 emerged as key biomarkers for the disruption of the gut-liver axis, correlating with immune gene expression and gut microbiota composition. The integration of transcriptomic, metabolomic, and microbiome data highlighted the complex interplay between A1254 exposure and the gut-liver axis, emphasizing the central role played by PPAR signaling in mediating these effects. Collectively, these results indicate that exposure to A1254 results in bioaccumulation in the liver and gut, leading to severe tissue injury, microbiota dysbiosis, and dysregulation of the gut-liver axis, ultimately disrupting lipid metabolism. These findings underscore the metabolic health risks posed by PCBs exposure in aquatic environments.

Effect of microcystin-LR on intestinal microbiota, metabolism, and health of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is typically produced along with the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms, potentially exerting deleterious effects on intestinal microbiota and health in aquatic animals. To date, the underlying mechanism by which MC-LR affects intestinal health remains elusive. In this study, adult male zebrafish were exposed to MC-LR to assess its impact on the microbiome and metabolome. Histopathological and biochemical results indicated that MC-LR damaged intestinal villi and epithelial cells, induced intestinal barrier injury and inflammatory response. Metabolomics results revealed that MC-LR induced amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, energy metabolisms dysbiosis, and specifically promoted glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. Metagenomics results demonstrated that MC-LR altered the composition of intestinal microbiota, and microbial function prediction suggested that MC-LR promoted the functions associated with amino acid, lipid, carbohydrate and energy metabolisms. Multiomics and Metorigin analyses jointly confirmed that glycine, serine and threonine metabolism was predominantly regulated by dominant Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteriota and Bacteroidota under MC-LR stress. This study offers a comprehensive perspective on the toxicity of microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolism in fish intestines induced by MC-LR and deepens our comprehension of the disruptive influence of MC-LR on intestinal homeostasis in organisms.

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins induce liver injury in mice through mitochondrial disorders and disruption of cholesterol-bile acid pathway

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are pervasive organic pollutants recognized for their persistence and bio-toxicity. This study investigated the hepatotoxic mechanisms of SCCPs at environmentally relevant concentration (0.7 μg/kg). The results showed that SCCPs exposure in mice resulted in dysregulated blood and liver lipids, marked by elevated cholesterol levels. Additionally, liver function was compromised, as indicated by increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Histopathological examination of liver tissue post-SCCPs exposure revealed hepatocyte enlargement, vacuolar degeneration, and mild ballooning degeneration. Mechanistically, SCCPs induced mitochondrial abnormalities, evidenced by heightened Hoechst 33258 fluorescence, and augmented reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels in liver tissue. This was accompanied by a reduction in total antioxidant capacity, culminating in elevated apoptosis markers, including cytochrome C and caspase-3. Moreover, SCCPs perturbed hepatocellular energy metabolism, characterized by increased glycolysis, lactic acid, and fatty acid oxidation, alongside a disruption in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a decline in mitochondrial energy metabolic function. Furthermore, SCCPs exposure downregulated the expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis (cyp27a1, fxr, and shp), thereby precipitating the cholesterol-bile acid metabolism disorders and cholesterol accumulation. Collectively, these findings underscore that SCCPs, even at environmentally relevant levels, can induce lipid dysregulation, mitochondrial disorders and cholesterol deposition in the hepatocytes, contributing to liver damage. The study's insights contribute to a comprehension of SCCPs-induced hepatotoxicity and may inform potential preventative and treatment targets for hepatic damage associated with SCCPs exposure.

