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Xu Z, Xu L, Liu J, Chen D, Cui H, Xue L, Li C. High Diversity of Epicoccum Species Associated with Leaf Spot on Italian Ryegrass in Southwestern China: Six New Records and Three New Species. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS06231044RE. [PMID: 37953231 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1044-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Italian ryegrass is widely cultivated for the production of forage, hay, and silage because of its high nutritional value and good palatability. Leaf spots caused by fungi pose a serious threat to forage crops. In order to expand the knowledge of fungi causing leaf spots in ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, and Guizhou of southwestern China, a comprehensive survey was undertaken from 2015 to 2022. The survey discovered that Epicoccum leaf spot (ELS) was a common and widespread disease, more serious at the late stage of growth (after late May). Symptomatic leaf samples collected from the four different provinces were analyzed, and a total of 202 Epicoccum isolates were obtained. Based on both multilocus phylogeny (ITS, LSU, TUB2, and RPB2) and morphology, 10 Epicoccum species were finally identified, including three novel species (E. endololii sp. nov., E. lolii sp. nov., and E. loliicola sp. nov.), six new host records (E. draconis, E. endophyticum, E. oryzae, E. plurivorum, E. thailandicum, and E. tobaicum), and an unknown species (Epicoccum sp.1). Pathogenicity tests showed that E. endophyticum, E. endololii, and Epicoccum sp.1 were nonpathogenic to Italian ryegrass, which were confirmed as endophytes in this study; the other six species could infect Italian ryegrass and cause leaf lesions to different degrees, of which E. draconis was more aggressive (P ≤ 0.05). Coupled with the isolation rates and geographical distributions of these species, it was found that E. plurivorum was the predominant pathogen in Yunnan while E. oryzae and E. tobaicum were the predominant pathogens in the other three provinces. This work provides an initial understanding of the taxonomy, virulence, and distribution of Epicoccum species associated with ELS in southwestern China and lays a solid foundation for the diagnosis in the field and scientific control of ELS on Italian ryegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
- Grassland Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Dongying Chen
- Chongqing Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Station, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Huawei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Longhai Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
- Grassland Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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Phookamsak R, Hongsanan S, Bhat DJ, Wanasinghe DN, Promputtha I, Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Xie N, Dawoud TM, Mortimer PE, Xu J, Lumyong S. Exploring ascomycete diversity in Yunnan II: Introducing three novel species in the suborder Massarineae (Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales) from fern and grasses. MycoKeys 2024; 104:9-50. [PMID: 38665970 PMCID: PMC11040200 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.104.112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of an ongoing inventory of Ascomycota in Yunnan, China, carried out as part of the research project series "Exploring ascomycete diversity in Yunnan". From over 100 samples collected from diverse host substrates, microfungi have been isolated, identified and are currently being documented. The primary objective of this research is to promote the discovery of novel taxa and explore the ascomycete diversity in the region, utilising a morphology-phylogeny approach. This article represents the second series of species descriptions for the project and introduces three undocumented species found in the families Bambusicolaceae, Dictyosporiaceae and Periconiaceae, belonging to the suborder Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). These novel taxa exhibit typical morphological characteristics of Bambusicola, Periconia and Trichobotrys, leading to their designation as Bambusicolahongheensis, Periconiakunmingensis and Trichobotryssinensis. Comprehensive multigene phylogenetic analyses were conducted to validate the novelty of these species. The results revealed well-defined clades that are clearly distinct from other related species, providing robust support for their placement within their respective families. Notably, this study unveils the phylogenetic affinity of Trichobotrys within Dictyosporiaceae for the first time. Additionally, the synanamorphism for the genus Trichobotrys is also reported for the first time. Detailed descriptions, illustrations and updated phylogenies of the novel species are provided, and thus presenting a valuable resource for researchers and mycologists interested in the diversity of ascomycetes in Yunnan. By enhancing our understanding of the Ascomycota diversity in this region, this research contributes to the broader field of fungal taxonomy and their phylogenetic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungtiwa Phookamsak
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan Province, China
- Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe, 654400, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Sinang Hongsanan
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Darbhe Jayarama Bhat
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Vishnugupta Vishwavidyapeetam, Ashoke, Gokarna 581326, India
| | - Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan Province, China
- Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe, 654400, Yunnan Province, China
- CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, Yunnan Province, China
- Center for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ning Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Turki M. Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan Province, China
- Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe, 654400, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan Province, China
- Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe, 654400, Yunnan Province, China
- CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Zhao L, Sun W, Zhang L, Yin Y, Xie Y, Zhang Y. Heart Rot Disease of Walnut Caused by Nothophoma juglandis sp. nov. and Its Endophytic Biocontrol Agent. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:746-756. [PMID: 37787687 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2660-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
English walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an economically important hardwood tree species cultivated worldwide. Walnut heart rot disease leading to heartwood decay of trees has been frequently observed in a number of plantations in China. To identify the causal agent, 29 diseased stem samples were collected from walnut plantations in Beijing, and 54 fungal isolates were obtained. Koch's postulates were developed, and the results showed that Nothophoma juglandis, a species new to science, was the causal agent of walnut heart rot disease. Granulobasidium vellereum, a notable biocontrol agent, was coisolated with N. juglandis. An antagonistic assay on dual culture and walnut stems (both in the field and detached branches) proved that G. vellereum acted as a potential biocontrol agent against N. juglandis, as it could significantly inhibit the expansion of N. juglandis. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth and pathogenicity of N. juglandis was 26.6 and 27.0°C, respectively, which frequently occur in the summer of the walnut-growing regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqi Yin
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Xie
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Coffman L, Mejia HD, Alicea Y, Mustafa R, Ahmad W, Crawford K, Khan AL. Microbiome structure variation and soybean's defense responses during flooding stress and elevated CO 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1295674. [PMID: 38389716 PMCID: PMC10882081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1295674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Introduction With current trends in global climate change, both flooding episodes and higher levels of CO2 have been key factors to impact plant growth and stress tolerance. Very little is known about how both factors can influence the microbiome diversity and function, especially in tolerant soybean cultivars. This work aims to (i) elucidate the impact of flooding stress and increased levels of CO2 on the plant defenses and (ii) understand the microbiome diversity during flooding stress and elevated CO2 (eCO2). Methods We used next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic methods to show the impact of natural flooding and eCO2 on the microbiome architecture of soybean plants' below- (soil) and above-ground organs (root and shoot). We used high throughput rhizospheric extra-cellular enzymes and molecular analysis of plant defense-related genes to understand microbial diversity in plant responses during eCO2 and flooding. Results Results revealed that bacterial and fungal diversity was substantially higher in combined flooding and eCO2 treatments than in non-flooding control. Microbial diversity was soil>root>shoot in response to flooding and eCO2. We found that sole treatment of eCO2 and flooding had significant abundances of Chitinophaga, Clostridium, and Bacillus. Whereas the combination of flooding and eCO2 conditions showed a significant abundance of Trichoderma and Gibberella. Rhizospheric extra-cellular enzyme activities were significantly higher in eCO2 than flooding or its combination with eCO2. Plant defense responses were significantly regulated by the oxidative stress enzyme activities and gene expression of Elongation factor 1 and Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 in floodings and eCO2 treatments in soybean plant root or shoot parts. Conclusion This work suggests that climatic-induced changes in eCO2 and submergence can reshape microbiome structure and host defenses, essential in plant breeding and developing stress-tolerant crops. This work can help in identifying core-microbiome species that are unique to flooding stress environments and increasing eCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn Coffman
- Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, United States
| | - Hector D Mejia
- Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, United States
| | - Yelinska Alicea
- Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, United States
| | - Raneem Mustafa
- Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, United States
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, United States
| | - Kerri Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Luo X, Hu Y, Xia J, Zhang K, Ma L, Xu Z, Ma J. Morphological and Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Three New Species of Didymella ( Didymellaceae, Pleosporales) from Jiangxi, China. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:75. [PMID: 38248984 PMCID: PMC10821193 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Didymella contains numerous plant pathogenic and saprobic species associated with a wide range of hosts. Over the course of our mycological surveys of plant pathogens from terrestrial plants in Jiangxi Province, China, eight strains isolated from diseased leaves of four host genera represented three new species of Didymella, D. bischofiae sp. nov., D. clerodendri sp. nov., and D. pittospori sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU, RPB2, and TUB2 sequence data, using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI), revealed their taxonomic placement within Didymella. Both morphological examinations and molecular phylogenetic analyses supported D. bischofiae, D. clerodendri, and D. pittospori as three new taxa within Didymella. Illustrations and descriptions of these three taxa were provided, along with comparisons with closely related taxa in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Luo
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.L.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yafen Hu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.L.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Jiwen Xia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Forestry Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Liguo Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Zhaohuan Xu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.L.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Jian Ma
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.L.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.)
