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Egorova KS, Posvyatenko AV, Larin SS, Ananikov V. Ionic liquids: prospects for nucleic acid handling and delivery. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:1201-1234. [PMID: 33476366 PMCID: PMC7897475 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Operations with nucleic acids are among the main means of studying the mechanisms of gene function and developing novel methods of molecular medicine and gene therapy. These endeavours usually imply the necessity of nucleic acid storage and delivery into eukaryotic cells. In spite of diversity of the existing dedicated techniques, all of them have their limitations. Thus, a recent notion of using ionic liquids in manipulations of nucleic acids has been attracting significant attention lately. Due to their unique physicochemical properties, in particular, their micro-structuring impact and tunability, ionic liquids are currently applied as solvents and stabilizing media in chemical synthesis, electrochemistry, biotechnology, and other areas. Here, we review the current knowledge on interactions between nucleic acids and ionic liquids and discuss potential advantages of applying the latter in delivery of the former into eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Posvyatenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Samory Mashela St 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey S Larin
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Samory Mashela St 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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2
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Everson EM, Olzsko ME, Leap DJ, Hocum JD, Trobridge GD. A comparison of foamy and lentiviral vector genotoxicity in SCID-repopulating cells shows foamy vectors are less prone to clonal dominance. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:16048. [PMID: 27579335 PMCID: PMC4988344 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy using retroviral vectors has immense potential, but vector-mediated genotoxicity limits use in the clinic. Lentiviral vectors are less genotoxic than gammaretroviral vectors and have become the vector of choice in clinical trials. Foamy retroviral vectors have a promising integration profile and are less prone to read-through transcription than gammaretroviral or lentiviral vectors. Here, we directly compared the safety and efficacy of foamy vectors to lentiviral vectors in human CD34(+) repopulating cells in immunodeficient mice. To increase their genotoxic potential, foamy and lentiviral vectors with identical transgene cassettes with a known genotoxic spleen focus forming virus promoter were used. Both vectors resulted in efficient marking in vivo and a total of 825 foamy and 460 lentiviral vector unique integration sites were recovered in repopulating cells 19 weeks after transplantation. Foamy vector proviruses were observed less often near RefSeq gene and proto-oncogene transcription start sites than lentiviral vectors. The foamy vector group were also more polyclonal with fewer dominant clones (two out of six mice) than the lentiviral vector group (eight out of eight mice), and only lentiviral vectors had integrants near known proto-oncogenes in dominant clones. Our data further support the relative safety of foamy vectors for HSC gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Everson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Miles E Olzsko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - David J Leap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Jonah D Hocum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Grant D Trobridge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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3
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Vidović D, Gijsbers R, Quiles-Jimenez A, Dooley J, Van den Haute C, Van der Perren A, Liston A, Baekelandt V, Debyser Z, Carlon MS. Noninvasive Imaging Reveals Stable Transgene Expression in Mouse Airways After Delivery of a Nonintegrating Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vector. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:60-71. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Vidović
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Ana Quiles-Jimenez
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - James Dooley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, Translational Immunology Laboratory, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Anke Van der Perren
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, Translational Immunology Laboratory, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Marianne Sylvia Carlon
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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4
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Pachlopnik Schmid J, Güngör T, Seger R. Modern management of primary T-cell immunodeficiencies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014; 25:300-13. [PMID: 24383740 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of human T-cell PIDs with Mendelian inheritance has enabled the molecular characterization of important key functions and pathways in T-cell biology. In most cases, T-cell PIDs become apparent as combined T- and B-cell deficiencies. Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs) are characterized by a complete lack of T-cell development and, in some cases, a developmental block in other lymphoid lineages and manifest within the first year of life. Combined immunodeficiency syndromes (CIDs) result from hypomorphic mutations in typical SCID associated genes or from partial defects of T-cell development and manifest later in childhood by increased susceptibility to infection often combined with disturbances in immune homeostasis, e.g., autoimmunity and increased incidence in lymphoproliferation. The discovery of mutations and characterization of the cellular changes that underlie lymphocyte defects and immune dysregulation have led to novel, specific, successful therapies for severe diseases which are often fatal if left untreated. Over the last few years, impressive progress has been made in understanding the disease mechanisms of T-cell immunodeficiencies and in improving the long-term outcomes of potentially curative treatments, including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pachlopnik Schmid
- Division of Immunology, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Switzerland