Detrimental effects of glyphosate on muscle metabolism in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Glyphosate, a commonly used herbicide, has been associated with environmental pollution and potential health risks to aquatic organisms. This study investigated the effects of glyphosate on the muscle metabolism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) following exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations. Over a 14-day exposure period to varying glyphosate levels, significant disruptions were observed in antioxidant capacity and muscle health. These disruptions were evidenced by reductions in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreases in activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, exposure to glyphosate resulted in a reduction of vitamin E content and an elevation of hormonal levels, suggesting the potential for endocrine disruption. Metabolomics analysis identified 605 distinct metabolites, with notable alterations in amino acid, carbohydrate, and nucleotide metabolism pathways. Specifically, arginine and glutathione metabolisms were severely impacted, with decreases in key amino acids such as glycine and glutathione at higher glyphosate concentrations. Nucleotide metabolism, particularly purine synthesis, was also significantly affected, with reduced levels of deoxyguanosine and other purine-related compounds. The study further investigated the origins of these differential metabolites using the MetOrigin platform, suggesting a potential involvement of the intestinal microbiota in the metabolic response to glyphosate. These findings highlight the multifaceted adverse effects of glyphosate on fish muscle, including oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation, which may contribute to diminished muscle quality and health risks for aquatic organisms.

LC-MS untargeted metabolomics reveals metabolic disturbance and ferroptosis in MWCNTs-induced hepatotoxicity of Cyprinus carpio

In recent years, there is a great concern about the potential adverse effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the aquatic systems due to their increasingly extensive application. In this study, juvenile Cyprinus carpio were exposed to multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) at concentrations of 0, 0.25, and 2.5 mg L-1 for 28 days. Then, oxidative stress indicators and metabolite profile of the livers were assessed. Results showed the significant increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and decrease of glutathione (GSH) activities in fish treated with 2.5 mg L-1 MWCNTs. LC-MS untargeted metabolomics demonstrated that 406 and 274 metabolites in fish treated with 2.5 mg L-1 MWCNTs were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively. KEGG functional annotation analysis showed the disturbance of amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. In addition, ferroptosis signaling pathway was detected. Therefore, iron content analysis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay were performed furtherly to validate the contribution of ferroptosis to MWCNTs-induced hepatotoxicity. The iron content increased significantly and the mRNA levels of ferroptosis-related genes including STEAP3, ACSL4, NCOA4, TFR1, NRF2, SLC3A2, SLC7A11, GPX4, and FPN1 were also obviously changed. Taken together, our study suggested that MWCNTs exposure-induced ferroptosis were associated with iron overload and lipid peroxidation via NRF2/SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4 axis. Our findings provide essential information to understand the mechanism of CNTs-induced hepatotoxicity in fish and explore potential biomarkers.

Hawthorn-leaf flavonoid alleviate intestinal health and microbial dysbiosis problems induced by glyphosate

Glyphosate is the active ingredient in the herbicide (i.e., Roundup, Touchdown and Erasure), the safety of which has become a social concern. Hawthorn-leaf flavonoid (HF) possesses various biological functions, including antioxidant, regulating lipid metabolism and intestinal microbiota. Whether HF could reduce the health risk of pure glyphosate to birds remain unknown. The experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of pure glyphosate (25 mg/kg added to water) on the intestinal health and microbiota of chicks and the protective roles of HF (60 mg/kg added to the diet). Exposure to glyphosate decreased growth performance, ileal morphology structure, and antioxidant capacity, and increased the serum level of lipid and pro-inflammatory factors. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that glyphosate decreased bacterial richness and the abundance of Lactobacillus, and increased proportions of pathogens in the ileum. Metabolomic results revealed that glyphosate increased the level of the cholic acid and fatty acids in the ileac digesta. Meanwhile, glyphosate down-regulated the protein expression associated with lipid transport, antioxidant and tight junction in the ileal mucosal tissue, and up-regulated the pro-inflammatory, oxidative stress proteins. However, dietary HF supplementation effectively mitigated the adverse effects of glyphosate and improved intestinal health of chicks. Therefore, dietary HF can ameliorate the harmful effects of glyphosate on birds, which highlights the potential application of HF in reducing the health risks.

