1
|
Bosch PS, Cho B, Axelrod JD. Flamingo participates in multiple models of cell competition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.24.559197. [PMID: 37790459 PMCID: PMC10542155 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.24.559197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth and survival of cells with different fitness, such as those with a proliferative advantage or a deleterious mutation, is controlled through cell competition. During development, cell competition enables healthy cells to eliminate less fit cells that could jeopardize tissue integrity, and facilitates the elimination of pre-malignant cells by healthy cells as a surveillance mechanism to prevent oncogenesis. Malignant cells also benefit from cell competition to promote their expansion. Despite its ubiquitous presence, the mechanisms governing cell competition, particularly those common to developmental competition and tumorigenesis, are poorly understood. Here, we show that in Drosophila, the planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Flamingo (Fmi) is required by winners to maintain their status during cell competition in malignant tumors to overtake healthy tissue, in early pre-malignant cells when they overproliferate among wildtype cells, in healthy cells when they later eliminate pre-malignant cells, and by supercompetitors as they compete to occupy excessive territory within wildtype tissues. "Would-be" winners that lack Fmi are unable to over-proliferate, and instead become losers. We demonstrate that the role of Fmi in cell competition is independent of PCP, and that it uses a distinct mechanism that may more closely resemble one used in other less well-defined functions of Fmi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanchez Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford CA, 94305, USA
- These authors made equal contributions
| | - Bomsoo Cho
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford CA, 94305, USA
- These authors made equal contributions
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford CA, 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang YT, Hesting LL, Calvi BR. An unscheduled switch to endocycles induces a reversible senescent arrest that impairs growth of the Drosophila wing disc. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.585098. [PMID: 38559130 PMCID: PMC10980049 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.585098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A programmed developmental switch to G / S endocycles results in tissue growth through an increase in cell size. Unscheduled, induced endocycling cells (iECs) promote wound healing but also contribute to cancer. Much remains unknown, however, about how these iECs affect tissue growth. Using the D. melanogasterwing disc as model, we find that populations of iECs initially increase in size but then subsequently undergo a heterogenous arrest that causes severe tissue undergrowth. iECs acquired DNA damage and activated a Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, but, unlike other stressed cells, were apoptosis-resistant and not eliminated from the epithelium. Instead, iECs entered a JNK-dependent and reversible senescent-like arrest. Senescent iECs promoted division of diploid neighbors, but this compensatory proliferation did not rescue tissue growth. Our study has uncovered unique attributes of iECs and their effects on tissue growth that have important implications for understanding their roles in wound healing and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Lauren L. Hesting
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Brian R. Calvi
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Guo Y, Song Y, Zou W, Zhang J, Yi Q, Xiao Y, Peng J, Li Y, Yao L. A pan-cancer analysis of the expression and molecular mechanism of DHX9 in human cancers. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1153067. [PMID: 37214432 PMCID: PMC10192771 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1153067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding new targets is necessary for understanding tumorigenesis and developing cancer therapeutics. DExH-box helicase 9 (DHX9) plays a central role in many cellular processes but its expression pattern and prognostic value in most types of cancer remain unclear. In this study, we extracted pan-cancer data from TCGA and GEO databases to explore the prognostic and immunological role of DHX9. The expression levels of DHX9 were then verified in tumor specimens by western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The oncogenic roles of DHX9 in cancers were further verified by in vitro experiments. We first verified that DHX9 is highly expressed in most tumors but significantly decreased in kidney and thyroid cancers, and it is prominently correlated with the prognosis of patients with different tumors. The phosphorylation level of DHX9 was also increased in cancers. Enrichment analysis revealed that DHX9 was involved in Spliceosome, RNA transport and mRNA surveillance pathway. Furthermore, DHX9 expression exhibited strong correlations with immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, and tumor mutational burden (TMB)/microsatellite instability (MSI). In liver, lung, breast and renal cancer cells, the knockdown or depletion of DHX9 significantly affected the proliferation, metastasis and EMT process of cancer cells. In summary, this pan-cancer investigation provides a comprehensive understanding of the prognostic and immunological role of DHX9 in human cancers, and experiments indicated that DHX9 was a potential target for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongxin Guo
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, No. 922 Hospital of PLA, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenbo Zou