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Williams DA, Thrasher AJ. Concise review: lessons learned from clinical trials of gene therapy in monogenic immunodeficiency diseases. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:636-42. [PMID: 24682287 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty years ago, retroviral transfer of genetic material into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/Ps) led to predictions that this technology would transform modern medicine [Nature 1983;305:556-558; Nature 1984;310:476-480]. Studies in several immunodeficiency diseases in the past 15 years have demonstrated clear proof of principle that gene therapy can have long-lasting, potentially curative effects without the need to search for allogeneic donors and without risk of graft-versus-host disease. Improvement in gene transfer efficiency for target HSC/Ps brought to light issues of insertional mutagenesis caused by transfer vectors, resulting in oncogene transactivation and leukemias. Lessons from these adverse events have now led to a new generation of vectors, refinements in conditioning regimens, and manufacturing, which are paving the way for expanded applications of the current technology and recent emphasis on gene targeting/genome editing as the next advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Williams
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Centre for Immunodeficiency, Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Krinner A, Roeder I. Quantification and modeling of stem cell-niche interaction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 844:11-36. [PMID: 25480635 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2095-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells persist lifelong in the organism, where they are responsible for tissue homeostasis and repair. It is commonly assumed that their maintenance and function are facilitated in local environments called "stem cell niches." Although there is convincing evidence that a variety of niche components determine stem cell fate, the regulatory details of stem cell-niche interactions are widely unknown. To pave the way for a substantiated discussion of these interactions, we first focus on the stem cells themselves and describe the stem cell defining criteria and their implications. The fate of the cells that fulfill these criteria is regulated by a broad spectrum of factors and regulatory mechanisms. A summary of established components and their action is given exemplary for the hematopoietic system. The complexity resulting from the interplay of various cell types, signaling molecules, and extracellular structures can be boiled down to important key features as exemplified by the presented model of hematopoietic stem cell organization. Although neglecting many details, we show that this and similar models have the power to yield intriguing results as proven by the agreement of the presented model with experimental data and the predictions derived from model simulations. Finally, we will discuss the paradigm of systems biology and give a summary of the techniques that promise to unveil further details of the organization principles of stem cell niches at different levels. The synergistic effect of the described techniques together with the integration of their results into a unified model that allows quantitative evaluation and predictions may lead to a better and more systematic understanding of the most relevant niche elements and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Krinner
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany,
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7
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Fischer A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Cavazzana-Calvo M. Gene therapy of primary T cell immunodeficiencies. Gene 2013; 525:170-3. [PMID: 23583799 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy of severe combined immunodeficiencies has been proven to be effective to provide sustained correction of the T cell immunodeficiencies. This has been achieved for 2 forms of SCID, i.e SCID-X1 (γc deficiency) and adenosine deaminase deficiency. Occurrence of gene toxicity generated by integration of first generation retroviral vectors, as observed in the SCID-X1 trials has led to replace these vectors by self inactivated (SIN) retro(or lenti) viruses that may provide equivalent efficacy with a better safety profile. Results of ongoing clinical studies in SCID as well as in other primary immunodeficiencies, such as the Wiskott Aldrich syndrome, will be thus very informative.
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8
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Hackett PB, Largaespada DA, Switzer KC, Cooper LJN. Evaluating risks of insertional mutagenesis by DNA transposons in gene therapy. Transl Res 2013; 161:265-83. [PMID: 23313630 PMCID: PMC3602164 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Investigational therapy can be successfully undertaken using viral- and nonviral-mediated ex vivo gene transfer. Indeed, recent clinical trials have established the potential for genetically modified T cells to improve and restore health. Recently, the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon/transposase system has been applied in clinical trials to stably insert a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to redirect T-cell specificity. We discuss the context in which the SB system can be harnessed for gene therapy and describe the human application of SB-modified CAR(+) T cells. We have focused on theoretical issues relating to insertional mutagenesis in the context of human genomes that are naturally subjected to remobilization of transposons and the experimental evidence over the last decade of employing SB transposons for defining genes that induce cancer. These findings are put into the context of the use of SB transposons in the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry B Hackett
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, Center for Genome Engineering and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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9
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Moiani A, Miccio A, Rizzi E, Severgnini M, Pellin D, Suerth JD, Baum C, De Bellis G, Mavilio F. Deletion of the LTR enhancer/promoter has no impact on the integration profile of MLV vectors in human hematopoietic progenitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55721. [PMID: 23383272 PMCID: PMC3561312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV)-derived gamma-retroviral vectors integrate preferentially near transcriptional regulatory regions in the human genome, and are associated with a significant risk of insertional gene deregulation. Self-inactivating (SIN) vectors carry a deletion of the U3 enhancer and promoter in the long terminal repeat (LTR), and show reduced genotoxicity in pre-clinical assays. We report a high-definition analysis of the integration preferences of a SIN MLV vector compared to a wild-type-LTR MLV vector in the genome of CD34+ human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). We sequenced 13,011 unique SIN-MLV integration sites and compared them to 32,574 previously generated MLV sites in human HSPCs. The SIN-MLV vector recapitulates the integration pattern observed for MLV, with the characteristic clustering of integrations around enhancer and promoter regions associated to H3K4me3 and H3K4me1 histone modifications, specialized chromatin configurations (presence of the H2A.Z histone variant) and binding of RNA Pol II. SIN-MLV and MLV integration clusters and hot spots overlap in most cases and are generated at a comparable frequency, indicating that the reduced genotoxicity of SIN-MLV vectors in hematopoietic cells is not due to a modified integration profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Moiani
