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Jia B, Jiang Y, Yao Y, Xu Y, Wang Y, Li T. Baicalin attenuates dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by activating the hedgehog signaling pathway. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:1839-1847. [PMID: 36804262 PMCID: PMC10406080 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbations in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) differentiation play an important role in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH). At present, studies on SONFH concentrate upon the balance within BMSC osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. However, BMSC apoptosis as well as proliferation are important prerequisites in their differentiation. The hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway regulates bone cell apoptosis. Baicalin (BA), a well-known compound in traditional Chinese medicine, can affect the proliferation and apoptosis of numerous cell types via HH signaling. However, the potential role and mechanisms of BA on BMSCs are unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore the role of BA in dexamethasone (Dex)-induced BMSC apoptosis in this study. METHODS Primary BMSCs were treated with 10 -6 mol/L Dex alone or with 5.0 μmol/L, 10.0 μmol/L, or 50.0 μmol/L BA for 24 hours followed by co-treatment with 5.0 μmol/L, 10.0 μmol/L, or 50.0 μmol/L BA and 10 -6 mol/L Dex. Cell viability was assayed through the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Cell apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (PI) staining followed by flow cytometry. The imaging and counting, respectively, of Hochest 33342/PI-stained cells were used to assess the morphological characteristics and proportion of apoptotic cells. To quantify the apoptosis-related proteins (e.g., apoptosis regulator BAX [Bax], B-cell lymphoma 2 [Bcl-2], caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3) and HH signaling pathway proteins, western blotting was used. A HH-signaling pathway inhibitor was used to demonstrate that BA exerts its anti-apoptotic effects via the HH signaling pathway. RESULTS The results of CCK-8, Hoechst 33342/PI-staining, and flow cytometry showed that BA did not significantly promote cell proliferation (CCK-8: 0 μmol/L, 100%; 2.5 μmol/L, 98.58%; 5.0 μmol/L, 95.18%; 10.0 μmol/L, 98.11%; 50.0 μmol/L, 99.38%, F = 2.33, P > 0.05), but it did attenuate the effect of Dex on apoptosis (Hoechst 33342/PI-staining: Dex+ 50.0 μmol/L BA, 12.27% vs. Dex, 39.27%, t = 20.62; flow cytometry: Dex + 50.0 μmol/L BA, 12.68% vs. Dex, 37.43%, t = 11.56; Both P < 0.05). The results of western blotting analysis showed that BA reversed Dex-induced apoptosis by activating the HH signaling pathway, which down-regulated the expression of Bax, cleaved-caspase 3, and suppressor of fused (SUFU) while up-regulating Bcl-2, sonic hedgehog (SHH), and zinc finger protein GLI-1 (GLI-1) expression (Bax/Bcl-2: Dex+ 50.0 μmol/L BA, 1.09 vs. Dex, 2.76, t = 35.12; cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3: Dex + 50.0 μmol/L BA, 0.38 vs . Dex, 0.73, t = 10.62; SHH: Dex + 50.0 μmol/L BA, 0.50 vs . Dex, 0.12, t = 34.01; SUFU: Dex+ 50.0 μmol/L BA, 0.75 vs . Dex, 1.19, t = 10.78; GLI-1: Dex+ 50.0 μmol/L BA, 0.40 vs . Dex, 0.11, t = 30.68. All P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS BA antagonizes Dex-induced apoptosis of human BMSCs by activating the HH signaling pathway. It is a potential candidate for preventing SONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Medical Department, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Medical Department, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yingxing Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Medical Department, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yingzhen Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
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2
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Palani NP, Horvath C, Timshel PN, Folkertsma P, Grønning AGB, Henriksen TI, Peijs L, Jensen VH, Sun W, Jespersen NZ, Wolfrum C, Pers TH, Nielsen S, Scheele C. Adipogenic and SWAT cells separate from a common progenitor in human brown and white adipose depots. Nat Metab 2023; 5:996-1013. [PMID: 37337126 PMCID: PMC10290958 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Adipocyte function is a major determinant of metabolic disease, warranting investigations of regulating mechanisms. We show at single-cell resolution that progenitor cells from four human brown and white adipose depots separate into two main cell fates, an adipogenic and a structural branch, developing from a common progenitor. The adipogenic gene signature contains mitochondrial activity genes, and associates with genome-wide association study traits for fat distribution. Based on an extracellular matrix and developmental gene signature, we name the structural branch of cells structural Wnt-regulated adipose tissue-resident (SWAT) cells. When stripped from adipogenic cells, SWAT cells display a multipotent phenotype by reverting towards progenitor state or differentiating into new adipogenic cells, dependent on media. Label transfer algorithms recapitulate the cell types in human adipose tissue datasets. In conclusion, we provide a differentiation map of human adipocytes and define the multipotent SWAT cell, providing a new perspective on adipose tissue regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra P Palani
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carla Horvath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pascal N Timshel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- ZS Associates, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pytrik Folkertsma
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander G B Grønning
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tora I Henriksen
- The Center of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Center for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Peijs
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Center of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Center for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Verena H Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Center of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Center for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Naja Z Jespersen
- The Center of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Center for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Søren Nielsen
- The Center of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Center for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- The Center of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Center for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Bone adaptation and osteoporosis prevention in hibernating mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 280:111411. [PMID: 36871815 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Hibernating bears and rodents have evolved mechanisms to prevent disuse osteoporosis during the prolonged physical inactivity that occurs during hibernation. Serum markers and histological indices of bone remodeling in bears indicate reduced bone turnover during hibernation, which is consistent with organismal energy conservation. Calcium homeostasis is maintained by balanced bone resorption and formation since hibernating bears do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate. Reduced and balanced bone remodeling protect bear bone structure and strength during hibernation, unlike the disuse osteoporosis that occurs in humans and other animals during prolonged physical inactivity. Conversely, some hibernating rodents show varying degrees of bone loss such as osteocytic osteolysis, trabecular loss, and cortical thinning. However, no negative effects of hibernation on bone strength in rodents have been found. More than 5000 genes in bear bone tissue are differentially expressed during hibernation, highlighting the complexity of hibernation induced changes in bone. A complete picture of the mechanisms that regulate bone metabolism in hibernators still alludes us, but existing data suggest a role for endocrine and paracrine factors such as cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and endocannabinoid ligands like 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in decreasing bone remodeling during hibernation. Hibernating bears and rodents evolved the capacity to preserve bone strength during long periods of physical inactivity, which contributes to their survival and propagation by allowing physically activity (foraging, escaping predators, and mating) without risk of bone fracture following hibernation. Understanding the biological mechanisms regulating bone metabolism in hibernators may inform novel treatment strategies for osteoporosis in humans.