- Department of General Surgery, No. 924 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiong Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujie Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingqi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Evo-devo perspectives on cancer. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:797-815. [PMID: 36250956 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The integration of evolutionary and developmental approaches into the field of evolutionary developmental biology has opened new areas of inquiry- from understanding the evolution of development and its underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms to addressing the role of development in evolution. For the last several decades, the terms 'evolution' and 'development' have been increasingly linked to cancer, in many different frameworks and contexts. This mini-review, as part of a special issue on Evolutionary Developmental Biology, discusses the main areas in cancer research that have been addressed through the lenses of both evolutionary and developmental biology, though not always fully or explicitly integrated in an evo-devo framework. First, it briefly introduces the current views on carcinogenesis that invoke evolutionary and/or developmental perspectives. Then, it discusses the main mechanisms proposed to have specifically evolved to suppress cancer during the evolution of multicellularity. Lastly, it considers whether the evolution of multicellularity and development was shaped by the threat of cancer (a cancer-evo-devo perspective), and/or whether the evolution of developmental programs and life history traits can shape cancer resistance/risk in various lineages (an evo-devo-cancer perspective). A proper evolutionary developmental framework for cancer, both as a disease and in terms of its natural history (in the context of the evolution of multicellularity and development as well as life history traits), could bridge the currently disparate evolutionary and developmental perspectives and uncover aspects that will provide new insights for cancer prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gerlach SU, de Vreede G, Bilder D. PTP10D-mediated cell competition is not obligately required for elimination of polarity-deficient clones. Biol Open 2022; 11:281302. [PMID: 36355597 PMCID: PMC9672856 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal organs maintain tissue integrity and ensure removal of aberrant cells through several types of surveillance mechanisms. One prominent example is the elimination of polarity-deficient mutant cells within developing Drosophila imaginal discs. This has been proposed to require heterotypic cell competition dependent on the receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTP10D within the mutant cells. We report here experiments to test this requirement in various contexts and find that PTP10D is not obligately required for the removal of scribble (scrib) mutant and similar polarity-deficient cells. Our experiments used identical stocks with which another group can detect the PTP10D requirement, and our results do not vary under several husbandry conditions including high and low protein food diets. Although we are unable to identify the source of the discrepant results, we suggest that the role of PTP10D in polarity-deficient cell elimination may not be absolute.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan U. Gerlach
- University of California-Berkeley Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA
| | - Geert de Vreede
- University of California-Berkeley Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA
| | - David Bilder
- University of California-Berkeley Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hoareau M, de Noiron J, Colin J, Guénal I. Mass Purification Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Wing Imaginal Discs: An Alternative to Dissection to Obtain Large Numbers of Disc Cells. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1384. [PMID: 36290290 PMCID: PMC9598552 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster imaginal discs are larval internal structures that become the external organs of the adult. They have been used to study numerous developmental processes for more than fifty years. Dissecting these imaginal discs for collection is challenging, as the size of third-instar larvae organs is typically less than 1 mm. Certain experimental applications of the organs require many cells, which requires researchers to spend several hours dissecting them. This paper proposes an alternative to dissection in the form of a mass enrichment protocol. The protocol enables the recovery of many wing imaginal discs by grinding large quantities of third-instar larvae and separating the organs using filtration and a density gradient. The wing imaginal discs collected with this protocol in less than three hours are as well preserved as those collected by dissection. The dissociation and filtration of the extract allow the isolation of a large amount of wing imaginal disc cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Hoareau
- LGBC, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Juliette de Noiron
- LGBC, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jessie Colin
- LGBC, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Guénal
- LGBC, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oxidative Stress Is Associated with Overgrowth in Drosophila l(3)mbt Mutant Imaginal Discs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162542. [PMID: 36010619 PMCID: PMC9406541 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss-of-function conditions for an l(3)malignant brain tumour (l(3)mbt) in larvae reared at 29 °C results in malignant brain tumours and hyperplastic imaginal discs. Unlike the former that have been extensively characterised, little is known about the latter. Here we report the results of a study of the hyperplastic l(3)mbt mutant wing imaginal discs. We identify the l(3)mbt wing disc tumour transcriptome and find it to include genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. Furthermore, we show the presence of oxidative stress in l(3)mbt hyperplastic discs, even in apoptosis-blocked conditions, but not in l(3)mbt brain tumours. We also find that chemically blocking oxidative stress in l(3)mbt wing discs reduces the incidence of wing disc overgrowths. Our results reveal the involvement of oxidative stress in l(3)mbt wing discs hyperplastic growth.