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Lee GB, Kim KD, Cho WD, Kim WG. Didymella gigantis sp. nov. Causing Leaf Spot in Korean Angelica. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:393-400. [PMID: 38179122 PMCID: PMC10763909 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2289259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
During a disease survey in October 2019, leaf spot symptoms with a yellow halo were observed on Korean angelica (Anglica gigas) plants grown in fields in Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province, Korea. Incidence of diseased leaves of the plants in the investigated fields ranged from 10% to 60%. Morphological and cultural characteristics of two single-spore isolates from the leaf lesions indicated that they belonged to the genus Didymella. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using combined sequences of LSU, ITS, TUB2, and RPB2 regions showed distinct clustering of the isolates from other Didymella species. In addition, the morphological and cultural characteristics of the isolates were somewhat different from those of closely related Didymella spp. Therefore, the novelty of the isolates was proved based on the investigations. Pathogenicity of the novel Didymella species isolates was confirmed on leaves of Korean angelica plants via artificial inoculation. This study reveals that Didymella gigantis sp. nov. causes leaf spot in Korean angelica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyo-Bin Lee
- Global Agro-Consulting Corporation, Suwon, Korea
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Deok Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Weon-Dae Cho
- Global Agro-Consulting Corporation, Suwon, Korea
| | - Wan-Gyu Kim
- Global Agro-Consulting Corporation, Suwon, Korea
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Cheng J, Luo T, Wu M, Yang L, Chen W, Li G, Zhang J. The Identity, Virulence, and Antifungal Effects of the Didymellacesous Fungi Associated with the Rapeseed Blackleg Pathogen Leptosphaeria biglobosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1167. [PMID: 38132768 PMCID: PMC10744798 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight fungal strains (P1 to P8) were isolated from rapeseed stems (Brassica napus) infected with the blackleg pathogen Leptosphaeria biglobosa (Lb). They formed pycnidia with similar morphology to those of Lb, and thus were considered as Lb relatives (LbRs). The species-level identification of these strains was performed. Their virulence on rapeseed and efficacy in the suppression of Lb infection were determined, and the biocontrol potential and biocontrol mechanisms of strain P2 were investigated. The results showed that the LbRs belong to two teleomorphic genera in the family Didymellaceae, Didymella for P1 to P7 and Boeremia for P8. Pathogenicity tests on rapeseed cotyledons and stems indicated the LbRs were weakly virulent compared to L. biglobosa. Co-inoculation assays on rapeseed cotyledons demonstrated that P1 to P7 (especially P1 to P4) had a suppressive effect on Lb infection, whereas P8 had a marginal effect on infection by L. biglobosa. Moreover, D. macrostoma P2 displayed a more aggressive behavior than L. biglobosa in the endophytic colonization of healthy rapeseed cotyledons. Cultures of P2 in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and pycnidiospore mucilages exuded from P2 pycnidia showed antifungal activity to L. biglobosa. Further leaf assays revealed that antifungal metabolites (AM) of strain P2 from PDB cultures effectively suppressed infection by L. biglobosa, Botrytis cinerea (gray mold), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (white mold). An antifungal metabolite, namely penicillither, was purified and identified from PDB cultures and detected in pycnidiospore mucilages of strain P2. This study suggests that the LbRs are a repertoire for screening biocontrol agents (BCAs) against rapeseed diseases, and D. macrostoma P2 is a multi-functional BCA, a penicillither producer, and an endophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.C.); (T.L.); (M.W.); (L.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Tao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.C.); (T.L.); (M.W.); (L.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Mingde Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.C.); (T.L.); (M.W.); (L.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.C.); (T.L.); (M.W.); (L.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Weidong Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.C.); (T.L.); (M.W.); (L.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.C.); (T.L.); (M.W.); (L.Y.); (G.L.)
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Paap T, Marincowitz S, Pham N, Roets F, Roets F, Basson R, Wingfield B, Oberlander K, Wingfield M. A novel species of Microsphaeropsis causing cankers on Rafnia amplexicaulis in South Africa. Fungal Syst Evol 2023; 12:73-80. [PMID: 38533480 PMCID: PMC10964399 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2023.12.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cankers leading to branch, stem and plant death were observed on the South African endemic Rafnia amplexicaulis (Fabaceae) in the Cederberg Wilderness Area, South Africa, during September 2021. Conidiomatal pycnidia were found developing on the cankers, and isolations consistently yielded a Microsphaeropsis species. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the nuclear large subunit (LSU) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) regions showed that the fungus represented an undescribed species. Based on the multigene phylogeny and morphological characteristics, we describe the species here as M. rafniae sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests and the fulfilment of Koch's postulates confirmed that M. rafniae sp. nov. is the cause of the cankers of R. amplexicaulis. Presently, this disease is known from a single location in South Africa, and further surveys are required to determine its distribution and relative importance. Citation: Paap T, Marincowitz S, Pham NQ, Roets F, Basson RJ, Wingfield BD, Oberlander K, Wingfield MJ (2023). A novel species of Microsphaeropsis causing cankers on Rafnia amplexicaulis in South Africa. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 12: 73-80. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2023.12.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Paap
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - S. Marincowitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - N.Q. Pham
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - F. Roets
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - F. Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - R.J. Basson
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - B.D. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - K. Oberlander
- H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Lee GB, Kim KD, Cho WD, Kim WG. Didymella acutilobae sp. nov. Causing Leaf Spot and Stem Rot in Angelica acutiloba. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:313-319. [PMID: 37929002 PMCID: PMC10621254 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2254052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
During disease surveys of Angelica acutiloba plants in Korea, leaf spot symptoms were observed in a field in Andong in July 2019, and stem rot symptoms in vinyl greenhouses in Yangpyeong in April 2020. Incidence of leaf spot and stem rot of the plants ranged from 10 to 20% and 5 to 30%, respectively. Morphological and cultural characteristics of fungal isolates from the leaf spot and stem rot symptoms fitted into those of the genus Phoma. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of two single-spore isolates from the symptoms using concatenated sequences of LSU, ITS, TUB2, and RPB2 genes authenticated an independent cluster from other Didymella (anamorph: Phoma) species. Moreover, the isolates showed different morphological and cultural characteristics in comparison to closely related Didymella species. These discoveries confirmed the novelty of the isolates. Pathogenicity of the novel Didymella species isolates was substantiated on leaves and stems of A. acutiloba through artificial inoculation. Thus, this study reveals that Didymella acutilobae sp. nov. causes leaf spot and stem rot in Angelica acutiloba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyo-Bin Lee
- Global Agro-Consulting Corporation, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ki Deok Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Weon-Dae Cho
- Global Agro-Consulting Corporation, Suwon, Korea
| | - Wan-Gyu Kim
- Global Agro-Consulting Corporation, Suwon, Korea
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10
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Huang H, Huang H, Xia Z, Yang Y, Jiang X, Huang C, Yang Y, Wang D, Chen Z. Sequencing, Functional Annotation, and Interaction Prediction of mRNAs and Candidate Long Noncoding RNAs Originating from Tea Leaves During Infection by the Fungal Pathogen Causing Tea Leaf Spot, Didymella bellidis. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2830-2834. [PMID: 37707825 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1240-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea leaf spot caused by Didymella bellidis can seriously reduce the productivity and quality of tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) leaves in Guizhou Province, southwest China. Analysis of the relationship between messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) of tea could provide insights into the plant-pathogen interaction. In this study, high-throughput sequencing of mRNAs and lncRNAs from tea leaves during infection by D. bellidis was conducted using the Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform. Infection by D. bellidis hyphae resulted in up- or downregulation of 553 and 191 of the differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), respectively. As the S gene number (total number of genes with significantly differential expression annotated in the specified Gene Ontology [GO] database), three were enriched with respect to the defense response to the fungus at the biological process level. Expression of the DEmRNAs peroxidase 21 (TEA000222.1) and mcht-2 (TEA013240.1) originating from tea leaves were upregulated during challenge by D. bellidis hyphae, whereas expression of the LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERECTA (TEA016781.1) gene was downregulated. The infection of D. bellidis hyphae resulted in up- or downregulation of 227 and 958 of the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs). The DEmRNAs associated with uncharacterized LOC101499401 (TEA015626.1), uncharacterized protein (TEA014125.1), structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1 (TEA001660.1), and uncharacterized protein (TEA017727.1) occurred as a result of cis regulation by DElncRNAs MSTRG.20036, MSTRG.3843, MSTRG.26132, and MSTRG.56701, respectively. The expression profiling and lncRNA/mRNA association prediction in the tea leaves infected by D. bellidis will provide a valuable resource for further research into disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Hongke Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Zhongqiu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yuqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yuanyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Delu Wang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
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11
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Nemchinov LG, Irish BM, Uschapovsky IV, Grinstead S, Shao J, Postnikova OA. Composition of the alfalfa pathobiome in commercial fields. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1225781. [PMID: 37692394 PMCID: PMC10491455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1225781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the recent advances of modern high-throughput sequencing technologies, the "one microbe, one disease" dogma is being gradually replaced with the principle of the "pathobiome". Pathobiome is a comprehensive biotic environment that not only includes a diverse community of all disease-causing organisms within the plant but also defines their mutual interactions and resultant effect on plant health. To date, the concept of pathobiome as a major component in plant health and sustainable production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the most extensively cultivated forage legume in the world, is non-existent. Here, we approached this subject by characterizing the biodiversity of the alfalfa pathobiome using high-throughput sequencing technology. Our metagenomic study revealed a remarkable abundance of different pathogenic communities associated with alfalfa in the natural ecosystem. Profiling the alfalfa pathobiome is a starting point to assess known and identify new and emerging stress challenges in the context of plant disease management. In addition, it allows us to address the complexity of microbial interactions within the plant host and their impact on the development and evolution of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev G. Nemchinov