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Rinkevich B, Ballarin L, Martinez P, Somorjai I, Ben-Hamo O, Borisenko I, Berezikov E, Ereskovsky A, Gazave E, Khnykin D, Manni L, Petukhova O, Rosner A, Röttinger E, Spagnuolo A, Sugni M, Tiozzo S, Hobmayer B. A pan-metazoan concept for adult stem cells: the wobbling Penrose landscape. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:299-325. [PMID: 34617397 PMCID: PMC9292022 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells (ASCs) in vertebrates and model invertebrates (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster) are typically long‐lived, lineage‐restricted, clonogenic and quiescent cells with somatic descendants and tissue/organ‐restricted activities. Such ASCs are mostly rare, morphologically undifferentiated, and undergo asymmetric cell division. Characterized by ‘stemness’ gene expression, they can regulate tissue/organ homeostasis, repair and regeneration. By contrast, analysis of other animal phyla shows that ASCs emerge at different life stages, present both differentiated and undifferentiated phenotypes, and may possess amoeboid movement. Usually pluri/totipotent, they may express germ‐cell markers, but often lack germ‐line sequestering, and typically do not reside in discrete niches. ASCs may constitute up to 40% of animal cells, and participate in a range of biological phenomena, from whole‐body regeneration, dormancy, and agametic asexual reproduction, to indeterminate growth. They are considered legitimate units of selection. Conceptualizing this divergence, we present an alternative stemness metaphor to the Waddington landscape: the ‘wobbling Penrose’ landscape. Here, totipotent ASCs adopt ascending/descending courses of an ‘Escherian stairwell’, in a lifelong totipotency pathway. ASCs may also travel along lower stemness echelons to reach fully differentiated states. However, from any starting state, cells can change their stemness status, underscoring their dynamic cellular potencies. Thus, vertebrate ASCs may reflect just one metazoan ASC archetype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Ildiko Somorjai
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Oshrat Ben-Hamo
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Ilya Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Jardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles Livon, Marseille, 13007, France.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulitsa Vavilova, 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Eve Gazave
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 19, Gaustad Sykehus, Sognsvannsveien 21, Oslo, 0188, Norway
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Olga Petukhova
- Collection of Vertebrate Cell Cultures, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, 06107, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Federative Research Institute - Marine Resources (IFR MARRES), 28 Avenue de Valrose, Nice, 06103, France
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche sur Mer, Cedex, France
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr, Innsbruck, 256020, Austria
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A biomimetic natural sciences approach to understanding the mechanisms of ageing in burden of lifestyle diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1251-1272. [PMID: 34037207 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide landscape of an ageing population and age-related disease brings with it huge socio-economic and public healthcare concerns across nations. Correspondingly, monumental human and financial resources have been invested in biomedical research, with a mission to decode the mechanisms of ageing and how these contribute to age-related disease. Multiple hallmarks of ageing have been identified that are common across taxa, highlighting their fundamental importance. These include dysregulated mitochondrial metabolism and telomeres biology, epigenetic modifications, cell-matrix interactions, proteostasis, dysregulated nutrient sensing, stem cell exhaustion, inflammageing and immuno-senescence. While our understanding of the molecular basis of ageing is improving, it remains a complex and multifactorial process that remains to be fully understood. A key aspect of the shortfall in our understanding of the ageing process lies in translating data from standard animal models to humans. Consequently, we suggest that a 'biomimetic' and comparative approach, integrating knowledge from species in the wild, as opposed to inbred genetically homogenous laboratory animals, can provide powerful insights into human ageing processes. Here we discuss some particularities and comparative patterns among several species from the animal kingdom, endowed with longevity or short lifespans and unique metabolic profiles that could be potentially exploited to the understanding of ageing and age-related diseases. Based upon lessons from nature, we also highlight several avenues for renewed focus in the pathophysiology of ageing and age-related disease (i.e. diet-microbiome-health axis, oxidative protein damage, adaptive homoeostasis and planetary health). We propose that a biomimetic alliance with collaborative research from different disciplines can improve our understanding of ageing and age-related diseases with long-term sustainable utility.
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Liu Y, Li F, Cai Z, Wang D, Hou R, Zhang H, Zhang M, Yie S, Wu K, Zeng C, An J. Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord of giant panda. Tissue Cell 2021; 71:101518. [PMID: 33676235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) constitute a class of cells with significant self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties and have great potential for therapeutic applications and the genetic conservation of endangered animals. In this study, we successfully isolated and cultured UC-MSCs from the blood vessels of giant panda umbilical cord (UC). The cells were arranged in a vortex or cluster pattern and exhibited a normal karyotype, showing the morphological characteristics of fibroblasts. In addition, we found that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) promoted cell proliferation, whereas stem cell factor (SCF) did not promote cell proliferation. Cultured UC-MSCs were negative for CD34 (hematopoietic stem cell marker) and CD31 (endothelial cell marker), but positive for MSC markers (CD44, CD49f, CD105, and CD73) and stem cell markers (KLF4, SOX2, and THY1). Similar to other MSCs, giant panda UC-MSCs have multiple differentiation ability and can differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Giant panda UC-MSCs are new resources for basic research as cell models following their differentiation into different cell types and for future clinical treatments of giant panda diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China; Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Feiping Li
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Shangmian Yie
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Kongju Wu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Changjun Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China.
| | - Junhui An
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China.
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7
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Berg von Linde M, Johansson K, Kruse R, Helenius G, Samano N, Friberg Ö, Frøbert AM, Fröbert O. Expression of Paracrine Effectors in Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Treated With Plasma From Brown Bears (Ursus arctos). Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:317-325. [PMID: 32949228 PMCID: PMC7877842 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are promising candidates for novel cell therapeutic applications. Hibernating brown bears sustain tissue integrity and function via unknown mechanisms, which might be plasma borne. We hypothesized that plasma from hibernating bears may increase the expression of favorable factors from human ADSCs. In an experimental study, ADSCs from patients with ischemic heart disease were treated with interventional media containing plasma from hibernating and active bears, respectively, and with control medium. Extracted RNA from the ADSCs was sequenced using next generation sequencing. Statistical analyses of differentially expressed genes were performed using fold change analysis, pathway analysis, and gene ontology. As a result, we found that genes associated with inflammation, such as IGF1, PGF, IL11, and TGFA, were downregulated by > 10‐fold in ADSCs treated with winter plasma compared with control. Genes important for cardiovascular development, ADM, ANGPTL4, and APOL3, were upregulated in ADSCs when treated with winter plasma compared with summer plasma. ADSCs treated with bear plasma, regardless if it was from hibernating or active bears, showed downregulation of IGF1, PGF, IL11, INHBA, IER3, and HMOX1 compared with control, suggesting reduced cell growth and differentiation. This can be summarized in the conclusion that plasma from hibernating bears suppresses inflammatory genes and activates genes associated with cardiovascular development in human ADSCs. Identifying the involved regulator(s) holds therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Johansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Robert Kruse
- Department of Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gisela Helenius
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ninos Samano
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Health Care Research Center, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Örjan Friberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anne Mette Frøbert
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Fröbert
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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8