Collapse
|
8
|
Calcium sparks enhance the tissue fluidity within epithelial layers and promote apical extrusion of transformed cells. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111078. [PMID: 35830802 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, newly emerging transformed cells are often apically extruded from epithelial layers through cell competition with surrounding normal epithelial cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, using phospho-SILAC screening, we show that phosphorylation of AHNAK2 is elevated in normal cells neighboring RasV12 cells soon after the induction of RasV12 expression, which is mediated by calcium-dependent protein kinase C. In addition, transient upsurges of intracellular calcium, which we call calcium sparks, frequently occur in normal cells neighboring RasV12 cells, which are mediated by mechanosensitive calcium channel TRPC1 upon membrane stretching. Calcium sparks then enhance cell movements of both normal and RasV12 cells through phosphorylation of AHNAK2 and promote apical extrusion. Moreover, comparable calcium sparks positively regulate apical extrusion of RasV12-transformed cells in zebrafish larvae as well. Hence, calcium sparks play a crucial role in the elimination of transformed cells at the early phase of cell competition.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nichols J, Lima A, Rodríguez TA. Cell competition and the regulative nature of early mammalian development. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1018-1030. [PMID: 35803224 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian embryo exhibits a remarkable plasticity that allows it to correct for the presence of aberrant cells, adjust its growth so that its size is in accordance with its developmental stage, or integrate cells of another species to form fully functional organs. Here, we will discuss the contribution that cell competition, a quality control that eliminates viable cells that are less fit than their neighbors, makes to this plasticity. We will do this by reviewing the roles that cell competition plays in the early mammalian embryo and how they contribute to ensure normal development of the embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nichols
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Ana Lima
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Tristan A Rodríguez
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fasciclin 2 engages EGFR in an auto-stimulatory loop to promote imaginal disc cell proliferation in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010224. [PMID: 35666718 PMCID: PMC9203005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
How cell to cell interactions control local tissue growth to attain a species-specific organ size is a central question in developmental biology. The Drosophila Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, Fasciclin 2, is expressed during the development of neural and epithelial organs. Fasciclin 2 is a homophilic-interaction protein that shows moderate levels of expression in the proliferating epithelia and high levels in the differentiating non-proliferative cells of imaginal discs. Genetic interactions and mosaic analyses reveal a cell autonomous requirement of Fasciclin 2 to promote cell proliferation in imaginal discs. This function is mediated by the EGFR, and indirectly involves the JNK and Hippo signaling pathways. We further show that Fasciclin 2 physically interacts with EGFR and that, in turn, EGFR activity promotes the cell autonomous expression of Fasciclin 2 during imaginal disc growth. We propose that this auto-stimulatory loop between EGFR and Fasciclin 2 is at the core of a cell to cell interaction mechanism that controls the amount of intercalary growth in imaginal discs. A key problem in developmental biology is how species-specific organ size is determined. Control of organ growth occurs at different levels of organization, from the systemic to the cell to cell interaction level. During nervous system development cell contact interactions regulate axon growth. Here, we show that one of the cell adhesion molecules involved in controlling axon growth, the Drosophila NCAM ortholog Fasciclin 2, also controls epithelial organ growth and size. Fasciclin 2 is expressed in highly dynamic but moderate levels during cell proliferation in imaginal discs (precursor epithelial organs of the adult epidermis), and at much higher level in pre-differentiating and differentiating cells in imaginal discs. During imaginal disc growth cell interactions mediated by Fasciclin 2 promote Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor function and cell proliferation. In turn, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor activity promotes Fasciclin 2 expression, creating a cell autonomous auto-stimulatory loop that maintains cell proliferation. This function of Fasciclin 2 is reciprocal to its reported function in pre-differentiating and differentiating cells in imaginal discs, where it acts as an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor repressor. Our study suggests that the amount of Fasciclin 2 may determine a threshold to grow or stop growing during epithelial organ development.