Impact of cadmium and diclofenac exposure on biochemical responses, transcriptome, gut microflora, and growth performance in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodonidella)

In recent years, the concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and diclofenac (DCF) in water have frequently exceeded the standard; however, the toxic effects of these two pollutants on grass carp under single and combined exposure are unknown. In this study, the concentrations of pollutants in different tissues were detected, and the toxicities of the two pollutants to grass carp under different exposure conditions were compared based on growth traits, biochemical responses, gut microbiome, and transcriptomes. Based on these findings, the brain showed the lowest levels of Cd and DCF accumulation. Oxidative stress and pathological damage were observed in the brain and intestines. Changes in the structure and abundance of the gut microflora affect the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as GABA and steroids. Differentially expressed genes in the brain were enriched in circadian rhythm functions. The expression of PER, CLOCK,1L-1β, 1L-17, and other genes are related to the abundance of Akkermansia, which indicates that the disorder of gut microflora will affect the normal circadian rhythm of the brain. All indices in the recovery group showed an increasing trend. Overall, the toxicity of Cd and DCF showed antagonism, and a single exposure had a stronger effect on gut microorganisms and circadian rhythm, which provided a scientific basis for exploring the comprehensive effects of different pollutants.

Non-significant influence between aerobic and anaerobic sample transport materials on gut (fecal) microbiota in healthy and fat-metabolic disorder Thai adults

Background

The appropriate sample handling for human fecal microbiota studies is essential to prevent changes in bacterial composition and quantities that could lead to misinterpretation of the data.

Methods

This study firstly identified the potential effect of aerobic and anaerobic fecal sample collection and transport materials on microbiota and quantitative microbiota in healthy and fat-metabolic disorder Thai adults aged 23-43 years. We employed metagenomics followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 16S rRNA gene qPCR, to analyze taxonomic composition, alpha diversity, beta diversity, bacterial quantification, Pearson's correlation with clinical factors for fat-metabolic disorder, and the microbial community and species potential metabolic functions.

Results

Our study successfully obtained microbiota results in percent and quantitative compositions. Each sample exhibited quality sequences with a >99% Good's coverage index, and a relatively plateau rarefaction curve. Alpha diversity indices showed no statistical difference in percent and quantitative microbiota OTU richness and evenness, between aerobic and anaerobic sample transport materials. Obligate and facultative anaerobic species were analyzed and no statistical difference was observed. Supportively, the beta diversity analysis by non-metric multidimensional scale (NMDS) constructed using various beta diversity coefficients showed resembling microbiota community structures between aerobic and anaerobic sample transport groups (P = 0.86). On the other hand, the beta diversity could distinguish microbiota community structures between healthy and fat-metabolic disorder groups (P = 0.02), along with Pearson's correlated clinical parameters (i.e., age, liver stiffness, GGT, BMI, and TC), the significantly associated bacterial species and their microbial metabolic functions. For example, genera such as Ruminococcus and Bifidobacterium in healthy human gut provide functions in metabolisms of cofactors and vitamins, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites against gut pathogens, energy metabolisms, digestive system, and carbohydrate metabolism. These microbial functional characteristics were also predicted as healthy individual biomarkers by LEfSe scores. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that aerobic sample collection and transport (<48 h) did not statistically affect the microbiota and quantitative microbiota analyses in alpha and beta diversity measurements. The study also showed that the short-term aerobic sample collection and transport still allowed fecal microbiota differentiation between healthy and fat-metabolic disorder subjects, similar to anaerobic sample collection and transport. The core microbiota were analyzed, and the findings were consistent. Moreover, the microbiota-related metabolic potentials and bacterial species biomarkers in healthy and fat-metabolic disorder were suggested with statistical bioinformatics (i.e., Bacteroides plebeius).