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Nasoori A, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Shimozuru M, Sashika M, Tsubota T. Hibernating bear serum hinders osteoclastogenesis in-vitro. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238132. [PMID: 32853221 PMCID: PMC7451522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bears do not suffer from osteoporosis during hibernation, which is associated with long-term inactivity, lack of food intake, and cold exposure. However, the mechanisms involved in bone loss prevention have scarcely been elucidated in bears. We investigated the effect of serum from hibernating Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) on differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to osteoclasts (OCs). PBMCs collected from 3 bears were separately cultured with 10% serum of 4 active and 4 hibernating bears (each individual serum type was assessed separately by a bear PBMCs), and differentiation were induced by treatment with macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL). PBMCs that were cultured with the active bear serum containing medium (ABSM) differentiated to multi-nucleated OCs, and were positive for TRAP stain. However, cells supplemented with hibernating bear serum containing medium (HBSM) failed to form OCs, and showed significantly lower TRAP stain (p < 0.001). On the other hand, HBSM induced proliferation of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) similarly to ABSM (p > 0.05), indicating no difference on cell growth. It was revealed that osteoclastogenesis of PBMCs is hindered by HBSM, implying an underlying mechanism for the suppressed bone resorption during hibernation in bears. In addition, this study for the first time showed the formation of bears’ OCs in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nasoori
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michito Shimozuru
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mariko Sashika
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshio Tsubota
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Lam EK, Allen KN, Torres-Velarde JM, Vázquez-Medina JP. Functional Studies with Primary Cells Provide a System for Genome-to-Phenome Investigations in Marine Mammals. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:348-360. [PMID: 32516367 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals exhibit some of the most dramatic physiological adaptations in their clade and offer unparalleled insights into the mechanisms driving convergent evolution on relatively short time scales. Some of these adaptations, such as extreme tolerance to hypoxia and prolonged food deprivation, are uncommon among most terrestrial mammals and challenge established metabolic principles of supply and demand balance. Non-targeted omics studies are starting to uncover the genetic foundations of such adaptations, but tools for testing functional significance in these animals are currently lacking. Cellular modeling with primary cells represents a powerful approach for elucidating the molecular etiology of physiological adaptation, a critical step in accelerating genome-to-phenome studies in organisms in which transgenesis is impossible (e.g., large-bodied, long-lived, fully aquatic, federally protected species). Gene perturbation studies in primary cells can directly evaluate whether specific mutations, gene loss, or duplication confer functional advantages such as hypoxia or stress tolerance in marine mammals. Here, we summarize how genetic and pharmacological manipulation approaches in primary cells have advanced mechanistic investigations in other non-traditional mammalian species, and highlight the need for such investigations in marine mammals. We also provide key considerations for isolating, culturing, and conducting experiments with marine mammal cells under conditions that mimic in vivo states. We propose that primary cell culture is a critical tool for conducting functional mechanistic studies (e.g., gene knockdown, over-expression, or editing) that can provide the missing link between genome- and organismal-level understanding of physiological adaptations in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Lam
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Allen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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10
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Zhong YC, Wang SC, Han YH, Wen Y. Recent Advance in Source, Property, Differentiation, and Applications of Infrapatellar Fat Pad Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:2560174. [PMID: 32215015 PMCID: PMC7081037 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2560174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) can be easily obtained during knee surgery, which avoids the damage to patients for obtaining IPFP. Infrapatellar fat pad adipose-derived stem cells (IPFP-ASCs) are also called infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stem cells (IPFP-MSCs) because the morphology of IPFP-ASCs is similar to that of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). IPFP-ASCs are attracting more and more attention due to their characteristics suitable to regenerative medicine such as strong proliferation and differentiation, anti-inflammation, antiaging, secreting cytokines, multipotential capacity, and 3D culture. IPFP-ASCs can repair articular cartilage and relieve the pain caused by osteoarthritis, so most of IPFP-related review articles focus on osteoarthritis. This article reviews the anatomy and function of IPFP, as well as the discovery, amplification, multipotential capacity, and application of IPFP-ASCs in order to explain why IPFP-ASC is a superior stem cell source in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-chen Zhong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Class 4, Phase 102, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Shi-chun Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Class 4, Phase 102, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yin-he Han
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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11
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Fröbert O, Frøbert AM, Kindberg J, Arnemo JM, Overgaard MT. The brown bear as a translational model for sedentary lifestyle-related diseases. J Intern Med 2020; 287:263-270. [PMID: 31595572 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyle accelerates biological ageing, is a major risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome and is associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, sarcopenia and osteoporosis. In contrast to the linear path to worsening health in humans with metabolic syndrome, brown bears have developed a circular metabolic plasticity enabling these animals to tolerate obesity and a 'sedentary lifestyle' during hibernation and exit the den metabolically healthy in spring. Bears are close to humans physiology wise, much closer than rodents, the preferred experimental animals in medical research, and may better serve as translational model to develop treatments for lifestyle-related diseases. In this review, aspects of brown bear hibernation survival strategies are outlined and conceivable experimental strategies to learn from bears are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Fröbert
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - A M Frøbert
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - M T Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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12
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Chen YC, Aui SP, Lai YS, Chang KT. Adult Stem Cells in Hibernation: Future Perspectives of Space Travel. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:381-387. [PMID: 31474026 PMCID: PMC6881040 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc19048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Space traveling is imperative for mankind in the future. Expectedly, hibernation will become an option for space traveler to overcome the endless voyage. With regard to some of the studies pointed out that during hibernation, muscle will undergo atrophy and meantime neurogenesis will reduce, these obstacles were frequently related with stem cell regeneration. Thus, investigation on whether hibernation will lead to dysfunction of stem cell becomes an important issue. By going through four main systems in this article, such as, hematopoietic system, skeletal muscle system, central nervous system and orthopedic system, we are expecting that stem cells regeneration capacity will be affected by hibernation. To date, these researches are majorly the read-out from short term or seasonal hibernating mammals. Proposing and creating a simulated long-term hibernation animal model is turning essential for the further investigation on the effect of longer period of hibernation to human stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Chen
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Peir Aui
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Siew Lai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan.,Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan.,Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Tung Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan.,Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan.,Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
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13