Collapse
|
11
|
de Vreede G, Gerlach SU, Bilder D. Epithelial monitoring through ligand-receptor segregation ensures malignant cell elimination. Science 2022; 376:297-301. [PMID: 35420935 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Animals have evolved mechanisms, such as cell competition, to remove dangerous or nonfunctional cells from a tissue. Tumor necrosis factor signaling can eliminate clonal malignancies from Drosophila imaginal epithelia, but why this pathway is activated in tumor cells but not normal tissue is unknown. We show that the ligand that drives elimination is present in basolateral circulation but remains latent because it is spatially segregated from its apically localized receptor. Polarity defects associated with malignant transformation cause receptor mislocalization, allowing ligand binding and subsequent apoptotic signaling. This process occurs irrespective of the neighboring cells' genotype and is thus distinct from cell competition. Related phenomena at epithelial wound sites are required for efficient repair. This mechanism of polarized compartmentalization of ligand and receptor can generally monitor epithelial integrity to promote tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geert de Vreede
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephan U Gerlach
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mori Y, Shiratsuchi N, Sato N, Chaya A, Tanimura N, Ishikawa S, Kato M, Kameda I, Kon S, Haraoka Y, Ishitani T, Fujita Y. Extracellular ATP facilitates cell extrusion from epithelial layers mediated by cell competition or apoptosis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2144-2159.e5. [PMID: 35417667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis, various aberrant or dysfunctional cells are actively eliminated from epithelial layers. This cell extrusion process mainly falls into two modes: cell-competition-mediated extrusion and apoptotic extrusion. However, it is not clearly understood whether and how these processes are governed by common molecular mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrate that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are elevated within a wide range of epithelial layers around extruding transformed or apoptotic cells. The downregulation of ROS suppresses the extrusion process. Furthermore, ATP is extracellularly secreted from extruding cells, which promotes the ROS level and cell extrusion. Moreover, the extracellular ATP and ROS pathways positively regulate the polarized movements of surrounding cells toward extruding cells in both cell-competition-mediated and apoptotic extrusion. Hence, extracellular ATP acts as an "extrude me" signal and plays a prevalent role in cell extrusion, thereby sustaining epithelial homeostasis and preventing pathological conditions or disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Naoka Shiratsuchi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nanami Sato
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Azusa Chaya
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanimura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Mugihiko Kato
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Ikumi Kameda
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kon
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yukinari Haraoka
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kamasaki T, Uehara R, Fujita Y. Ultrastructural Characteristics of Finger-Like Membrane Protrusions in Cell Competition. Microscopy (Oxf) 2022; 71:195-205. [PMID: 35394538 PMCID: PMC9340795 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A small number of oncogenic mutated cells sporadically arise within the epithelial monolayer. Newly emerging Ras- or Src-transformed epithelial cells are often apically eliminated during competitive interactions between normal and transformed cells. Our recent electron microscopy (EM) analyses revealed that characteristic finger-like membrane protrusions are formed at the interface between normal and RasV12-transformed cells via the cdc42–formin-binding protein 17 (FBP17) pathway, potentially playing a positive role in intercellular recognition during apical extrusion. However, the spatial distribution and ultrastructural characteristics of finger-like protrusions remain unknown. In this study, we performed both X–Y and X–Z EM analyses of finger-like protrusions during the apical extrusion of RasV12-transformed cells. Quantification of the distribution and widths of the protrusions showed comparable results between the X–Y and X–Z sections. Finger-like protrusions were observed throughout the cell boundary between normal and RasV12 cells, except for apicalmost tight junctions. In addition, a non-cell-autonomous reduction in protrusion widths was observed between RasV12 cells and surrounding normal cells under the mix culture condition. In the finger-like protrusions, intercellular adhesions via thin electron-dense plaques were observed, implying that immature and transient forms of desmosomes, adherens junctions or unknown weak adhesions were distributed. Interestingly, unlike RasV12-transformed cells, Src-transformed cells form fewer evident protrusions, and FBP17 in Src cells is dispensable for apical extrusion. Collectively, these results suggest that the dynamic reorganization of intercellular adhesions via finger-like protrusions may positively control cell competition between normal and RasV12-transformed cells. Furthermore, our data indicate a cell context–dependent diversity in the modes of apical extrusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kamasaki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ryota Uehara