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Brian M. Irish
- Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research Unit, Prosser, WA, United States
| | | | - Sam Grinstead
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Shao
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Office of The Area Director, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Olga A. Postnikova
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
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12
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Chen T, Wang S, Jiang X, Huang Y, Mo M, Yu Z. New Species of Didymellaceae within Aquatic Plants from Southwestern China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:761. [PMID: 37504749 PMCID: PMC10381294 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of Didymellaceae have a wide geographical distribution throughout different ecosystems, and most species are associated with fruit, leaf, stem and root diseases of land plants. However, species that occur in aquatic plants are not clearly known. During a survey of the diversity of endophytes in aquatic plants in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou provinces, we obtained 51 isolates belonging to Didymellaceae based on internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequences. Further, the phylogenetic positions of these isolates were determined by combined sequences composed of ITS, partial large subunit nrRNA gene (28S nrDNA; LSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and partial beta-tubulin gene (tub2). Combining morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, two new varieties belong to Boeremia and 12 new species distributed into seven genera were recognized from 51 isolates, i.e., Cumuliphoma, Didymella, Dimorphoma, Ectophoma, Leptosphaerulina, Remotididymella, and Stagonosporopsis. Among these species, only one species of Stagonosporopsis and two species of Leptosphaerulina show teleomorphic stages on OA, but have no anamorphic state. Each new species is described in detail, and the differences between new species and their phylogenetically related species are discussed here. The high frequency of new species indicates that aquatic plants may be a special ecological niche which highly promotes species differentiation. At the same time, the frequent occurrence of new species may indicate the need for extensive investigation of fungal resources in those aquatic environments where fungal diversity may be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xinwei Jiang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Minghe Mo
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Zefen Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
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Chen X, Hao X, Akhberdi O, Zhu X. Genomic and Transcriptomic Survey Provides Insights into Molecular Basis of Pathogenicity of the Sunflower Pathogen Phoma macdonaldii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050520. [PMID: 37233231 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoma macdonaldii (teleomorph Leptosphaeria lindquistii) is the causal agent of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) black stem. In order to investigate the molecular basis for the pathogenicity of P. ormacdonaldii, genomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed. The genome size was 38.24 Mb and assembled into 27 contigs with 11,094 putative predicted genes. These include 1133 genes for CAZymes specific for plant polysaccharide degradation, 2356 for the interaction between the pathogen and host, 2167 for virulence factors, and 37 secondary metabolites gene clusters. RNA-seq analysis was conducted at the early and late stages of the fungal spot formation in infected sunflower tissues. A total of 2506, 3035, and 2660 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CT and each treatment group (LEAF-2d, LEAF-6d, and STEM) were retrieved, respectively. The most significant pathways of DEGs from these diseased sunflower tissues were the metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Overall, 371 up-regulated DEGs were shared among LEAF-2d, LEAF-6d, and STEM, including 82 mapped to DFVF, 63 mapped to PHI-base, 69 annotated as CAZymes, 33 annotated as transporters, 91 annotated as secretory proteins, and a carbon skeleton biosynthetic gene. The most important DEGs were further confirmed by RT-qPCR. This is the first report on the genome-scale assembly and annotation for P. macdonaldii. Our data provide a framework for further revealing the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis of P. macdonaldii, and also suggest the potential targets for the diseases caused by this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Chen
- College of Biological and Geography Sciences, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Xiaoran Hao
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstrating Center, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Oren Akhberdi
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Protection, Development and Utilization, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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14
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Wang F, Liu C, Zeng Q, Zhou Y, Liu F, Xu X, Yang H, Liu Y, Yang C. Identification and pathogenicity analysis of leaf brown spot of Juglans regia in China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6599. [PMID: 37087532 PMCID: PMC10122669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
English walnut (Juglans regia), has high economic and ecological value. As an important tree species for eliminating poverty, it is planted in many Provinces of China. In 2021, new pathogenic fungi were observed in English walnut in Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province, China. The initial symptom of leaf infection is that the leaves are covered with small black spots, which gradually expand into larger brown spots. Most of the spots appeared at the edges of the leaves, and yellow whorls were observed at the junction between the spots and the healthy leaves. The pathogenic fungi were isoalted form collecting disease samples and purified by single-spore culturing. In vitro and field experiments showed that the pathogen could cause brown spots on walnut leaves. The inoculation experiment showed that the symptoms in the field experiment were the same as those observed on the spot; however, slight differences were observed in the in vitro experiment. Ten isolates were obtained from walnut leaves with brown spot symptoms, and these were further characterized based on morphology and DNA sequencing. ITS (internal transcribed spacer), LSU (large sub-unit rDNA), rpb2 (second largest subunit of RNA polymerase) and tub2 (beta-tubulin) gene regions were used to construct phylogenetic trees and determine the evolutionary relationships among the collected strains. The isolate was identified as Nothophoma quercina by morphological and polygene analyses. As far as we are aware, the brown spots on walnut leaves caused by N. quercina is the first report of its kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Wang
- Yangtze River Upper Reaches Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration & Research Institute of Forestry in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Yangtze River Upper Reaches Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration & Research Institute of Forestry in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Yangtze River Upper Reaches Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration & Research Institute of Forestry in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yijie Zhou
- Yangtze River Upper Reaches Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration & Research Institute of Forestry in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Yangtze River Upper Reaches Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration & Research Institute of Forestry in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiulan Xu
- Yangtze River Upper Reaches Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration & Research Institute of Forestry in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Forestry Research Institute, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanbo Yang
- Yangtze River Upper Reaches Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration & Research Institute of Forestry in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinggao Liu
- Yangtze River Upper Reaches Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration & Research Institute of Forestry in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunlin Yang
- Yangtze River Upper Reaches Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration & Research Institute of Forestry in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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15
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Zhang J, Sha H, Chen W, Mao B. Characterization and Control of Dendrobium officinale Bud Blight Disease. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040621. [PMID: 37111507 PMCID: PMC10142839 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale is an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). A disease causing bud blight in D. officinale appeared in 2021 in Yueqing city, Zhejiang Province, China. In this paper, 127 isolates were obtained from 61 plants. The isolates were grouped into 13 groups based on collected areas and morphological observations. Four loci (ITS, LSU, tub2 and rpb2) of 13 representative isolates were sequenced and the isolates were identified by constructing phylogenetic trees with the multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) method. We found the disease to be associated with three strains: Ectophoma multirostrata, Alternaria arborescens and Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis, with isolates frequencies of 71.6%, 21.3% and 7.1%, respectively. All three strains are pathogenic to D. officinale. A. arborescens and S. pogostemonis isolated from D. officinale were reported for the first time. Iprodione (50%), 33.5% oxine-copper and Meitian (containing 75 g/L pydiflumetofen and 125 g/L difenoconazole) were chosen to control the dominant pathogen E. multirostrata, with an EC50 value of 2.10, 1.78 and 0.09 mg/L, respectively. All three fungicides exhibited an effective inhibition of activities to the growth of the dominant pathogen E. multirostrata on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, with Meitian showing the strongest inhibitory effect. We further found that Meitian can effectively control D. officinale bud blight disease in pot trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haodong Sha
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiliang Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bizeng Mao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
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16
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Li S, Wang Z, Gao M, Li T, Cui X, Zu J, Sang S, Fan W, Zhang H. Intraspecific Comparative Analysis Reveals Genomic Variation of Didymella arachidicola and Pathogenicity Factors Potentially Related to Lesion Phenotype. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030476. [PMID: 36979167 PMCID: PMC10045276 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Didymella arachidicola is one of the most important fungal pathogens, causing foliar disease and leading to severe yield losses of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in China. Two main lesion phenotypes of peanut web blotch have been identified as reticulation type (R type) and blotch type (B type). As no satisfactory reference genome is available, the genomic variations and pathogenicity factors of D. arachidicola remain to be revealed. In the present study, we collected 41 D. arachidicola isolates from 26 geographic locations across China (33 for R type and 8 for B type). The chromosome-scale genome of the most virulent isolate (YY187) was assembled as a reference using PacBio and Hi-C technologies. In addition, we re-sequenced 40 isolates from different sampling sites. Genome-wide alignments showed high similarity among the genomic sequences from the 40 isolates, with an average mapping rate of 97.38%. An average of 3242 SNPs and 315 InDels were identified in the genomic variation analysis, which revealed an intraspecific polymorphism in D. arachidicola. The comparative analysis of the most and least virulent isolates generated an integrated gene set containing 512 differential genes. Moreover, 225 genes individually or simultaneously harbored hits in CAZy-base, PHI-base, DFVF, etc. Compared with the R type reference, the differential gene sets from all B type isolates identified 13 shared genes potentially related to lesion phenotype. Our results reveal the intraspecific genomic variation of D. arachidicola isolates and pathogenicity factors potentially related to different lesion phenotypes. This work sets a genomic foundation for understanding the mechanisms behind genomic diversity driving different pathogenic phenotypes of D. arachidicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiaowei Cui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Junhuai Zu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Suling Sang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wanwan Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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17