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto Scientifico H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Annarita Miccio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ermanno Rizzi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo Pellin
- CUSSB, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Julia Debora Suerth
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Baum
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gianluca De Bellis
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mavilio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Genethon, Evry, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Bire S, Rouleux-Bonnin F. Transgene Site-Specific Integration: Problems and Solutions. SITE-DIRECTED INSERTION OF TRANSGENES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4531-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Unciti-Broceta A, Díaz-Mochón JJ, Sánchez-Martín RM, Bradley M. The use of solid supports to generate nucleic acid carriers. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1140-52. [PMID: 22390230 DOI: 10.1021/ar200263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are the foundation stone of all cellular processes. Consequently, the use of DNA or RNA to treat genetic and acquired disorders (so called gene therapy) offers enormous potential benefits. The restitution of defective genes or the suppression of malignant genes could target a range of diseases, including cancers, inherited diseases (cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, etc.), and viral infections. However, this strategy has a major barrier: the size and charge of nucleic acids largely restricts their transit into eukaryotic cells. Potential strategies to solve this problem include the use of a variety of natural and synthetic nucleic acid carriers. Driven by the aim and ambition of translating this promising therapeutic approach into the clinic, researchers have been actively developing advanced delivery systems for nucleic acids for more than 20 years. A decade ago we began our investigations of solid-phase techniques to construct families of novel nucleic acid carriers for transfection. We envisaged that the solid-phase synthesis of polycationic dendrimers and derivatized polyamimes would offer distinct advantages over solution phase techniques. Notably in solid phase synthesis we could take advantage of mass action and streamlined purification procedures, while simplifying the handling of compounds with high polarities and plurality of functional groups. Parallel synthesis methods would also allow rapid access to libraries of compounds with improved purities and yields over comparable solution methodologies and facilitate the development of structure activity relationships. We also twisted the concept of the solid-phase support on its head: we devised miniaturized solid supports that provided an innovative cell delivery vehicle in their own right, carrying covalently conjugated cargos (biomolecules) into cells. In this Account, we summarize the main outcomes of this series of chemically related projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
- Deliverics Ltd, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Juan José Díaz-Mochón
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de la Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3JJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Romain G, van Gulck E, Epaulard O, Oh S, Li D, Zurawski G, Zurawski S, Cosma A, Adam L, Chapon C, Todorova B, Banchereau J, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Vanham G, Le Grand R, Martinon F. CD34-derived dendritic cells transfected ex vivo with HIV-Gag mRNA induce polyfunctional T-cell responses in nonhuman primates. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2019-30. [PMID: 22585548 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pivotal role of DCs in initiating immune responses led to their use as vaccine vectors. However, the relationship between DC subsets involved in antigen presentation and the type of elicited immune responses underlined the need for the characterization of the DCs generated in vitro. The phenotypes of tissue-derived APCs from a cynomolgus macaque model for human vaccine development were compared with ex vivo-derived DCs. Monocyte/macrophages predominated in bone marrow (BM) and blood. Myeloid DCs (mDCs) were present in all tested tissues and were more highly represented than plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). As in human skin, Langerhans cells (LCs) resided exclusively in the macaque epidermis, expressing CD11c, high levels of CD1a and langerin (CD207). Most DC subsets were endowed with tissue-specific combinations of PRRs. DCs generated from CD34(+) BM cells (CD34-DCs) were heterogeneous in phenotype. CD34-DCs shared properties (differentiation and PRR) of dermal and epidermal DCs. After injection into macaques, CD34-DCs expressing HIV-Gag induced Gag-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1β, or IL-2. In high responding animals, the numbers of polyfunctional CD8(+) T cells increased with the number of booster injections. This DC-based vaccine strategy elicited immune responses relevant to the DC subsets generated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Romain
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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13