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Neto JLS, de Carli RF, Lehmann M, de Souza CT, Niekraszewicz LAB, Dias JF, da Silva FR, da Silva J, Dihl RR. In vivo and in silico approaches to assess surface water genotoxicity from Tocantins River, in the cities of Porto Nacional and Palmas, Brazil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2022; 40:27-45. [PMID: 35895928 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2021.2014278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main environmental problem in urban areas, especially in Brazil, is the discharge of untreated sewage. The in vivo Drosophila melanogaster Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) was used to assess the genotoxicity of surface waters from three different sites in the Tocantins River, Brazil. The in silico approach was used to search for known and predicted interactions between environmental chemicals found in our samples and Drosophila and human proteins. The genotoxicity tests were performed in standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses with samples collected at two periods, the rainy and dry seasons. Mutant spot frequencies found in treatments with unprocessed water from the test sites were compared with the frequencies observed in negative controls. The collection points were represented as sites A, B and C along Tocantins River. Sites A and B are located in Porto Nacional City, whereas site C is located in Palmas City. Considering the rainy season collection, positive responses in the ST cross were observed for sites A and C (89.47% and 85% of recombination, respectively) and in the HB cross for sites A, B and C (88.24%, 84.21% and 82.35% of recombination, respectively). The positive results in the dry season were restricted to sites A and B (88.89% and 85.71% of recombination, respectively) in the HB cross. In accordance with in vivo and in silico results, we hypothesize that ribosomal proteins (RPs) in fruit fly and humans are depleted in cells exposed to heavy metal causing DNA damage and chromosome instability, increasing homologous recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Lopes Soares Neto
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity (TOXIGEN), Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Raíne Fogliati de Carli
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity (TOXIGEN), Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Lehmann
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity (TOXIGEN), Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Telles de Souza
- Ion Implantation Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Johnny Ferraz Dias
- Ion Implantation Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rabaioli da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity (TOXIGEN), Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
- Ion Implantation Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- UniLaSalle, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity (TOXIGEN), Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
- UniLaSalle, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Dihl
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity (TOXIGEN), Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tumorigenesis and cell competition in Drosophila in the absence of polyhomeotic function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110062118. [PMID: 34702735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110062118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a homeostatic process that eliminates by apoptosis unfit or undesirable cells from animal tissues, including tumor cells that appear during the life of the organism. In Drosophila there is evidence that many types of oncogenic cells are eliminated by cell competition. One exception is cells mutant for polyhomeotic (ph), a member of the Polycomb family of genes; most of the isolated mutant ph clones survive and develop tumorous overgrowths in imaginal discs. To characterize the tumorigenic effect of the lack of ph, we first studied the growth of different regions of the wing disc deficient in ph activity and found that the effect is restricted to the proximal appendage. Moreover, we found that ph-deficient tissue is partially refractory to apoptosis. Second, we analyzed the behavior of clones lacking ph function and found that many suffer cell competition but are not completely eliminated. Unexpectedly, we found that nonmutant cells also undergo cell competition when surrounded by ph-deficient cells, indicating that within the same tissue cell competition may operate in opposite directions. We suggest two reasons for the incompleteness of cell competition in ph mutant cells: 1) These cells are partially refractory to apoptosis, and 2) the loss of ph function alters the identity of imaginal cells and subsequently their cell affinities. It compromises the winner/loser interaction, a prerequisite for cell competition.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kamasaki T, Miyazaki Y, Ishikawa S, Hoshiba K, Kuromiya K, Tanimura N, Mori Y, Tsutsumi M, Nemoto T, Uehara R, Suetsugu S, Itoh T, Fujita Y. FBP17-mediated finger-like membrane protrusions in cell competition between normal and RasV12-transformed cells. iScience 2021; 24:102994. [PMID: 34485872 PMCID: PMC8405961 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
At the initial stage of carcinogenesis, cell competition often occurs between newly emerging transformed cells and the neighboring normal cells, leading to the elimination of transformed cells from the epithelial layer. For instance, when RasV12-transformed cells are surrounded by normal cells, RasV12 cells are apically extruded from the epithelium. However, the underlying mechanisms of this tumor-suppressive process still remain enigmatic. We first show by electron microscopic analysis that characteristic finger-like membrane protrusions are projected from both normal and RasV12 cells at their interface. In addition, FBP17, a member of the F-BAR proteins, accumulates in RasV12 cells, as well as surrounding normal cells, which plays a positive role in the formation of finger-like protrusions and apical elimination of RasV12 cells. Furthermore, cdc42 acts upstream of these processes. These results suggest that the cdc42/FBP17 pathway is a crucial trigger of cell competition, inducing “protrusion to protrusion response” between normal and RasV12-transformed cells. EM analysis shows finger-like membrane protrusions between normal and RasV12 cells Cdc42/FBP17 regulate the formation of the finger-like membrane protrusions Cdc42/FBP17-mediated finger-like protrusions promote elimination of RasV12 cells ‘Protrusion to protrusion response’ triggers cell competition