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Yang AL, Chen L, Cheng L, Li JP, Zeng ZY, Zhang HB. Two Novel Species of Mesophoma gen. nov. from China. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:129. [PMID: 36884095 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
During an investigation of the fungal pathogens associated with the invasive weed Ageratina adenophora from China, some interesting isolates were obtained from healthy leaf, leaf spot, and roots of this weed. Among them, a novel genus Mesophoma, containing two novel species M. speciosa and M. ageratinae, was found. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large nuclear subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU), the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and the partial β-tubulin (tub2) sequences, showed that M. speciosa and M. ageratinae formed a distinct clade far from all genera previously described in the family Didymellaceae. Combined distinctive morphological characters, including smaller and aseptate conidia when comparing with nearby genera Stagonosporopsis, Boeremia, and Heterphoma, allowed us to describe them as novel species belonging to a novel genus Mesophoma. The full descriptions, illustrations, and a phylogenetic tree showing the position of both M. speciosa and M. ageratinae are provided in this paper. Moreover, the potential for two strains belonging to these two species to be developed into a biocontrol for the spread of the invasive weed Ag. adenophora is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, People's Republic of China.,School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, People's Republic of China.,School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, People's Republic of China. .,School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Deng X, Yang J, Wan Y, Han Y, Tong H, Chen Y. Characteristics of Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Didymella Species and the Influence of Infection on Tea Quality. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:516-527. [PMID: 36972529 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-22-0202-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf spots are the most damaging and common foliar diseases of tea and are caused by several species of fungi. During 2018 to 2020, leaf spot diseases showing different symptoms (large and small spots) were observed in commercial tea plantations in Guizhou and Sichuan provinces of China. The pathogen causing the two different sized leaf spots was identified as the same species (Didymella segeticola) based on morphological characteristics, pathogenicity, and multilocus phylogenetic analysis using the combined ITS, TUB, LSU, and RPB2 gene regions. Microbial diversity analysis of lesion tissues from small spots on naturally infected tea leaves further confirmed Didymella to be present as the main pathogen. Results of sensory evaluation and quality-related metabolite analysis of tea shoots infected with the small leaf spot symptom indicated that D. segeticola negatively affected the quality and flavor of tea by changing the composition and content of caffeine, catechins, and amino acids. In addition, the significantly reduced amino acid derivatives in tea are confirmed to be positively associated with the enhanced bitter taste. The results improve our understanding of the pathogenicity of Didymella species and the influence of Didymella on the host plant, Camellia sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Deng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Yuhe Wan
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuxin Han
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huarong Tong
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yingjuan Chen
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Xu X, Guo L, Yang C, Teng H, Shen G, Wang S, Zhao J, Yang X, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhao J, Xiang W. Diversity and Pathogenicity of Fungi Associated with Fruit Rot of Winter Jujube in Shandong Province, China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:794-801. [PMID: 35947009 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1254-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Winter jujube originated from China and had an extremely high nutritional value. In 2021, symptomatic winter jujube fruits were collected from eight locations in Zhanhua District of Binzhou City, Shandong Province. In total, 108 fungal isolates were obtained and grouped into 11 species based on morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, including Nothophoma quercina (43.52%), Fusarium lateritium (20.37%), Alternaria alternata (12.03%), F. proliferatum (7.41%), F. graminearum (4.63%), Botryosphaeria dothidea (3.70%), Fusarium sp. (2.78%), A. tenuissima (2.78%), Diaporthe eres (1.85%), Nigrospora oryzae (0.93%), and Cercospora nicotianae (0.93%). All fungal isolates obtained in this study showed aggressiveness on detached winter jujube fruits except N. oryzae and C. nicotianae isolates, of which F. proliferatum was the most virulent, while A. alternata isolates, which have been considered the major pathogen of winter jujube fruit rot, showed a relatively low-level virulence in this study. Furthermore, D. eres, F. graminearum, F. lateritium, and an unclassified Fusarium species were first reported as causal agents of winter jujube fruit rot. The typical symptoms of winter jujube fruit rot observed in this study could be distinguished into two types. N. quercina, A. alternata, A. tenuissima, Fusarium sp., D. nobilis, and F. lateritium isolates caused reddish brown to dark gray lesions on the peel, while B. dothidea, F. graminearum, and F. proliferatum isolates caused peel and pulp decay, resulting in red to reddish brown and water-soaked lesions. In addition, haplotype analysis of N. quercina isolates obtained in this study and validly published articles showed that there were 11 haplotypes worldwide; the isolates obtained in the current study were grouped into three haplotypes (Hap 1, Hap 2, and Hap 11), and two of them (Hap 2 and Hap 11) were confirmed as new haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Chunbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Haolin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Guijin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Junlei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Xilang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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20
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Tang X, Yin R, Xiao Z, Lu F, Zeng X, Liu L, Ye Z, Liu L, Heng W, Zhu LW, Jia B. First Report of Nothophoma quercina Causing Brown Spot Disease on 'Huanghua' Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) in China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2551. [PMID: 36802292 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-22-2836-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pear (Pyrus L.) is an important fruit tree in China, which has the largest cultivation area and yield in the world (Jia et al. 2021). In June 2022, brown spot symptoms were observed on 'Huanghua' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai, cv. Huanghua) leaves in the germplasm garden of Anhui Agricultural University (High Tech Agricultural Garden), Anhui, Hefei, China. The disease incidence was approximately 40% according to the percentage of diseased leaves among 300 leaves (50 leaves each were obtained from 6 plants). Initially, small, brown, round to oval lesions appeared on the leaves, the spots were gray in the central, and surrounded by brown to black margins. These spots rapidly enlarged, eventually causing abnormal leaf defoliation. To isolate the brown spot pathogen, symptomatic leaves were harvested, washed with sterile water, surface-sterilized with 75% ethanol for 20 s, and washed 3-4 times with sterile water. Leaf fragments were placed onto PDA medium and incubated at 25°C for 7 days to obtain isolates. The colonies exhibited white to pale gray aerial mycelium and reached a diameter of 62 mm after 7 days of incubation. Conidiogenous cells were characterized as phialides, and exhibited a doliform to ampulliform shape. Conidia displayed various shapes and sizes, ranging from subglobose to oval or obtuse, with thin walls, aseptate hyphae, and a smooth surface. They measured 4.2-7.9 × 3.1-5.5 μm in diameter. These morphologies were similar to Nothophoma quercina as reported previously (Bai et al. 2016; Kazerooni et al. 2021). For molecular analysis, the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB2), and actin (ACT) regions were amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4, Bt2a/Bt2b, and ACT-512F/ACT-783R respectively. The sequences of ITS, TUB2, and ACT were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: OP554217, OP595395, and OP595396, respectively). A nucleotide blast search revealed high homology with N. quercina sequences: MH635156 (ITS: 541/541, 100%), MW672036.1 (TUB2: 343/346, 99%), FJ426914.1 (ACT: 242/262, 92%). A phylogenetic tree was constructed with ITS, TUB2 and ACT sequences based on neighbor-joining method using MEGA-X software, which showed the highest similarity with N. quercina. To confirm the pathogenicity, the leaves of three healthy plants were sprayed with spore suspension (106 conidia/mL), whereas control leaves were prayed with sterile water. The inoculated plants were covered with plastic bags and cultured in a growth chamber (90% relative humidity) at 25°C. Typical disease symptoms appeared on the inoculated leaves after 7-10 days, whereas no symptoms were observed on the control leaves. The same pathogen was re-isolated from the diseased leaves, according with Koch's postulates. Therefore, based on morphological and phylogenetic tree analyses, we confirmed that the causal organism for brown spot disease was N. quercina fungus (Chen et al. 2015; Jiao et al. 2017). To our knowledge, this is the first report of brown spot disease caused by N. quercina on 'Huanghua' pear leaves in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruichang Yin
- Anhui Agricultural University, 12486, Hefei, Anhui, China;
| | - Ziwen Xiao
- Anhui Agricultural University, 12486, Hefei, Anhui, China;
| | - Fen Lu
- Anhui Agricultural University, 12486, Hefei, Anhui, China;
| | - Xiangling Zeng
- Anhui Agricultural University, 12486, Hefei, Anhui, China;
| | - Lun Liu
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China;
| | - Zhenfeng Ye
- Anhui Agricultural University, 12486, Hefei, Anhui, China;
| | - Li Liu
- Anhui Agricultural University, 12486, Hefei, Anhui, China;
| | - Wei Heng
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Horticulture, Hefei, Anhui Province, China;
| | - Li Wu Zhu
- Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pomology, Hefei, Anhui, China;
| | - Bing Jia
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Horticulture, West Changjiang Road 130, Hefei, Anhui Province, China, 230036;
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21
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Soil Fungal Diversity and Ecology Assessed Using DNA Metabarcoding along a Deglaciated Chronosequence at Clearwater Mesa, James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020275. [PMID: 36829552 PMCID: PMC9953209 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We studied the fungal diversity present in soils sampled along a deglaciated chronosequence from para- to periglacial conditions on James Ross Island, north-east Antarctic Peninsula, using DNA metabarcoding. A total of 88 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were detected, dominated by the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota. The uncommon phyla Chytridiomycota, Rozellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Zoopagomycota and Basidiobolomycota were detected. Unknown fungi identified at higher hierarchical taxonomic levels (Fungal sp. 1, Fungal sp. 2, Spizellomycetales sp. and Rozellomycotina sp.) and taxa identified at generic and specific levels (Mortierella sp., Pseudogymnoascus sp., Mortierella alpina, M. turficola, Neoascochyta paspali, Penicillium sp. and Betamyces sp.) dominated the assemblages. In general, the assemblages displayed high diversity and richness, and moderate dominance. Only 12 of the fungal ASVs were detected in all chronosequence soils sampled. Sequences representing saprophytic, pathogenic and symbiotic fungi were detected. Based on the sequence diversity obtained, Clearwater Mesa soils contain a complex fungal community, including the presence of fungal groups generally considered rare in Antarctica, with dominant taxa recognized as cold-adapted cosmopolitan, endemic, saprotrophic and phytopathogenic fungi. Clearwater Mesa ecosystems are impacted by the effects of regional climatic changes, and may provide a natural observatory to understand climate change effects over time.