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Fang S, Li Y, Chen P. Osteogenic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 13:45-55. [PMID: 30587927 PMCID: PMC6305133 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s178698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on osteogenesis, but little is known about the functions of exosomes (Exos) released by bone MSCs (BMSCs). Here, we investigated the effect of BMSC Exos on steroid-induced femoral head necrosis (SFHN) and explored the vital genes involved in this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS BMSCs were isolated from healthy and SFHN rats. BMSC Exos were isolated using the Exosome Precipitation Kit and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting. SFHN BMSCs were incubated with Exos from healthy BMSCs. Osteogenic ability was assessed by oil red O staining and alizarine red staining. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by Exos were screened using the Osteogenesis RT2 Profiler PCR Array. The effect of upregulated Sox9 was examined using lentivirus-mediated siRNA. RESULTS The results revealed that BMSC Exos were 100-150 nm in size and expressed CD63. Moreover, BMSC Exo-treated SFHN cells exhibited suppressed adipogenesis compared to model cells. PCR array showed that eleven and nine genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in the BMSC Exo-treated SFHN cells compared to the model group. Among the DEGs, osteogenesis-related genes, including Bmp2, Bmp6, Bmpr1b, Mmp9, and Sox9, may play important roles in SFHN. Furthermore, the DEGs were mainly involved in immune response, osteoblast differentiation, and in the transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway. The level of the SOX9 protein was upregulated by Exos, and Sox9 silencing significantly decreased the osteogenic effect of BMSC Exos. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Exos derived from BMSCs mainly affect SFHN osteogenesis, and this finding can be further investigated to develop a novel therapeutic agent for SFHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhong Fang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China,
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Department of Bone Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China,
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14
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Pereira MRDJ, Pinhatti VR, Silveira MDD, Matzenbacher CA, Freitas TROD, Silva JD, Camassola M, Nardi NB. Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells from Ctenomys minutus. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:870-877. [PMID: 30508008 PMCID: PMC6415614 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells distributed in all tissues and characterized by adherence, morphology, immunophenotype and trilineage differentiation potential. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize adherent MSC-like populations from different tissues of Ctenomys minutus, a threatened wildlife rodent popularly known as tuco-tuco. Adherent cells were isolated from bone marrow, brain, liver, pancreas and adipose tissue of three adult animals collect in southern Brazil. Cultures showed typical morphology and proliferation potential. Adipose-derived MSCs showed trilineage potential. Cultures derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow and brain were immunophenotyped with negative results for CD31, CD44, CD45, CD106, and MHC class II, as well as strong positive results for CD29. Low fluorescence levels were seen for CD49d, CD90.2 and CD117. Cultures were negative for CD49e, except for brain-derived cultures that were weakly positive. CD11b was negative in adipose-derived MSCs, but positive in brain and bone marrow-derived cultures. The scratch assay showed high migration potential for pancreas and adipose tissue-derived cells. This study represents the first report of isolation and characterization of cultures having characteristics of MSCs from Ctenomys minutus. The collection of biological information for biobanks represents an important contribution to the creation of strategies for prevention of loss of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Melissa Camassola
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Nance Beyer Nardi
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
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15
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Mao L, Wang F, Li Y, Dai Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Xue C. Oil from Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba) facilitates bone formation in dexamethasone-treated mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:539-545. [PMID: 30956866 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are the leading cause of secondary osteoporosis. In the current study, the in vivo effects of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) oil (AKO) on dexamethasone-treated mice were investigated. Results showed that AKO significantly prevents bone loss, as evidenced by improved bone mineral density, biomechanical strength, and cancellous bone microstructure. Fluorescence double-labeling of femur showed that AKO induces new bone formation. Toluidine blue staining of marrow cavity indicated that AKO increases the number of trabecula, and decreases the generation of adipose cells. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) are the switches for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, respectively. AKO significantly promoted the expression of Runx2 protein, and reduced PPARγ expression in bone tissue. Furthermore, AKO increased the mRNA expression of osteogenesis-related genes and decreased the expression of adipogenesis-related genes. In conclusion, AKO improved glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis via promoting bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong Province China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong Province China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong Province China
| | - Yufeng Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong Province China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong Province China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong Province China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong Province China
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16
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Ge L, Wang Y, Cao Y, Li G, Sun R, Teng P, Wang Y, Bi Y, Guo Z, Yuan Y, Yu D. MiR-429 improved the hypoxia tolerance of human amniotic cells by targeting HIF-1α. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1477-1486. [PMID: 30145667 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-429(miR-429) plays an important role in mesenchymal stem cells. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates the proliferation, apoptosis and tolerance to hypoxia of mesenchymal stem cells. HIF-1α is also a target gene of miR-429. We investigated whether miR-429 plays a role in hypoxia tolerance with HIF-1α in human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). The expression of miR-429 was increased by hypoxia in hAMSCs. miR-429 expression resulted in decreased HIF-1α protein level, but little effect on HIF-1α mRNA. While overexpression of HIF-1α increased the survival rate and exhibited anti-apoptosis effects in hAMSCs under hypoxia, co-expression of miR-429 reduced survival and increased apoptosis. However, miR-429 silencing with HIF-1α overexpression stimulated cell survival and reduced apoptosis. Co-expression of HIF-1α and miR-429 reduced VEGF and Bcl-2 proteins and increased Bax and C-Caspase-3 levels in hAMSCs under hypoxia compared with cells expressing only HIF-1α; cells with HIF-1α overexpression and miR-429 silencing showed the opposite effects. These results indicate that HIF-1α and angomiR-429 reciprocally antagonized each other, while HIF-1α and antagomiR-429 interacted with each other to regulate survival and apoptosis in hAMSCs under hypoxia. miR-429 increased VEGF and Bcl-2 protein levels and decreased Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 protein levels by promoting the synthesis of HIF-1α. These results indicate that miR-429 negatively regulates the survival and anti-apoptosis ability of hAMSCs by mediating HIF-1α expression and improves the ability of hAMSCs to tolerate hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Peng Teng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Yansong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Yunlong Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Zhanpeng Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Yajiang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
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17
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P2Y 2 and P2Y 6 receptor activation elicits intracellular calcium responses in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:371-384. [PMID: 30088129 PMCID: PMC6298923 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue contains self-renewing multipotent cells termed mesenchymal stromal cells. In situ, these cells serve to expand adipose tissue by adipogenesis, but their multipotency has gained interest for use in tissue regeneration. Little is known regarding the repertoire of receptors expressed by adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AD-MSCs). The purpose of this study was to undertake a comprehensive analysis of purinergic receptor expression. Mesenchymal stromal cells were isolated from human subcutaneous adipose tissue and confirmed by flow cytometry. The expression profile of purinergic receptors was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry. The molecular basis for adenine and uracil nucleotide-evoked intracellular calcium responses was determined using Fura-2 measurements. All the known subtypes of P2X and P2Y receptors, excluding P2X2, P2X3 and P2Y12 receptors, were detected at the mRNA and protein level. ATP, ADP and UTP elicited concentration-dependent calcium responses in mesenchymal cells (N = 7–9 donors), with a potency ranking ADP (EC50 1.3 ± 1.0 μM) > ATP (EC50 2.2 ± 1.1 μM) = UTP (3.2 ± 2.8 μM). Cells were unresponsive to UDP (< 30 μM) and UDP-glucose (< 30 μM). ATP responses were attenuated by selective P2Y2 receptor antagonism (AR-C118925XX; IC50 1.1 ± 0.8 μM, 73.0 ± 8.5% max inhibition; N = 7 donors), and UTP responses were abolished. ADP responses were attenuated by the selective P2Y6 receptor antagonist, MRS2587 (IC50 437 ± 133nM, 81.0 ± 8.4% max inhibition; N = 6 donors). These data demonstrate that adenine and uracil nucleotides elicit intracellular calcium responses in human AD-MSCs with a predominant role for P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptor activation. This study furthers understanding about how human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells can respond to external signalling cues.