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Shimasaki N, Fujisaki H, Cho D, Masselli M, Lockey T, Eldridge P, Leung W, Campana D. A clinically adaptable method to enhance the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells against B-cell malignancies. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:830-40. [PMID: 22458956 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.671519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Retroviral transduction of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors significantly enhances the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against B-cell malignancies. We aimed to validate a more practical, affordable and safe method for this purpose. METHODS We tested the expression of a receptor containing CD3ζ and 4-1BB signaling molecules (anti-CD19-BB-ζ) in human NK cells after electroporation with the corresponding mRNA using a clinical-grade electroporator. The cytotoxic capacity of the transfected NK cells was tested in vitro and in a mouse model of leukemia. RESULTS Median anti-CD19-BB-ζ expression 24 h after electroporation was 40.3% in freshly purified (n =18) and 61.3% in expanded (n = 31) NK cells; median cell viability was 90%. NK cells expressing anti-CD19-BB-ζ secreted interferon (IFN)-γ in response to CD19-positive target cells and had increased cytotoxicity. Receptor expression was detectable 6 h after electroporation, reaching maximum levels at 24-48 h; specific anti-CD19 cytotoxicity was observed at 96 h. Levels of expression and cytotoxicities were comparable with those achieved by retroviral transduction. A large-scale protocol was developed and applied to expanded NK cells (median NK cell number 2.5 × 10(8), n = 12). Median receptor expression after 24 h was 82.0%; NK cells transfected under these conditions exerted considerable cytotoxicity in xenograft models of B-cell leukemia. CONCLUSIONS The method described here represents a practical way to augment the cytotoxicity of NK cells against B-cell malignancies. It has the potential to be extended to other targets beyond CD19 and should facilitate the clinical use of redirected NK cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shimasaki
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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14
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Abstract
The genetic engineering of hematopoietic stem cells is the basis for potentially treating a large array of hereditary and acquired diseases, and stands as the paradigm for stem cell engineering in general. Recent clinical reports support the formidable promise of this approach but also highlight the limitations of the technologies used to date, which have on occasion resulted in clonal expansion, myelodysplasia, or leukemogenesis. New research directions, predicated on improved vector designs, targeted gene delivery or the therapeutic use of pluripotent stem cells, herald the advent of safer and more effective hematopoietic stem cell therapies that may transform medical practice. In this review, we place these recent advances in perspective, emphasizing the solutions emerging from a wave of new technologies and highlighting the challenges that lie ahead.
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15
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Fischer A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Cavazzana-Calvo M. Gene therapy for primary adaptive immune deficiencies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1356-9. [PMID: 21624615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has become an option for the treatment of 2 forms of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): X-linked SCID and adenosine deaminase deficiency. The results of clinical trials initiated more than 10 years ago testify to sustained and reproducible correction of the underlying T-cell immunodeficiency. Successful treatment is based on the selective advantage conferred on T-cell precursors through their expression of the therapeutic transgene. However, "first-generation" retroviral vectors also caused leukemia in some patients with X-linked SCID because of the constructs' tendency to insert into active genes (eg, proto-oncogenes) in progenitor cells and transactivate an oncogene through a viral element in the long terminal repeat. These elements have been deleted from the vectors now in use. Together with the use of lentiviral vectors (which are more potent for transducing stem cells), these advances should provide a basis for the safe and effective extension of gene therapy's indications in the field of primary immunodeficiencies. Nevertheless, this extension will have to be proved by examining the results of the ongoing clinical trials.
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16
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Baum C. [Prevention of insertional mutagenesis. Inevitable or manageable?]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2011; 40:248-252. [PMID: 21698614 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Baum
- Abteilung für Experimentelle Hämatologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover.
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17
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Baum C. Parachuting in the epigenome: the biology of gene vector insertion profiles in the context of clinical trials. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:75-7. [PMID: 21254403 PMCID: PMC3377063 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral pre-integration complexes (PICs) provide a most efficient mechanism to integrate foreign DNA into cellular chromatin. This has made retrovirus-based vectors a preferred tool for gene delivery in therapeutic settings where the chromosomal integration of a recombinant expression cassette that encodes a protein of interest can lead to a long-lasting correction of monogenetic diseases (so-called gene addition strategy). However, the efficiency of retroviral gene addition comes at the expense of a lack of precision in the choice of the integration site. Insertional mutagenesis with potential activation of proto-oncogenes as a first hit in a multistep scenario of cancer development thus represents one of the major hurdles to a more widespread exploration of gene-based treatments (Kustikova et al, 2010). To date, four clinical trials were reported to be associated with severe adverse reactions induced by insertional mutagenesis in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/P); two targeting the X-linked form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1), one targeting chronic granulomatous disease, and most recently another trial exploring gene therapy for the Wiskott–Aldrich-Syndrome. In contrast, in the SCID caused by mutations in the gene encoding the metabolic enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA), retroviral gene addition so far has been free of such complications. Furthermore, numerous trials using similar gene vectors to transfer genes into mature T cells have not been complicated by clonal outgrowth. This explains the great interest in a deeper understanding of retroviral vector–host interactions in the therapeutic setting of SCID-ADA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Baum
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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