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22
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Plant-Associated Novel Didymellaceous Taxa in the South China Botanical Garden (Guangzhou, China). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020182. [PMID: 36836297 PMCID: PMC9965033 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The South China Botanical Garden (SCBG), one of the largest and oldest botanical gardens in China, conserves important plant germplasms of endangered species. Therefore, ensuring tree health and studying the associated mycobiome of the phyllosphere is essential to maintaining its visual aesthetics. During a survey of plant-associated microfungal species in SCBG, we collected several coelomycetous taxa. Phylogenetic relationships were evaluated based on the analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2, and β-tubulin loci. The morphological features of the new collections were compared with those of existing species, emphasizing close phylogenetic affinities. Based on the morphological comparisons and multi-locus phylogeny, we introduce three new species. These are Ectophoma phoenicis sp. nov., Remotididymella fici-microcarpae sp. nov., and Stagonosporopsis pedicularis-striatae sp. nov. In addition, we describe a new host record for Allophoma tropica in the Didymellaceae. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided along with notes comparing allied species.
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23
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Šišić A, Baćanović-Šišić J, Schmidt H, Finckh MR. Farming system effects on root rot pathogen complex and yield of faba bean ( vicia faba) in Germany. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1009906. [PMID: 36618659 PMCID: PMC9811268 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1009906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A survey across Germany was undertaken from 2016-2019 to evaluate effects of management system (organic vs conventional), pedo-climatic conditions and crop rotation history on faba bean root health status, diversity of major root rot pathogens and yield. Root rot incidence was generally low and there was no effect of the management system on the spectrum of pathogens isolated. Among the most common fungal species identified, frequencies of Fusarium redolens and Didymella pinodella were significantly higher in roots from organic fields compared with conventional and lower was observed for F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum and F. culmorum. Faba bean roots were colonized at similar rates by F. equiseti and the members of the F. oxysporum (FOSC) and F. solani (FSSC) species complexes in both management systems. Almost no legumes had been grown in the 5-11 years preceding the conventional faba beans surveyed while legumes had almost always been present during this period in the organic fields. This difference in rotational histories between the farming systems led to apparent cropping systems effects on the isolation frequencies of several species. For example, D. pinodella was ubiquitous in organic fields with a high frequency of legumes in the rotations but much rarer and often absent in conventional fields. Pedo-climatic conditions, particularly cool conditions at sowing and plant emergence and/or during the vegetative season favored most of the most prevalent Fusarium species identified in this study. In organic systems, yields correlated negatively with D. pinodella and F. redolens frequencies whereas higher levels of F. tricintum in faba bean roots had a positive correlation with yield. In conventional systems, faba bean yields depended more on the total precipitation before sowing and during the main growing season but were also negatively correlated with the frequencies of FOSC and F. culmorum. Phylogenetic analysis based on the TEF1 alpha locus indicated that the FSSC isolates mainly belonged to the F. pisi lineage. In contrast, the FOSC isolates were placed in 9 different lineages, with a conspicuous dominance of F. libertatis that has until now not been associated with any leguminous host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Šišić
- Department of Ecological Plant Protection, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Jelena Baćanović-Šišić
- Section of Organic Plant Breeding and Agrobiodiversity, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Harald Schmidt
- Foundation Ecology & Agriculture (SOEL), Ahrweiler, Germany
| | - Maria R. Finckh
- Department of Ecological Plant Protection, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
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Artand S, Mehrabi-koushki M, Tabein S, Hyde KD, Jayawardena RS. Revision of the Microsphaeropsis Complex with Addition of Four New Paramicrosphaeropsis L.W.Hou, L.Cai & Crous Species from Zagrosian Forest Trees in Iran. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL 2022. [DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Artand
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province (Iran)
| | - Mehdi Mehrabi-koushki
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province (Iran) and Biotechnology and Bioscience Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province (Iran)
| | - Saeid Tabein
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz,Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province (Iran)
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, 57100 (Thailand)
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Diversity of Endophytic Fungi in Annual Shoots of Prunus mandshurica (Rosaceae) in the South of Amur Region, Russia. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prunus mandshurica is a rare species of the Russian Far East; it is cultivated for fruits and as an ornamental tree. The objective was to determine the fungi associated with young shoots of the Manchurian apricot, which is an important biotic factor for plant viability and productivity. Fungi were isolated by incubation of shoot fragments (unsterilized or surface-sterilized) on a growth medium and identified according to their cultural and morphological characteristics. Diaporthe eres and Nothophoma quercina isolates were identified by multilocus phylogenetic analysis (apn2, cal, tef1-α, tub2 for D. eres, and ITS, rpb2, tub2 for N. quercina). In total, 12 species (Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, Aureobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. herbarum, D. eres, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum, N. quercina, Sarocladium strictum, and Tripospermum myrti) and one genus (Gliocladium sp.) were found. Alternaria alternata, N. quercina, and D. eres were the most frequent species of the shoots. Alternaria tenuissima and F. oxysporum were also frequent in some collections, while all other species were rare or occasional in occurrence. Molecular analysis of D. eres and N. quercina revealed redundancy of some species within the D. eres species complex and the genus Nothophoma. This is the first report on the fungal inhabitants of asymptomatic shoots of P. mandshurica. Nothophoma quercina was identified in Russia for the first time.
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Xu X, Li J, Yang X, Zhang L, Wang S, Shen G, Hui B, Xiao J, Zhou C, Wang X, Zhao J, Xiang W. Epicoccum spp. Causing Maize Leaf Spot in Heilongjiang Province, China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:3050-3060. [PMID: 35612576 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-1948-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maize leaf spot occurs worldwide and affects maize production. Maize can be infected by several pathogens causing leaf spot, such as Bipolaris zeicola, Bipolaris maydis, Curvularia species, Alternaria species, etc. In the current study, 30 Epicoccum isolates recovered from symptomatic maize leaves were identified based on morphological characteristics, pathogenicity, and multilocus sequence analyses of nuLSU, ITS, tub2, and rpb2. These maize isolates were grouped into five Epicoccum species, including E. nigrum, E. layuense, E. sorghinum, E. latusicollum, and E. pneumoniae. Pathogenicity tests showed that all five Epicoccum species could produce small ellipse- and spindle-shaped spots on maize leaves. The lesion center was grayish yellow to dark gray and surrounded by a chlorotic area. Furthermore, the Epicoccum isolates exhibited high pathogenicity to 20 main maize varieties of Heilongjiang Province but showed different sensitivities to the commonly used fungicides carbendazim and tebuconazole. In addition, these Epicoccum isolates showed different production capacity of pectinase, cellulase, protease, amylase, laccase, and gelatinase, but all showed high lipase activity. This is the first report globally of E. layuense, E. latusicollum, and E. pneumoniae as causal agents of maize leaf spot. E. pneumoniae was first reported as a plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xilang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Guijin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Bing Hui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Jialei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Changjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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Crous P, Begoude B, Boers J, Braun U, Declercq B, Dijksterhuis J, Elliott T, Garay-Rodriguez G, Jurjević Ž, Kruse J, Linde C, Loyd A, Mound L, Osieck E, Rivera-Vargas L, Quimbita A, Rodas C, Roux J, Schumacher R, Starink-Willemse M, Thangavel R, Trappe J, van Iperen A, Van Steenwinkel C, Wells A, Wingfield M, Yilmaz N, Groenewald J. New and Interesting Fungi. 5. Fungal Syst Evol 2022; 10:19-90. [PMID: 36789279 PMCID: PMC9903348 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2022.