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18
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Nielsen FM, Riis SE, Andersen JI, Lesage R, Fink T, Pennisi CP, Zachar V. Discrete adipose-derived stem cell subpopulations may display differential functionality after in vitro expansion despite convergence to a common phenotype distribution. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:177. [PMID: 27906060 PMCID: PMC5134234 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Complex immunophenotypic repertoires defining discrete adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) subpopulations may hold a key toward identifying predictors of clinical utility. To this end, we sorted out of the freshly established ASCs four subpopulations (SPs) according to a specific pattern of co-expression of six surface markers, the CD34, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, and CD271, using polychromatic flow cytometry. Method Using flow cytometry-associated cell sorting and analysis, gating parameters were set to select for a CD73+CD90+CD105+ phenotype plus one of the four following combinations, CD34−CD146−CD271− (SP1), CD34−CD146+CD271− (SP2), CD34+CD146+CD271− (SP3), and CD34−CD146+CD271+ (SP4). The SPs were expanded 700- to 1000-fold, and their surface repertoire, trilineage differentiation, and clonogenic potential, and the capacity to support wound healing were assayed. Results Upon culturing, the co-expression of major epitopes, the CD73, CD90, and CD105 was maintained, while regarding the minor markers, all SPs reverted to resemble the pre-sorted population with CD34−CD146−CD271− and CD34−CD146+CD271− representing the most prevalent combinations, followed by less frequent CD34+CD146−CD271− and CD34+CD146+CD271− variants. There was no difference in the efficiency of adipo-, osteo-, or chondrogenesis by cytochemistry and real-time RT-PCR or the CFU capacity between the individual SPs, however, the SP2CD73+90+105+34-146+271- outperformed others in terms of wound healing. Conclusions Our study shows that ASCs upon culturing inherently maintain a stable distribution of immunophenotype variants, which may potentially disguise specific functional properties of particular downstream lines. Furthermore, the outlined approach suggests a paradigm whereby discrete subpopulations could be identified to provide for a therapeutically most relevant cell product. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0435-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Mølgaard Nielsen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department for Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Simone Elkjær Riis
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department for Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Isak Andersen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department for Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Raphaëlle Lesage
- Department of Bioengineering, Polytech Nice-Sophia Engineering School, Nice, France
| | - Trine Fink
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department for Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Cristian Pablo Pennisi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department for Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Zachar
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department for Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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ANIMAL WELFARE FROM MOUSE TO MOOSE--IMPLEMENTING THE PRINCIPLES OF THE 3RS IN WILDLIFE RESEARCH. J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:S65-77. [PMID: 26845301 DOI: 10.7589/52.2s.s65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) was originally developed for improving laboratory animal welfare and is well known in biomedical and toxicologic research. The 3Rs have so far gained little attention in wildlife research, and there could be several reasons for this. First, researchers may prioritize the welfare of populations and ecosystems over the welfare of individual animals. The effects of research on individual animals can, however, impact welfare and research quality at group and population levels. Second, researchers may find it difficult to apply the 3Rs to studies of free-living wildlife because of the differences between laboratory and wild animals, species, research environment, and purpose and design of the studies. There are, however, several areas where it is possible to transfer the 3R principles to wildlife research, including replacement with noninvasive research techniques, reduction with optimized experimental design, and refinement with better methods of capture, anesthesia, and handling. Third, researchers may not have been trained in applying the 3Rs in wildlife research. This training is needed since ethics committees, employers, journal publishers, and funding agencies increasingly require researchers to consider the welfare implications of their research. In this paper, we compare the principles of the 3Rs in various research areas to better understand the possibilities and challenges of the 3Rs in wildlife research. We emphasize the importance of applying the 3Rs systematically throughout the research process. Based on experiences from laboratory research, we suggest three key factors to enhance implementation of the 3Rs in wildlife research: 1) organizational structure and management, 2) 3R awareness, and 3) research innovation, validation, and implementation. Finally, we encourage an interdisciplinary approach to incorporate the 3R principles in wildlife research. For improved animal welfare and increased research quality, researchers have moral obligations to include the 3Rs into all research areas, including wildlife research.
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Routti H, Lille-Langøy R, Berg MK, Fink T, Harju M, Kristiansen K, Rostkowski P, Rusten M, Sylte I, Øygarden L, Goksøyr A. Environmental Chemicals Modulate Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG) and Adipogenesis in Vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10708-10720. [PMID: 27602593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied interactions between polar bear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (pbPPARG) and selected compounds using a luciferase reporter assay and predictions through molecular docking. Furthermore, we studied adipogenesis by liver and adipose tissue extracts from a polar bear and three synthetic mixtures of contaminants in murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and polar bear adipose tissue-derived stem cells (pbASCs). PCB153 and p,p'-DDE antagonized pbPPARG, although their predicted receptor-ligand affinity was weak. PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A, and PCB170 had a weak agonistic effect on pbPPARG, while hexabromocyclododecane, bisphenol A, oxychlordane, and endosulfan were weak antagonists. pbPPARG-mediated luciferase activity was suppressed by synthetic contaminant mixtures reflecting levels measured in polar bear adipose tissue, as were transcript levels of PPARG and the PPARG target gene fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) in pbASCs. Contaminant extracts from polar bear tissues enhanced triglyceride accumulation in murine 3T3-L1 cells and pbASCs, whereas triglyceride accumulation was not affected by the synthetic mixtures. Chemical characterization of extracts using nontarget methods revealed presence of exogenous compounds that have previously been reported to induce adipogenesis. These compounds included phthalates, tonalide, and nonylphenol. In conclusion, major legacy contaminants in polar bear adipose tissue exert antagonistic effects on PPARG, but adipogenesis by a mixture containing emerging compounds may be enhanced through PPARG or other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute , Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Mari K Berg
- Norwegian Polar Institute , Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen , 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Trine Fink
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mikael Harju
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre , 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kurt Kristiansen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Marte Rusten
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen , 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lene Øygarden
- Norwegian Polar Institute , Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen , 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen , 5020 Bergen, Norway
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21
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Gehring JL, Rigano KS, Evans Hutzenbiler BD, Nelson OL, Robbins CT, Jansen HT. A protocol for the isolation and cultivation of brown bear (Ursus arctos) adipocytes. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2177-91. [PMID: 26856588 PMCID: PMC5023558 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown bears (Ursus arctos) exhibit hyperphagia each fall and can become obese in preparation for hibernation. They do this without displaying the physiological problems typically seen in obese humans, such as Type 2 diabetes and heart disease. The study of brown bear hibernation biology could therefore aid in the development of novel methods for combating metabolic diseases. To this end, we isolated mesenchymal stem cells from subcutaneous fat biopsies, and culture methods were developed to differentiate these into the adipogenic lineage. Biopsies were taken from 8 captive male (N = 6) and female (N = 2) brown bears, ages 2-12 years. Plastic adherent, fibroblast-like cells were proliferated and subsequently cryopreserved or differentiated. Differentiation conditions were optimized with respect to fetal bovine serum content and time spent in differentiation medium. Cultures were characterized through immunostaining, RT-qPCR, and Oil red O staining to quantify lipid accumulation. Adiponectin, leptin, and glycerol medium concentrations were also determined over the course of differentiation. The culturing protocol succeeded in generating hormone-sensitive lipase-expressing, lipid-producing white-type adipocytes (UCP1 negative). Serum concentration and time of exposure to differentiation medium were both positively related to lipid production. Cells cultured to low passage numbers retained similar lipid production and expression of lipid markers PLIN2 and FABP4. Ultimately, the protocols described here may be useful to biologists in the field investigating the health of wild bear populations and could potentially increase our understanding of metabolic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gehring