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kamasaki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yumi Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hoshiba
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuromiya
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanimura
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mori
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Motosuke Tsutsumi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) & National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nemoto
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) & National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryota Uehara
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Toshiki Itoh
- Division of Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.,Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hounsell C, Fan Y. The Duality of Caspases in Cancer, as Told through the Fly. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8927. [PMID: 34445633 PMCID: PMC8396359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteine-aspartic proteases, have an established role as critical components in the activation and initiation of apoptosis. Alongside this a variety of non-apoptotic caspase functions in proliferation, differentiation, cellular plasticity and cell migration have been reported. The activity level and context are important factors in determining caspase function. As a consequence of their critical role in apoptosis and beyond, caspases are uniquely situated to have pathological roles, including in cancer. Altered caspase function is a common trait in a variety of cancers, with apoptotic evasion defined as a "hallmark of cancer". However, the role that caspases play in cancer is much more complex, acting both to prevent and to promote tumourigenesis. This review focuses on the major findings in Drosophila on the dual role of caspases in tumourigenesis. This has major implications for cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with the activation of apoptosis being the end goal. However, such treatments may inadvertently have adverse effects on promoting tumour progression and acerbating the cancer. A comprehensive understanding of the dual role of caspases will aid in the development of successful cancer therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Fan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Morata G. Cell competition: A historical perspective. Dev Biol 2021; 476:33-40. [PMID: 33775694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition is a homeostatic process designed to remove from animal tissues viable cells that are unfit, abnormal or malignant and that may compromise the general fitness or the viability of the organism. Originally discovered in Drosophila in the mid-seventies of last century, there is strong evidence that it also occurs in other metazoans, where cell competition appears to play a similar surveillance role. In this review I summarize the field of cell competition, with special emphasis in the history of the phenomenon within the general frame of Developmental Biology in the second half of the XX century, pointing out the key observations and the evolution of ideas that have led to the current understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Morata
- Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marques-Reis M, Moreno E. Role of cell competition in ageing. Dev Biol 2021; 476:79-87. [PMID: 33753080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in rapid medical detection and diagnostic technology have extended both human health and life expectancy. However, ageing remains one of the critical risk factors in contributing to major incapacitating and fatal conditions, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is vital to study how ageing attributes to (or participates in) endangering human health via infliction of age-related diseases and what must be done to tackle this intractable process. This review encompasses the most recent literature elaborating the role of cell competition (CC) during ageing. CC is a process that occurs between two heterogeneous populations, where the cells with higher fitness levels have a competitive advantage over the neighbouring cells that have comparatively lower fitness levels. This interaction results in the selection of the fit cells, within a population, and elimination of the viable yet suboptimal cells. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that, if this quality control mechanism works efficiently throughout life, can it ultimately lead to a healthier ageing and extended lifespan. Furthermore, the review aims to collate all the important state of the art publications that provides evidence of the relevance of CC in dietary restriction, stem cell dynamics, and cell senescence, thus, prompting us to advocate its contribution and in exploring new avenues and opportunities in fighting age-related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Marques-Reis
- Cell Fitness Laboratory, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Moreno