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine new genera, 17 new species, nine new combinations, seven epitypes, three lectotypes, one neotype, and 14 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. New genera: Neobarrmaelia (based on Neobarrmaelia hyphaenes), Neobryochiton (based on Neobryochiton narthecii), Neocamarographium (based on Neocamarographium carpini), Nothocladosporium (based on Nothocladosporium syzygii), Nothopseudocercospora (based on Nothopseudocercospora dictamni), Paracamarographium (based on Paracamarographium koreanum), Pseudohormonema (based on Pseudohormonema sordidus), Quasiphoma (based on Quasiphoma hyphaenes), Rapidomyces (based on Rapidomyces narthecii). New species: Ascocorticium sorbicola (on leaves of Sorbus aucuparia, Belgium), Dactylaria retrophylli (on leaves of Retrophyllum rospigliosii, Colombia), Dactylellina miltoniae (on twigs of Miltonia clowesii, Colombia), Exophiala eucalyptigena (on dead leaves of Eucalyptus viminalis subsp. viminalis supporting Idolothrips spectrum, Australia), Idriellomyces syzygii (on leaves of Syzygium chordatum, South Africa), Microcera lichenicola (on Parmelia sulcata, Netherlands), Neobarrmaelia hyphaenes (on leaves of Hyphaene sp., South Africa), Neobryochiton narthecii (on dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum, Netherlands), Niesslia pseudoexilis (on dead leaf of Quercus petraea, Serbia), Nothocladosporium syzygii (on leaves of Syzygium chordatum, South Africa), Nothotrimmatostroma corymbiae (on leaves of Corymbia henryi, South Africa), Phaeosphaeria hyphaenes (on leaves of Hyphaene sp., South Africa), Pseudohormonema sordidus (on a from human pacemaker, USA), Quasiphoma hyphaenes (on leaves of Hyphaene sp., South Africa), Rapidomyces narthecii (on dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum, Netherlands), Reticulascus parahennebertii (on dead culm of Juncus inflexus, Netherlands), Scytalidium philadelphianum (from compressed air in a factory, USA). New combinations: Neobarrmaelia serenoae, Nothopseudocercospora dictamni, Dothiora viticola, Floricola sulcata, Neocamarographium carpini, Paracamarographium koreanum, Rhexocercosporidium bellocense, Russula lilacina. Epitypes: Elsinoe corni (on leaves of Cornus florida, USA), Leptopeltis litigiosa (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum, Netherlands), Nothopseudocercospora dictamni (on living leaves of Dictamnus albus, Russia), Ramularia arvensis (on leaves of Potentilla reptans, Netherlands), Rhexocercosporidium bellocense (on leaves of Verbascum sp., Germany), Rhopographus filicinus (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum, Netherlands), Septoria robiniae (on leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia, Belgium). Lectotypes: Leptopeltis litigiosa (on Pteridium aquilinum, France), Rhopographus filicinus (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum, Netherlands), Septoria robiniae (on leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia, Belgium). Neotype: Camarographium stephensii (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum, Netherlands). Citation: Crous PW, Begoude BAD, Boers J, Braun U, Declercq B, Dijksterhuis J, Elliott TF, Garay-Rodriguez GA, Jurjević Ž, Kruse J, Linde CC, Loyd A, Mound L, Osieck ER, Rivera-Vargas LI, Quimbita AM, Rodas CA, Roux J, Schumacher RK, Starink-Willemse M, Thangavel R, Trappe JM, van Iperen AL, Van Steenwinkel C, Wells A, Wingfield MJ, Yilmaz N, Groenewald JZ (2022) New and Interesting Fungi. 5. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 10: 19-90. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2022.10.02.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - B.A.D. Begoude
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa,Institute for Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - J. Boers
- Poststraat 50-104, 6701 AZ, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - U. Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - J. Dijksterhuis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T.F. Elliott
- Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - G.A. Garay-Rodriguez
- Department Agro-Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, P.R. 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - Ž. Jurjević
- EMSL Analytical, Inc., 200 Route 130 North, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 USA
| | - J. Kruse
- Pfalzmuseum für Naturkunde – POLLICHIA-Museum, Hermann-Schäfer-Str. 17, 67098 Bad Dürkheim, Germany
| | - C.C. Linde
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - A. Loyd
- Bartlett Tree Experts, 13768 Hamilton Rd, Charlotte, NC 28278, USA
| | - L. Mound
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E.R. Osieck
- Jkvr. C.M. van Asch van Wijcklaan 19, 3972 ST Driebergen-Rijsenburg, Netherlands Forestry Health Protection Programme Smurfit Kappa - Colombia Calle 15#18-109 Yumbo, Colombia
| | - L.I. Rivera-Vargas
- Department Agro-Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, P.R. 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - A.M. Quimbita
- Department Agro-Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, P.R. 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - C.A. Rodas
- Forestry Health Protection Programme Smurfit Kappa - Colombia Calle 15#18-109 Yumbo, Colombia
| | - J. Roux
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - M. Starink-Willemse
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Thangavel
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - J.M. Trappe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5752, USA,U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-8550, USA
| | - A.L. van Iperen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - A. Wells
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - N. Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lucini F, de Andrade GAK, Victoria FDC, de Albuquerque MP. Impact of the Temperature in Endophytic Ascomycota Isolated from Antarctic Hair-Grass. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101501. [PMID: 36294942 PMCID: PMC9605110 DOI: 10.3390/life12101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctica is one of the most inhospitable continents on the planet, with lichens and mosses being the most common terrestrial organisms in ice-free areas. Antarctica is represented by only two species of Angiosperms, Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. (Caryophyllaceae). In this study, we characterized fungi isolated from the fresh leaves of this grass species. The fungi were isolated from four individual plants from Half Moon Island (246 leaf fragments investigated), and seven from King George Island-Keller Peninsula (with 111 leaf fragments investigated) Antarctica. Neoascochyta paspali, Septoriella elongata, Pyrenophora cf. chaetomioides and Alternaria sp. were associated with the plant and identified through analysis of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rDNA and nuclear ribosomal large subunit rRNA gene (LSU) as well as through macro and micro-morphological characteristics. The isolates showed higher growth rate ranging from 10 to 20 °C. An interesting result was that the aforementioned fungi are already recognized as both plant pathogens and endophytic fungi. The results demonstrate that D. antarctica is an interesting fungal source. Those species might provide important information about the relationship on the endemic Antarctic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Lucini
- Núcleo de Estudos da Vegetação Antártica—NEVA, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Street Aluízio Barros Macedo Br 290, São Gabriel 97300-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Afonso Kessler de Andrade
- Núcleo de Estudos da Vegetação Antártica—NEVA, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Street Aluízio Barros Macedo Br 290, São Gabriel 97300-000, Brazil
| | - Filipe de Carvalho Victoria
- Núcleo de Estudos da Vegetação Antártica—NEVA, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Street Aluízio Barros Macedo Br 290, São Gabriel 97300-000, Brazil
- Programa Antártico Brasileiro—PROANTAR, Esplanada dos Ministérios, Brasília 70055-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-55-3237-0863
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Abbas A, Mubeen M, Sohail MA, Solanki MK, Hussain B, Nosheen S, Kashyap BK, Zhou L, Fang X. Root rot a silent alfalfa killer in China: Distribution, fungal, and oomycete pathogens, impact of climatic factors and its management. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961794. [PMID: 36033855 PMCID: PMC9403511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa plays a significant role in the pasture ecosystems of China's north, northeast, and northwest regions. It is an excellent forage for livestock, improves soil structure, prevents soil erosion, and has ecological benefits. Presently root rot is a significant threat to the alfalfa productivity because of the survival of the pathogens as soil-borne and because of lack of microbial competition in the impoverished nutrient-deficient soils and resistant cultivars. Furthermore, these regions' extreme ecological and environmental conditions predispose alfalfa to root rot. Moisture and temperature, in particular, have a considerable impact on the severity of root rot. Pathogens such as Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani are predominant, frequently isolated, and of major concern. These pathogens work together as disease complexes, so finding a host genotype resistant to disease complexes is challenging. Approaches to root rot control in these regions include mostly fungicides treatments and cultural practices and very few reports on the usage of biological control agents. As seed treatment, fungicides such as carbendazim are frequently used to combat root rot; however, resistance to fungicides has arisen. However, breeding and transgenic approaches could be more efficient and sustainable long-term control strategies, especially if resistance to disease complexes may be identified. Yet, research in China is mainly limited to field investigation of root rot and disease resistance evaluation. In this review, we describe climatic conditions of pastoral regions and the role of alfalfa therein and challenges of root rot, the distribution of root rot in the world and China, and the impact of root rot pathogens on alfalfa in particular R. solani and Fusarium spp., effects of environmental factors on root rot and summarize to date disease management approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqleem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mustansar Mubeen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Babar Hussain
- Department of Plant Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Nosheen