- School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - K S Rigano
- School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - B D Evans Hutzenbiler
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - O L Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - C T Robbins
- School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - H T Jansen
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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22
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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Deng W, Lv Q, Chen X, Huang T, Pan L. Adipose-derived stem cells undergo spontaneous osteogenic differentiation in vitro when passaged serially or seeded at low density. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:369-76. [PMID: 27149413 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2016.1175026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a convenient source of cells for regenerating tissue. Widespread application of ADSCs requires that they propagate efficiently and differentiate in vitro. We investigated the differentiation potential of ADSCs during long-term expansion in vitro and when the cells were seeded at low density. ADSCs were isolated from the inguinal fat pads of 3-week-old male rats, then cultured serially for 12 passages; some ADSCs at passage 3 were seeded at low density. The differentiation potential of ADSCs from passage 3 to passage 12 was assessed by their capacity for adipogenesis and osteogenesis while cultured in specific induction media. Spontaneous osteogenesis of ADSCs at passage 12 and of ADSCs that were seeded at low density was detected by western blotting, alizarin red S staining and measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. We found that with increasing passage number, the adipogenic potential of ADSCs decreased and osteogenic differentiation increased. Alizarin red S staining, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) expressions, and ALP activity demonstrated that both ADSCs at passage 12 and those that were seeded at low density differentiated into osteoblasts without additional induction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P. R. China
| | - Z Zhang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P. R. China
| | - C Zhang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P. R. China
| | - W Deng
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P. R. China
| | - Q Lv
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P. R. China
| | - X Chen
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P. R. China
| | - T Huang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P. R. China
| | - L Pan
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P. R. China
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Li H, Li T, Fan J, Li T, Fan L, Wang S, Weng X, Han Q, Zhao RC. miR-216a rescues dexamethasone suppression of osteogenesis, promotes osteoblast differentiation and enhances bone formation, by regulating c-Cbl-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway. Cell Death Differ 2015. [PMID: 26206089 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease marked by reduced bone mass, leading to an increased risk of fractures or broken bones. Bone formation is mediated by recruiting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that regulate MSC differentiation into osteoblasts is of great importance for the development of anabolic therapies for osteoporosis and other bone metabolism-related diseases. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to have crucial roles in bone development, osteogenic differentiation and osteoporosis pathophysiology. However, to date, only a few miRNAs have been reported to enhance osteogenesis and regulate the suppressive effect of glucocorticoids on osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we discovered that miR-216a, a pancreatic-specific miRNA, was significantly upregulated during osteogenic differentiation in human adipose-derived MSCs (hAMSCs). The expression of miR-216a was positively correlated with the expression of bone formation marker genes in clinical osteoporosis samples. Functional analysis demonstrated that miR-216a can markedly promote osteogenic differentiation of hAMSCs, rescue the suppressive effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on osteogenic differentiation in vitro and enhance bone formation in vivo. c-Cbl, a gene that encodes a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, was identified as a direct target of miR-216a. Downregulation of c-Cbl by short hairpin RNAs can mimic the promotion effects of miR-216a and significantly rescue the suppressive effects of DEX on osteogenesis. Pathway analysis indicated that miR-216a regulation of osteogenic differentiation occurs via the c-Cbl-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. The recovery effects of miR-216a on the inhibition of osteogenesis by DEX were attenuated after blocking the PI3K pathway. Thus, our findings suggest that miR-216a may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and other bone metabolism-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - L Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X Weng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Q Han
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R C Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Berg von Linde M, Arevström L, Fröbert O. Insights from the Den: How Hibernating Bears May Help Us Understand and Treat Human Disease. Clin Transl Sci 2015; 8:601-5. [PMID: 26083277 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernating brown bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (Ursus americanus) spend half of the year in a physically inactive state inside their winter dens without food intake and defecating and no or little urination. Under similar extreme conditions, humans would suffer from loss of lean body mass, heart failure, thrombosis, azotemia, osteoporosis, and more. However, bears exit the den in the spring strong without organ injuries. Translational animal models are used in human medicine but traditional experimental animals have several shortcomings; thus, we believe that it is time to systematically explore new models. In this review paper, we describe physiological adaptations of hibernating bears and how similar adaptations in humans could theoretically alleviate medical conditions. The bear has solved most of the health challenges faced by humans, including heart and kidney disease, atherosclerosis and thrombosis, and muscle wasting and osteoporosis. Understanding and applying this library of information could lead to a number of major discoveries that could have implications for the understanding and treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilith Arevström
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Ole Fröbert
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
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The osteogenic properties of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in cultures on TiO₂ sol-gel-derived biomaterial. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:651097. [PMID: 25710015 PMCID: PMC4331160 DOI: 10.1155/2015/651097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The biocompatibility of the bone implants is a crucial factor determining the successful tissue regeneration. The aim of this work was to compare cellular behavior and osteogenic properties of rat adipose-derived multipotent stromal cells (ASCs) and bone marrow multipotent stromal cells (BMSCs) cultured on metallic substrate covered with TiO2 sol-gel-derived nanolayer. The morphology, proliferation rate, and osteogenic differentiation potential of both ASCs and BMSCs propagated on the biomaterials were examined. The potential for osteogenic differentiation of ASCs and BMSCs was determined based on the presence of specific markers of osteogenesis, that is, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCL). Additionally, the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in extracellular matrix was determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Obtained results showed that TiO2 layer influenced proliferation activity of ASCs, which manifested by shortening of population doubling time and increase of OPN secretion. However, characteristic features of cells morphology and growth pattern of cultures prompted us to conclude that ultrathin TiO2 layer might also enhance osteodifferentiation of BMSCs. Therefore in our opinion, both populations of MSCs should be used for biological evaluation of biomaterials compatibility, such results may enhance the area of investigations related to regenerative medicine.