Potential effects of individual and combined exposure to tetraconazole and cadmium on zebrafish from the perspective of enantioselectivity and intestinal microbiota

As the wide use of pesticides, they could form combined pollution with heavy metals, which would affect their environmental behaviors and toxic effects. Particularly, the effects would be more intricate for chiral pesticides. In this study, the accumulation and dissipation trends of tetraconazole enantiomers in zebrafish were investigated by individual and combined exposure of cadmium (Cd) and tetraconazole (including racemate and enantiomers) after confirming the absolute configuration of tetraconazole enantiomer. For the enantiomer treatments, Cd enhanced the accumulation of S-(+)-tetraconazole, but declined the concentrations of R-(-)-tetraconazole in zebrafish. The dissipation half-lives of tetraconazole enantiomers were extended by 1.65-1.44 times after the combined exposure of Cd and enantiomers. The community richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota were reduced in all treatments, and there were significant differences in R + Cd treatment. There was synergistic effect between Cd and S-(+)-tetraconazole for the effects on the relative abundances of Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. For R-(-)-tetraconazole, Cd mainly exhibited antagonistic effects. In the combined exposure of Cd and S-(+)-tetraconazole, the relative abundance changes of Cetobacterium (Fusobacteria, increase) and Edwardsiella (Proteobacteria, decrease) might affect the carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism, and led to the increase of S-(+)-tetraconazole bioaccumulation concentration. In the combined exposure of Cd and R-(-)-tetraconazole, Cd could increase the relative abundance of Edwardsiella (Proteobacteria), and affect the amino acid metabolism, which might reduce the bioaccumulation concentration of R-(-)-tetraconazole. This study reported for the first time that the abundance of intestinal microbiota in zebrafish might affect the bioaccumulation and dissipation of tetraconazole enantiomers, and would provide new insight for the study of combined pollutions.

Gut microbiota disorders aggravate terbuthylazine-induced mitochondrial quality control disturbance and PANoptosis in chicken hepatocyte through gut-liver axis

Terbuthylazine (TBA) is a widely prevalent pesticide pollutant, which is a global concern due to its environmental residual. However, the toxic mechanism of TBA have not been fully solved. Here, we explored that TBA exposure disrupts the intestinal flora and aggravated disturbance of mitochondrial quality control and PANapoptosis in hepatocytes via gut-liver axis. Our findings demonstrated that TBA exposure induced significant damage to the jejunum barrier, evidenced by a marked decrease in the expression of Occludin and ZO-1. Moreover. TBA led to intestinal microflora disorder, manifested as the decreased abundance of Firmicutes, and increased abundance of the Nitrospirota, Chloroflexi, Desulfobacterota, Crenarchaeota, Myxococcota, and Planctomycetota. Meanwhile, intestinal microflora disorder affected the biological processes of lipid metabolism and cell growth and death of hepatocytes by RNA-Seq analysis. Furthermore, TBA could induced mitochondrial quality control imbalance, including mitochondrial redox disorders, lower activity of mitochondrial fusion and biogenesis decrease, and increasing level of mitophagy. Subsequently, TBA significantly increased expression levels of pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis-related proteins. In general, these results demonstrated the underlying mechanisms of TBA-induced hepatotoxicity induced via the gut-liver axis, which provides a theoretical basis for further research of ecotoxicology of TBA.

Effects of Aminomethylphosphonic Acid on the Transcriptome and Metabolome of Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (P. clarkii), is an important model crustacean organism used in many types of research. However, the effects of different doses of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMAP) on the transcriptome and metabolites of P. clarkii have not been explored. Thus, this study investigated the molecular and metabolic mechanisms activated at the different exposure dosages of AMAP in P. clarkii to provide new insights into the strategies of P. clarkii in response to the high concentrations of AMAP in the environment. In the present study, the P. clarkii were divided into three groups (control group; low-dosage AMAP exposure; high-dosage AMAP exposure), and hepatopancreatic tissue samples were dependently taken from the three groups. The response mechanisms at the different dosages of AMAP were investigated based on the transcriptome and metabolome data of P. clarkii. Differentially expressed genes and differentially abundant metabolites were identified in the distinct AMAP dosage exposure groups. The genes related to ribosome cell components were significantly up-regulated, suggesting that ribosomes play an essential role in responding to AMAP stress. The metabolite taurine, involved in the taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway, was significantly down-regulated. P. clarkii may provide feedback to counteract different dosages of AMAP via the upregulation of ribosome-related genes and multiple metabolic pathways. These key genes and metabolites play an important role in the response to AMAP stress to better prepare for survival in high AMAP concentrations.