- Cell Fitness Laboratory, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ding XB, Jin J, Tao YT, Guo WP, Ruan L, Yang QL, Chen PC, Yao H, Zhang HB, Chen X. Predicted Drosophila Interactome Resource and web tool for functional interpretation of differentially expressed genes. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2021; 2020:5756140. [PMID: 32103267 DOI: 10.1093/database/baaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a well-established model organism that is widely used in genetic studies. This species enjoys the availability of a wide range of research tools, well-annotated reference databases and highly similar gene circuitry to other insects. To facilitate molecular mechanism studies in Drosophila, we present the Predicted Drosophila Interactome Resource (PDIR), a database of high-quality predicted functional gene interactions. These interactions were inferred from evidence in 10 public databases providing information for functional gene interactions from diverse perspectives. The current version of PDIR includes 102 835 putative functional associations with balanced sensitivity and specificity, which are expected to cover 22.56% of all Drosophila protein interactions. This set of functional interactions is a good reference for hypothesis formulation in molecular mechanism studies. At the same time, these interactions also serve as a high-quality reference interactome for gene set linkage analysis (GSLA), which is a web tool for the interpretation of the potential functional impacts of a set of changed genes observed in transcriptomics analyses. In a case study, we show that the PDIR/GSLA system was able to produce a more comprehensive and concise interpretation of the collective functional impact of multiple simultaneously changed genes compared with the widely used gene set annotation tools, including PANTHER and David. PDIR and its associated GSLA service can be accessed at http://drosophila.biomedtzc.cn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bao Ding
- Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yu-Tian Tao
- Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wen-Ping Guo
- Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Li Ruan
- Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Qiao-Lei Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the First Affiliated Hospital Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhantang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the First Affiliated Hospital Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhantang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Heng Yao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the First Affiliated Hospital Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhantang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the First Affiliated Hospital Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhantang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhantang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brown J, Bush I, Bozon J, Su TT. Cells with loss-of-heterozygosity after exposure to ionizing radiation in Drosophila are culled by p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009056. [PMID: 33075096 PMCID: PMC7595702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) typically refers to a phenomenon in which diploid cells that are heterozygous for a mutant allele lose their wild type allele through mutations. LOH is implicated in oncogenesis when it affects the remaining wild type copy of a tumor suppressor. Drosophila has been a useful model to identify genes that regulate the incidence of LOH, but most of these studies use adult phenotypic markers such as multiple wing hair (mwh). Here, we describe a cell-autonomous fluorescence-based system that relies on the QF/QS transcriptional module to detect LOH, which may be used in larval, pupal and adult stages and in conjunction with the GAL4/UAS system. Using the QF/QS system, we were able to detect the induction of cells with LOH by X-rays in a dose-dependent manner in the larval wing discs, and to monitor their fate through subsequent development in pupa and adult stages. We tested the genetic requirement for changes in LOH, using both classical mutants and GAL4/UAS-mediated RNAi. Our results identify two distinct culling phases that eliminate cells with LOH, one in late larval stages and another in the pupa. The two culling phases are genetically separable, showing differential requirement for pro-apoptotic genes of the H99 locus and transcription factor Srp. A direct comparison of mwh LOH and QF/QS LOH suggests that cells with different LOH events are distinguished from each other in a p53-dependent manner and are retained to different degrees in the final adult structure. These studies reveal previously unknown mechanisms for the elimination of cells with chromosome aberrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Brown
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, 347 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Inle Bush
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, 347 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Justine Bozon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, 347 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, 347 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hamaratoglu F, Atkins M. Rounding up the Usual Suspects: Assessing Yorkie, AP-1, and Stat Coactivation in Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4580. [PMID: 32605129 PMCID: PMC7370090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Can hyperactivation of a few key signaling effectors be the underlying reason for the majority of epithelial cancers despite different driver mutations? Here, to address this question, we use the Drosophila model, which allows analysis of gene expression from tumors with known initiating mutations. Furthermore, its simplified signaling pathways have numerous well characterized targets we can use as pathway readouts. In Drosophila tumor models, changes in the activities of three pathways, Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), Janus Kinase / Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT), and Hippo, mediated by AP-1 factors, Stat92E, and Yorkie, are reported frequently. We hypothesized this may indicate that these three pathways are commonly deregulated in tumors. To assess this, we mined the available transcriptomic data and evaluated the activity levels of eight pathways in various tumor models. Indeed, at least two out of our three suspects contribute to tumor development in all Drosophila cancer models assessed, despite different initiating mutations or tissues of origin. Surprisingly, we found that Notch signaling is also globally activated in all models examined. We propose that these four pathways, JNK, JAK/STAT, Hippo, and Notch, are paid special attention and assayed for systematically in existing and newly developed models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mardelle Atkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sato N, Yako Y, Maruyama T, Ishikawa S, Kuromiya K, Tokuoka SM, Kita Y, Fujita Y. The COX-2/PGE 2 pathway suppresses apical elimination of RasV12-transformed cells from epithelia. Commun Biol 2020; 3:132. [PMID: 32188886 PMCID: PMC7080752 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