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Jørgensen PG, Arnemo J, Swenson JE, Jensen JS, Galatius S, Frøbert O. Low cardiac output as physiological phenomenon in hibernating, free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) - an observational study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2014; 12:36. [PMID: 25224464 PMCID: PMC4245199 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-12-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite 5-7 months of physical inactivity during hibernation, brown bears (Ursus arctos) are able to cope with physiological conditions that would be detrimental to humans. During hibernation, the tissue metabolic demands fall to 25% of the active state. Our objective was to assess cardiac function associated with metabolic depression in the hibernating vs. active states in free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears. METHODS We performed echocardiography on seven free-ranging brown bears in Dalarna, Sweden, anesthetized with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine-ketamine during winter hibernation in February 2013 and with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine during active state in June 2013. We measured cardiac output noninvasively using estimates of hemodynamics obtained by pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography and 2D imaging. Comparisons were made using paired T-tests. RESULTS During hibernation, all hemodynamic indices were significantly decreased (hibernating vs. active state): mean heart rate was 26.0 (standard deviation (SD): 5.6) beats per min vs. 75.0 (SD: 17.1) per min (P=0.002), mean stroke volume 32.3 (SD: 5.2) ml vs. 47.1 (SD: 7.9) ml (P=0.008), mean cardiac output 0.86 (SD: 0.31) l/min vs. 3.54 (SD: 1.04) l/min (P=0.003), and mean cardiac index 0.63 (SD: 0.21) l/min/kg vs. 2.45 (SD: 0.52) l/min/ m2 (P<0.001). Spontaneous echo contrast was present in all cardiac chambers in all seven bears during hibernation, despite the absence of atrial arrhythmias and valvular disease. CONCLUSION Free-ranging brown bears demonstrate hemodynamics comparable to humans during active state, whereas during hibernation, we documented extremely low-flow hemodynamics. Understanding these physiological changes in bears may help to gain insight into the mechanisms of cardiogenic shock and heart failure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Godsk Jørgensen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Anderson JA, Little D, Toth AP, Moorman CT, Tucker BS, Ciccotti MG, Guilak F. Stem cell therapies for knee cartilage repair: the current status of preclinical and clinical studies. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42:2253-61. [PMID: 24220016 PMCID: PMC4019709 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513508744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage damage of the knee is common, causing significant morbidity worldwide. Many adult tissues contain cells that are able to differentiate into multiple cell types, including chondrocytes. These stem cells have gained significant attention over the past decade and may become frontline management for cartilage defects in the very near future. PURPOSE The role of stem cells in the treatment of knee osteochondral defects was reviewed. Recent animal and clinical studies were reviewed to determine the benefits and potential outcomes of using stem cells for cartilage defects. STUDY DESIGN Literature review. METHODS A PubMed search was undertaken. The key phrase "stem cells and knee" was used. The search included reviews and original articles over an unlimited time period. From this search, articles outlining animal and clinical trials were selected. A search of current clinical trials in progress was performed on the clinicaltrials.gov website, and "stem cells and knee" was used as the search phrase. RESULTS Stem cells have been used in many recent in vitro and animal studies. A number of cell-based approaches for cartilage repair have progressed from preclinical animal studies into clinical trials. CONCLUSION The use of stem cells for the treatment of cartilage defects is increasing in animal and clinical studies. Methods of delivery of stem cells to the knee's cartilage vary from direct injection to implantation with scaffolds. While these approaches are highly promising, there is currently limited evidence of a direct clinical benefit, and further research is required to assess the overall outcome of stem cell therapies for knee cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
,Rothman Institute Cartilage Center, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
,Address correspondence to Rothman Institute Cartilage Center, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107 ()
| | - Dianne Little
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alison P. Toth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Claude T. Moorman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bradford S. Tucker
- Rothman Institute Cartilage Center, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael G. Ciccotti
- Rothman Institute Cartilage Center, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Sun J, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhao G. Downregulation of PPARγ by miR-548d-5p suppresses the adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and enhances their osteogenic potential. J Transl Med 2014; 12:168. [PMID: 24929254 PMCID: PMC4068155 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are multipotent cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. Elevated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) promotes the adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs, and reduces their osteogenic differentiation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of hBMSCs differentiation. Because bioinformatic analysis has indicated that PPARγ is a candidate target of miR-548d-5p, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of miR-548d-5p on the dexamethasone-induced adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Methods A quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was used to compare miR-548d-5p expression levels in dexamethasone-induced hBMSCs and uninduced control cells. Oil red O staining, cellular triglyceride (TG) content, and the mRNA and protein levels of PPARγ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) were used to evaluate the adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and levels of osteocalcin (OCN) and Runx2 were used to evaluate the osteogenic potential of hBMSCs. Results Compared with untreated cells, miR-548d-5p expression levels were downregulated during dexamethasone-induced adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. In contrast to the profuse Oil Red O staining in the cytoplasm of dexamethasone + scrambled miRNA-treated cells, there was limited staining in the cytoplasm of dexamethasone + miR-548d-5p-treated cells, indicating the absence of adipocytes. Moreover, compared with scrambled miRNA-treated cells, treatment with miR-548d-5p suppressed cellular levels of PPARγ and C/EBPα mRNA and protein, and cell TG content (P < 0.05). In contrast, compared with scrambled miRNA-treated cells, cellular levels of OCN and Runx2 mRNA and protein, as well as ALP activity, were significantly higher in miR-548d-5p-treated cells (P < 0.05). Western blot and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-548d-5p directly targeted the 3′-untranslated region of PPARγ. Conclusions miR-548d-5p is downregulated during dexamethasone-induced adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. By directly targeting and downregulating PPARγ, miR-548d-5p suppresses the dexamethasone-induced adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and enhances their osteogenic potential. Our findings suggest that miR-548d-5p has potential in the treatment of corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yisheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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Wei J, Li H, Wang S, Li T, Fan J, Liang X, Li J, Han Q, Zhu L, Fan L, Zhao RC. let-7 enhances osteogenesis and bone formation while repressing adipogenesis of human stromal/mesenchymal stem cells by regulating HMGA2. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1452-63. [PMID: 24617339 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and fat cells share a common progenitor, stromal/mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), that can differentiate into osteoblasts or adipocytes. Osteogenesis and adipogenesis of MSCs maintain homeostasis under physiological conditions. The disruption of this homeostasis leads to bone-related metabolic diseases. For instance, reduction in bone formation, which is usually accompanied by an increase in bone marrow adipogenesis, occurs with aging, immobility, or osteoporosis. Thus, it is crucial to gain an understanding of how osteogenic and adipogenic lineages of MSCs are regulated. Here, we present evidence that let-7 is a positive regulator of bone development. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrate that let-7 markedly promotes osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenesis of MSCs in vitro. Moreover, let-7 could promote ectopic bone formation of MSCs in vivo. Subsequent studies further demonstrated that let-7's effects are mediated through the repression of high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) expression. RNAi depletion of HMGA2 could also enhance osteogenesis and repress adipogenesis. Overall, we found a novel role of let-7/HMGA2 axis in regulating the balance of osteogenesis and adipogenesis of MSCs. Thus, let-7 can be used as a novel therapeutic target for disorders that are associated with bone loss and adipocyte accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wei
- 1 Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China
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Mastromonaco GF, González-Grajales LA, Filice M, Comizzoli P. Somatic cells, stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells: how do they now contribute to conservation? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 753:385-427. [PMID: 25091918 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than a decade has now passed since the birth of the first endangered species produced from an adult somatic cell reprogrammed by somatic cell nuclear transfer. At that time, advances made in domestic and laboratory animal species provided the necessary foundation for attempting cutting-edge technologies on threatened and endangered species. In addition to nuclear transfer, spermatogonial stem cell transplantation and induction of pluripotent stem cells have also been explored. Although many basic scientific questions have been answered and more than 30 wild species have been investigated, very few successes have been reported. The majority of studies document numerous obstacles that still need to be overcome to produce viable gametes or embryos for healthy offspring production. This chapter provides an overview of somatic cell and stem cell technologies in different taxa (mammals, fishes, birds, reptiles and amphibians) and evaluates the potential and impact of these approaches for animal species conservation.
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Hoogduijn MJ, van den Beukel JC, Wiersma LCM, Ijzer J. Morphology and size of stem cells from mouse and whale: observational study. BMJ 2013; 347:f6833. [PMID: 24336001 PMCID: PMC3898169 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f6833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the morphology and size of stem cells from two mammals of noticeably different body size. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING The Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS A humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) and a laboratory mouse (Mus musculus). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morphology and size of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue. RESULTS Morphologically, mesenchymal stem cells of the mouse and whale are indistinguishable. The average diameter of 50 mesenchymal stem cells from the mouse was 28 (SD 0.86) µm and 50 from the whale was 29 (SD 0.71) µm. The difference in cell size between the species was not statistically significant. Although the difference in bodyweight between the species is close to two million-fold, the mesenchymal stem cells of each were of similar size. CONCLUSIONS The mesenchymal stem cells of whales and mice are alike, in both morphology and size.