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Brijendra Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Qian N, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Feng C, Zhang G, Lu X, Zhao W. First Report of Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Boeremia linicola on Trifolium repens in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 107:964. [PMID: 35939742 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-22-1532-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trifolium repens L. (White clover) a multipurpose legume crop, primarily utilized as a green manure in China. In March 2018, field investigations showed that a leaf spot disease occurred on T. repens in three fields with 50% to 80% incidence (50 plants in each field were investigated) in Nanchong City, Sichuan Province of China. Infected leaves showed symptoms of irregular dark brown spots in the center of leaves or at the leaf margins. Symptomatic leaves were surface sterilized with 3% NaClO for 3 min followed by 75% ethanol for 30 s and then rinsed in sterile water three times. Thereafter, tissue samples from margins of individual lesions were placed on potato dextrose agar and incubated at 25°C in the dark. Four pure cultures (Y3-1; Y3-2; Y3-3; Y3-4) were obtained by single spore isolation. On oatmeal agar medium, a colony reached 57 mm diameter after 9 d in alternating light and dark at 25℃. Fimbriate aerial hypha were flat and compact with pale brown to dark brown color. Conidiogenous cells were hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to doliiform (n = 30), ranging from 4.1 to 10.5 μm long (6.6 ± 1.8 µm) × 2.2 to 5.7 μm wide (4.1 ± 0.8 µm). Conidia were ellipsoidal to cylindrical, hyaline, thin walled, smooth, aseptate, with 2 to 4 polar guttules (n = 50), ranging from 3.2 to 11.3 μm long (6.3 ± 1.1 µm) × 2.1 to 4.1 μm wide (2.8 ± 0.4 µm). Conidial matrix was whitish. Morphologically these isolates resembled species in Boeremia (Chen et al. 2015). Genomic DNA of each culture was extracted from mycelia using the quick and safe method (Chi et al. 2009). The 28S large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU) region, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF 1-α), β-Tubulin (TUB2) were amplified with corresponding primers (Carbone and Kohn 1999; Liu et al. 1999; Rehner and Samuels 1994; Sung et al. 2007; Vilgalys and Hester 1990; White et al. 1990; Woudenberg et al.2009). Sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers: ON705759 to ON705766, ON734043 to ON734046 and ON841585 to ON841592. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted with combined sequences of the five loci using the maximum likelihood (ML) and the maximum parsimony (MP) methods. The four isolates and the extype strain of B. linicola (CBS 116.76) clustered together with high bootstrap support (BS) values (MLBS = 100; MPBS = 98). All sequences showed 100% identity to those of CBS 116.76, except the ITS region of our isolates (ON705759 to ON705762), which show 99.6% identity to that of CBS 116.76. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic results, our isolates were identified as B. linicola, although the morphological characteristics of CBS 116.76 had not been characterized. To assess pathogenicity, a conidial suspension (approximately 105 CFU/mL) of isolate Y3-1 was sprayed on 1-month-old healthy plants in a greenhouse at 22℃ to 28℃. Plants sprayed with sterilized water were used as negative controls. The test was conducted three times, each with 3 plants. After 10 days, the leaves of the plants showed irregular brown lesions that were similar to the symptoms observed in the field, control plants remained healthy. The pathogen was reisolated and confirmed to be B. linicola, thus completing the verification of Koch's Postulates. Compared to B. exigua, a causal pathogen associated with leaf spot on white clover reported by Wang et al (Wang et al. 2021), B. linicola produced larger conidia, and the two species did not cluster together in the phylogenetic tree. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot disease caused by B. linicola on Trifolium repens in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qian
- 2 West Yuanmingyuan Roadhaidian, beijing , China, 100193
- 2 West Yuanmingyuan Roadbeijing, beijing , China, 100193;
| | | | - Lu Zhang
- China Agricultural University, Plant pathology, Beijing, China;
| | | | - Guozhen Zhang
- China Agricultural University , Plant Pathology, No.2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, China, 100193;
| | | | - Wensheng Zhao
- China Agricutural University, Plant Pathology, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Haidian district, Beijing, China, 100193;
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Amplicon Sequencing Reveals Novel Fungal Species Responsible for a Controversial Tea Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080782. [PMID: 35893150 PMCID: PMC9394346 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplicon sequencing is a powerful tool for analyzing the fungal composition inside plants, whereas its application for the identification of etiology for plant diseases remains undetermined. Here, we utilize this strategy to clarify the etiology responsible for tea leaf brown-black spot disease (LBSD), a noticeable disease infecting tea plants etiology that remains controversial. Based on the ITS-based amplicon sequencing analysis, Didymella species were identified as separate from Pestalotiopsis spp. and Cercospora sp., which are concluded as the etiological agents. This was further confirmed by the fungal isolation and their specific pathogenicity on diverse tea varieties. Based on the morphologies and phylogenetic analysis constructed with multi-loci (ITS, LSU, tub2, and rpb2), two novel Didymella species—tentatively named D. theae and D. theifolia as reference to their host plants—were proposed and characterized. Here, we present an integrated approach of ITS-based amplicon sequencing in combination with fungal isolation and fulfillment of Koch’s postulates for etiological identification of tea plant disease, revealing new etiology for LBSD. This contributes useful information for further etiological identification of plant disease based on amplicon sequencing, as well as understanding, prevention, and management of this economically important disease.
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Boggess SL, Bernard EC, Windham AS, Trigiano RN. First Report of Stagonosporopsis heliopsidis Causing a Leaf Spot on Whorled Sunflower, Helianthus verticillatus, in the United States. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:PDIS11212568PDN. [PMID: 35072491 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2568-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Boggess
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - E C Bernard
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - A S Windham
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Nashville, TN 37211
| | - R N Trigiano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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Culturable Endophytic Fungi in Fraxinus excelsior and Their Interactions with Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The species diversity of culturable endophytic fungi was studied in the leaves and twigs of symptomatic and asymptomatic Fraxinus excelsior trees. Endophytic mycobiota was dominated by Ascomycota species, with Pleosporales (44.17%) and Diaporthales (23.79%) endophytes being the most frequently observed in the tree samples. The number of endophytic isolates and species richness varied depending on the sampling date (May and October) and tissue location. Of the 54 species identified based on ITS sequences, 14 were classified as dominant. The most frequently isolated species were Diaporthe eres, followed by Alternaria alternata, Dothiorella gregaria, and Fraxinicola fraxini. The inhibitory effect of 41 species (75 isolates) of endophytes on the radial growth of a Hymenoscyphus fraxineus isolate was studied under in vitro conditions (dual cultures). The radial growth of H. fraxineus was the most inhibited by four endophytic fungi from twigs (Fusarium lateritium, Didymella aliena, Didymella macrostoma, and Dothiorella gregaria). The inhibitory effect of the four isolates was also studied under in planta conditions. The isolates artificially inoculated into the trunks of ash trees reduced the length of necroses formed by H. fraxineus co-inoculated in the same trunks. This effect depended on the isolate, and the inhibition was most prominent only on trunks inoculated with F. lateritium and D. aliena. Although the total length of necrotic lesions formed by the H. fraxineus infection was shorter in the ash trunks co-inoculated with the endophytes, the difference was not significant.
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Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Microfungi Associated with Phyllostachys (Poaceae) in Sichuan, China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070702. [PMID: 35887458 PMCID: PMC9325152 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we surveyed the ascomycetes from bamboo of Phyllostachys across Sichuan Province, China. A biphasic approach based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogeny confirmed seven species, including one new genus, two new species, and five new host record species. A novel genus Paralloneottiosporina is introduced to accommodate Pa. sichuanensis that was collected from leaves of Phyllostachys violascens. Moreover, the newly introduced species Bifusisporella sichuanensis was isolated from leaves of P. edulis, and five species were newly recorded on bamboos, four species belonging to Apiospora, viz. Ap. yunnana, Ap. neosubglobosa, Ap. jiangxiensis, and Ap. hydei, and the last species, Seriascoma yunnanense, isolated from dead culms of P. heterocycla. Morphologically similar and phylogenetically related taxa were compared. Comprehensive descriptions, color photo plates of micromorphology are provided.
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35
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Decontamination and Germination of Buckwheat Grains upon Treatment with Oxygen Plasma Glow and Afterglow. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101366. [PMID: 35631791 PMCID: PMC9146572 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Buckwheat is an alternative crop known for its many beneficial effects on our health. Fungi are an important cause of plant diseases and food spoilage, often posing a threat to humans and animals. This study reports the effects of low-pressure cold plasma treatment on decontamination and germination of common (CB) and Tartary buckwheat (TB) grains. Both plasma glow and afterglow were applied. The glow treatment was more effective in decontamination: initial contamination was reduced to less than 30% in CB and 10% in TB. Fungal diversity was also affected as only a few genera persisted after the glow treatment; however, it also significantly reduced or even ceased the germination capacity of both buckwheat species. Detailed plasma characterisation by optical spectroscopy revealed extensive etching of outer layers as well as cotyledons. Afterglow treatment resulted in a lower reduction of initial fungal contamination (up to 30% in CB and up to 50% in TB) and had less impact on fungal diversity but did not drastically affect germination: 60–75% of grains still germinated even after few minutes of treatment. The vacuum conditions alone did not affect the fungal population or the germination despite an extensive release of water.