At the initial stage of carcinogenesis, when RasV12-transformed cells are surrounded by normal epithelial cells, RasV12 cells are apically extruded from epithelia through cell competition with the surrounding normal cells. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is upregulated in normal cells surrounding RasV12-transformed cells. Addition of COX inhibitor or COX-2-knockout promotes apical extrusion of RasV12 cells. Furthermore, production of Prostaglandin (PG) E2, a downstream prostanoid of COX-2, is elevated in normal cells surrounding RasV12 cells, and addition of PGE2 suppresses apical extrusion of RasV12 cells. In a cell competition mouse model, expression of COX-2 is elevated in pancreatic epithelia harbouring RasV12-exressing cells, and the COX inhibitor ibuprofen promotes apical extrusion of RasV12 cells. Moreover, caerulein-induced chronic inflammation substantially suppresses apical elimination of RasV12 cells. These results indicate that intrinsically or extrinsically mediated inflammation can promote tumour initiation by diminishing cell competition between normal and transformed cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Sato
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yuta Yako
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maruyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuromiya
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Laconi E, Marongiu F, DeGregori J. Cancer as a disease of old age: changing mutational and microenvironmental landscapes. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:943-952. [PMID: 32042067 PMCID: PMC7109142 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Why do we get cancer mostly when we are old? According to current paradigms, the answer is simple: mutations accumulate in our tissues throughout life, and some of these mutations contribute to cancers. Although mutations are necessary for cancer development, a number of studies shed light on roles for ageing and exposure-dependent changes in tissue landscapes that determine the impact of oncogenic mutations on cellular fitness, placing carcinogenesis into an evolutionary framework. Natural selection has invested in somatic maintenance to maximise reproductive success. Tissue maintenance not only ensures functional robustness but also prevents the occurrence of cancer through periods of likely reproduction by limiting selection for oncogenic events in our cells. Indeed, studies in organisms ranging from flies to humans are revealing conserved mechanisms to eliminate damaged or oncogenically initiated cells from tissues. Reports of the existence of striking numbers of oncogenically initiated clones in normal tissues and of how this clonal architecture changes with age or external exposure to noxious substances provide critical insight into the early stages of cancer development. A major challenge for cancer biology will be the integration of these studies with epidemiology data into an evolutionary theory of carcinogenesis, which could have a large impact on addressing cancer risk and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pathology, University of Cagliari School of Medicine, 09126, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pathology, University of Cagliari School of Medicine, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Integrated Department of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine (Section of Hematology), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ishihara E, Nagaoka Y, Okuno T, Kofuji S, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Kagechika H, Kamimura K, Terai S, Yokomizo T, Sugimoto Y, Fujita Y, Suzuki A, Nishina H. Prostaglandin E 2 and its receptor EP2 trigger signaling that contributes to YAP-mediated cell competition. Genes Cells 2020; 25:197-214. [PMID: 31989743 PMCID: PMC7078805 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition is a biological process by which unfit cells are eliminated from “cell society.” We previously showed that cultured mammalian epithelial Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing constitutively active YAP were eliminated by apical extrusion when surrounded by “normal” MDCK cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the elimination of active YAP‐expressing cells was unknown. Here, we used high‐throughput chemical compound screening to identify cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) as a key molecule triggering cell competition. Our work shows that COX‐2‐mediated PGE2 secretion engages its receptor EP2 on abnormal and nearby normal cells. This engagement of EP2 triggers downstream signaling via an adenylyl cyclase‐cyclic AMP‐PKA pathway that, in the presence of active YAP, induces E‐cadherin internalization leading to apical extrusion. Thus, COX‐2‐induced PGE2 appears a warning signal to both abnormal and surrounding normal cells to drive cell competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ishihara
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Nagaoka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kofuji
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ishigami-Yuasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|