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Yie S, Lan J, Pi J, Zhang Z, Huang H, Cai Z, Zhang M, Cai K, Wang H, Hou R. Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Bone Marrow of Giant Panda. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2394-401. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangmian Yie
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchao Lan
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinkui Pi
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailai Cai
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairui Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
In 2001, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult stem cells from liposuctioned adipose tissue. These stem cells, now known as adipose-derived stem cells or ADSCs, have gone on to become one of the most popular adult stem cells populations in the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine. As of today, thousands of research and clinical articles have been published using ASCs, describing their possible pluripotency in vitro, their uses in regenerative animal models, and their application to the clinic. This paper outlines the progress made in the ASC field since their initial description in 2001, describing their mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal potentials both in vitro and in vivo, their use in mediating inflammation and vascularization during tissue regeneration, and their potential for reprogramming into induced pluripotent cells.
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Li H, Li T, Wang S, Wei J, Fan J, Li J, Han Q, Liao L, Shao C, Zhao RC. miR-17-5p and miR-106a are involved in the balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2012; 10:313-24. [PMID: 23399447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several distinct cell types, including osteoblasts and adipocytes. The balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation is disrupted in several osteogenic-related disorders, such as osteoporosis. So far, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that drive final lineage commitment of MSCs. In this study, we revealed that miR-17-5p and miR-106a have dual functions in the modulation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) commitment by gain- and loss-of-function assays. They could promote adipogenesis and inhibit osteogenesis. Luciferase reporter assay, western blot and ELISA suggested BMP2 was a direct target of miR-17-5p and miR-106a. Downregulation of endogeneous BMP2 by RNA interference suppressed osteogenesis and increased adipogenesis, similar to the effect of miR-17-5p and miR-106a upregulation. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of miR-17-5p on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of hADSCs could be reversed by BMP2 RNA interference. In conclusion, miR-17-5p and miR-106a regulate osteogenic and adipogenic lineage commitment of hADSCs by directly targeting BMP2, and subsequently decreased osteogenic TAZ, MSX2 and Runx2, and increased adipogenic C/EBPα and PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Li
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5# Dongdansantiao, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Evans AL, Sahlén V, Støen OG, Fahlman Å, Brunberg S, Madslien K, Fröbert O, Swenson JE, Arnemo JM. Capture, anesthesia, and disturbance of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) during hibernation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40520. [PMID: 22815757 PMCID: PMC3398017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted thirteen immobilizations of previously collared hibernating two- to four-year-old brown bears (Ursus arctos) weighing 21–66 kg in central Sweden in winter 2010 and 2011 for comparative physiology research. Here we report, for the first time, an effective protocol for the capture and anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears during hibernation and an assessment of the disturbance the captures caused. Bears were darted in anthill, soil, or uprooted tree dens on eleven occasions, but two bears in rock dens fled and were darted outside the den. We used medetomidine at 0.02–0.06 mg/kg and zolazepam-tiletamine at 0.9–2.8 mg/kg for anesthesia. In addition, ketamine at 1.5 mg/kg was hand-injected intramuscularly in four bears and in six it was included in the dart at 1.1–3.0 mg/kg. Once anesthetized, bears were removed from the dens. In nine bears, arterial blood samples were analyzed immediately with a portable blood gas analyzer. We corrected hypoxemia in seven bears (PaO2 57–74 mmHg) with supplemental oxygen. We placed the bears back into the dens and antagonized the effect of medetomidine with atipamezole. Capturing bears in the den significantly increased the risk of den abandonment. One of twelve collared bears that were captured remained at the original den until spring, and eleven, left their dens (mean ± standard deviation) 3.2±3.6 (range 0.5–10.5) days after capture. They used 1.9±0.9 intermediate resting sites, during 6.2±7.8 days before entering a new permanent den. The eleven new permanent dens were located 730±589 m from the original dens. We documented that it was feasible and safe to capture hibernating brown bears, although they behaved differently than black bears. When doing so, researchers should use 25% of the doses used for helicopter darting during the active period and should consider increased energetic costs associated with den abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hedmark University College, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway.
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Johnson SP, Catania JM, Harman RJ, Jensen ED. Adipose-derived stem cell collection and characterization in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2949-57. [PMID: 22530932 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the regenerative properties and potential therapeutic value of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in the bottlenose dolphin, there is a need to determine whether an adequate adipose depot exists, in addition to the development of a standardized technique for minimally invasive adipose collection. In this study, an ultrasound-guided liposuction technique for adipose collection was assessed for its safety and efficacy. The ultrasound was utilized to identify and measure the postnuchal adipose depot and aid in the guidance of the liposuction cannula during aspiration. Liposuction procedures from 6 dolphins yielded 0.9-12.7 g of adipose. All samples yielded sufficient nucleated cells to initiate primary cell cultures, and at passage 2, were successfully differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, neurogenic, and osteogenic cell lineages. The cultured dolphin cells expressed known stem-cell-associated CD markers, CD44 and CD90. Ultrasound-guided liposuction proved to be a safe and minimally invasive procedure that resulted in the successful isolation of ASCs in bottlenose dolphins. This is the first article that conclusively establishes the presence of stem cells in the dolphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Johnson
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, USA.
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Increase of chondrogenic potentials in adipose-derived stromal cells by co-delivery of type I and type II TGFβ receptors encoding bicistronic vector system. J Control Release 2012; 160:577-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Preservation of bone mass and structure in hibernating black bears (Ursus americanus) through elevated expression of anabolic genes. Funct Integr Genomics 2012; 12:357-65. [PMID: 22351243 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-012-0266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity reduces mechanical load on the skeleton, which leads to losses of bone mass and strength in non-hibernating mammalian species. Although bears are largely inactive during hibernation, they show no loss in bone mass and strength. To obtain insight into molecular mechanisms preventing disuse bone loss, we conducted a large-scale screen of transcriptional changes in trabecular bone comparing winter hibernating and summer non-hibernating black bears using a custom 12,800 probe cDNA microarray. A total of 241 genes were differentially expressed (P < 0.01 and fold change >1.4) in the ilium bone of bears between winter and summer. The Gene Ontology and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed an elevated proportion in hibernating bears of overexpressed genes in six functional sets of genes involved in anabolic processes of tissue morphogenesis and development including skeletal development, cartilage development, and bone biosynthesis. Apoptosis genes demonstrated a tendency for downregulation during hibernation. No coordinated directional changes were detected for genes involved in bone resorption, although some genes responsible for osteoclast formation and differentiation (Ostf1, Rab9a, and c-Fos) were significantly underexpressed in bone of hibernating bears. Elevated expression of multiple anabolic genes without induction of bone resorption genes, and the down regulation of apoptosis-related genes, likely contribute to the adaptive mechanism that preserves bone mass and structure through prolonged periods of immobility during hibernation.
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