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36
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Becktell MC, Tucker S, Ozsoy AZ, Connor M. Identification of fungi found on desiccated human remains in an arid outdoor environment. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:2048-2054. [PMID: 35593446 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three fungi not previously reported on desiccated human remains were identified on cadavers at the Forensic Investigation Research Station (FIRS) in Whitewater, Colorado. The location of the FIRS provides the unique opportunity to observe the stages of decomposition in a high desert environment. The two cadavers used in the study were in the late stages of decomposition (PMI of approximately 1520 and 1820 days) to the point of desiccation and had developed an extensive black crust on the skin that remained. Skin samples of the two cadavers were taken and plated onto potato dextrose agar to determine whether fungi were present on the desiccated tissues. Three different fungi consistently dominated cultures grown from numerous samples taken from each cadaver. Based on morphological observations, nuclear rDNA sequence data, and phylogenetic analyses, two fungi were identified to species (Aureobasidium melanogenum and Didymella glomerata) and one fungus was identified to the genus level (Alternaria). These results will contribute to the understanding of the role that fungi might play in late-stage decomposition and the extended postmortem period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot C Becktell
- Department of Biological Sciences Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado, USA
| | - Selina Tucker
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - A Zeynep Ozsoy
- Department of Biological Sciences Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado, USA
| | - Melissa Connor
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Forensic Investigation Research Station, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado, USA
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Nguyen HDT, Dodge A, Dadej K, Rintoul TL, Ponomareva E, Martin FN, de Cock AWAM, Lévesque CA, Redhead SA, Spies CFJ. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenomic analysis show support for the splitting of genus Pythium. Mycologia 2022; 114:501-515. [PMID: 35522547 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2045116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pythium (nom. cons.) sensu lato (s.l.) is composed of many important species of plant pathogens. Early molecular phylogenetic studies suggested paraphyly of Pythium, which led to a formal proposal by Uzuhashi and colleagues in 2010 to split the genus into Pythium sensu stricto (s.s.), Elongisporangium, Globisporangium, Ovatisporangium (= Phytopythium), and Pilasporangium using morphological characters and phylogenies of the mt cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (cox2) and D1-D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA. Although the split was fairly justified by the delineating morphological characters, there were weaknesses in the molecular analyses, which created reluctance in the scientific community to adopt these new genera for the description of new species. In this study, this issue was addressed using phylogenomics. Whole genomes of 109 strains of Pythium and close relatives were sequenced, assembled, and annotated. These data were combined with 10 genomes sequenced in previous studies. Phylogenomic analyses were performed with 148 single-copy genes represented in at least 90% of the taxa in the data set. The results showed support for the division of Pythium s.l. The status of alternative generic names that have been used for species of Pythium in the past (e.g., Artotrogus, Cystosiphon, Eupythium, Nematosporangium, Rheosporangium, Sphaerosporangium) was investigated. Based on our molecular analyses and review of the Pythium generic concepts, we urge the scientific community to adopt the generic names Pythium, Elongisporangium, Globisporangium, and their concepts as proposed by Uzuhashi and colleagues in 2010 in their work going forward. In order to consolidate the taxonomy of these genera, some of the recently described Pythium spp. are transferred to Elongisporangium and Globisporangium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai D T Nguyen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Annette Dodge
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Kasia Dadej
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Tara L Rintoul
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Ekaterina Ponomareva
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Frank N Martin
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Salinas, California 93905, USA
| | - Arthur W A M de Cock
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C André Lévesque
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Scott A Redhead
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Christoffel F J Spies
- Plant Microbiology, Agricultural Research Council - Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
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Ahmadpour SA, Mehrabi-Koushki M, Farokhinejad R, Asgari B. New species of the family Didymellaceae in Iran. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Forecasting the number of species of asexually reproducing fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota). FUNGAL DIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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40
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Ma W, Yang J, Gao X, Han T, Liu J, Ding J, Zhao W, Peng YL, Bhadauria V. First Report of Didymella glomerata Causing Didymella Leaf Blight on Maize in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2522. [PMID: 35253492 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-22-0282-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple food crop worldwide. In July 2021, gray leaf blight was observed on maize leaves in a field located in Panjin (41°7'11.98" N, 122°4'14.57" E), Liaoning Province, China. Nearly 5% of the maize plants were affected in the field. The leaves of the affected plants showed oval to oblong, gray, sunken lesions with yellow or tan margins. The lesions were scattered all over the leaf surface; however, they were absent on the stalks and other parts of the affected plants. To isolate the pathogen, leaf discs (1.25 mm2) excised from the blight lesions were surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds, followed by 20% NaOCl for 2 minutes and finally rinsed three times with sterilized water. The discs were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates supplemented with streptomycin (100 mg/L) and incubated at 25oC under a 12-h photoperiod for 7 days. Six single spore isolates (two per sampled infected leaf) were purified from the PDA culture plates. The fungal colonies of three selected isolates (one per sampled infected leaf; Pj-1, Pj-2, and Pj-3) were dark brown on the PDA plates and devoid of aerial hyphae; all three isolates grew 11 mm/day on the PDA plates. The number of conidia produced by the isolates on the 6-cm PDA plates 7 days after incubation was ranged from 160 x 108 to 208 x 108 (n = 36). Conidia were hyaline, single-celled and ellipsoidal (3.35-3.56 µm [width] x 6.47-6.70 [length] µm; n = 36). To identify the pathogen, four loci, i.e., 28S subunit (large subunit [LSU]) of the nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1, 5.8S subunit of nrDNA, and ITS2), the second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2) and β-tubulin (tub2) were amplified using the primer sets described in the study by Chen el al. 2015. BLASTn search against GenBank revealed that the four amplicon sequences originating from Pj-1, Pj-2, and Pj-3 showed 99-100% homology to the type strain CBS 528.66 of D. glomerata. A phylogenetic tree deduced from a maximum likelihood analysis of a concatenated MUSCLE-based alignment of LSU, ITS region, rpb2, and tub2 sequences of 12 isolates/strains showed that the Pj isolates clustered together with CBS 528.66, along with other D. glomerata isolates/strains, with a high bootstrap support value (i.e., 99). Based on both morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny, Pj-1, Pj-2, and Pj-3 were identified as the D. glomerata isolates. Since the amplicon sequences of the three isolates were identical, only Pj-2 sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers OM372474 (LSU), OK485138 (ITS), OM406188 (rpb2), and OK485135 (tub2). To confirm pathogenicity, 14-day-old plants (V3 growth stage) of a maize cultivar P178 were spray-inoculated with the Pj-2 conidia (1 x 107 conidia/mL) in a growth chamber. The inoculated leaves exhibited typical gray leaf blight lesions (similar to those detected in the maize field) 7 days post-inoculation at 25oC and 95-100% humidity under a 12-h photoperiod, whereas the leaves spray-inoculated with sterilized water remained healthy. The pathogenicity assay was repeated three times; the pathogen was re-isolated from the inoculated leaves each time and confirmed by the morphological characteristics and the molecular phylogeny based on the four loci to be D. glomerata, fulfilling Koch's postulates. This first report of D. glomerata causing Didymella leaf blight on maize will help develop robust disease management strategies against this emerging fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Ma
- China Agricultural University, 34752, Plant Pathology, Beijing, China;
| | - Jun Yang
- China Agricultural University, 34752, Plant Pathology, Beijing, China;
| | - Xinying Gao
- China Agricultural University, 34752, Plant Pathology, Beijing, China;
| | - Tongling Han
- China Agricultural University, 34752, Plant Pathology, Beijing, China;
| | - Jintao Liu
- China Agricultural University, 34752, Plant Pathology, Beijing, China;
| | - Junqiang Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- China Agricultural University, 34752, Plant Pathology, Beijing, China;
| | - You-Liang Peng
- China Agricultural University, 34752, Plant Pathology, Beijing, China;
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- China Agricultural University, 34752, Plant Pathology, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road-2, Beijing, China, 100093;
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Current Insight into Traditional and Modern Methods in Fungal Diversity Estimates. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030226. [PMID: 35330228 PMCID: PMC8955040 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are an important and diverse component in various ecosystems. The methods to identify different fungi are an important step in any mycological study. Classical methods of fungal identification, which rely mainly on morphological characteristics and modern use of DNA based molecular techniques, have proven to be very helpful to explore their taxonomic identity. In the present compilation, we provide detailed information on estimates of fungi provided by different mycologistsover time. Along with this, a comprehensive analysis of the importance of classical and molecular methods is also presented. In orderto understand the utility of genus and species specific markers in fungal identification, a polyphasic approach to investigate various fungi is also presented in this paper. An account of the study of various fungi based on culture-based and cultureindependent methods is also provided here to understand the development and significance of both approaches. The available information on classical and modern methods compiled in this study revealed that the DNA based molecular studies are still scant, and more studies are required to achieve the accurate estimation of fungi present on earth.
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Fungal diversity notes 1512-1610: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. FUNGAL DIVERS 2022; 117:1-272. [PMID: 36852303 PMCID: PMC9948003 DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.
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A Novel Real Time PCR Method for the Detection and Quantification of Didymella pinodella in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Plant Hosts. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010041. [PMID: 35049982 PMCID: PMC8780382 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Didymella pinodella is the major pathogen of the pea root rot complex in Europe. This wide host range pathogen often asymptomatically colonizes its hosts, making the control strategies challenging. We developed a real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of D. pinodella based on the TEF-1 alpha gene sequence alignments. The assay was tested for specificity on a 54-isolate panel representing 35 fungal species and further validated in symptomatic and asymptomatic pea and wheat roots from greenhouse tests. The assay was highly consistent across separate qPCR reactions and had a quantification/detection limit of 3.1 pg of target DNA per reaction in plant tissue. Cross-reactions were observed with DNA extracts of five Didymella species. The risk of cross contamination, however, is low as the non-targets have not been associated with pea previously and they were amplified with at least 1000-fold lower sensitivity. Greenhouse inoculation tests revealed a high correlation between the pathogen DNA quantities in pea roots and pea root rot severity and biomass reduction. The assay also detected D. pinodella in asymptomatic wheat roots, which, despite the absence of visible root rot symptoms, caused wheat biomass reduction. This study provides new insights into the complex life style of D. pinodella and can assist in better understanding the pathogen survival and spread in the environment.
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New Dothideomycetes from Freshwater Habitats in Spain. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121102. [PMID: 34947084 PMCID: PMC8705806 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dothideomycetes are a class of cosmopolitan fungi that are present principally in terrestrial environments, but which have also been found in freshwater and marine habitats. In the present study, more than a hundred samples of plant debris were collected from various freshwater locations in Spain. Its incubation in wet chambers allowed us to detect and to isolate in pure culture numerous fungi producing asexual reproductive fruiting bodies (conidiomata). Thanks to a morphological comparison and to a phylogenetic analysis that combined the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nrDNA with fragments of the RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), beta tubulin (tub2), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1) genes, six of those strains were identified as new species to science. Three belong to the family Didymellaceae: Didymella brevipilosa, Heterophoma polypusiformis and Paraboeremia clausa; and three belong to the family Phaeosphaeriaceae:Paraphoma aquatica, Phaeosphaeria fructigena and Xenophoma microspora. The finding of these new taxa significantly increases the number of the coelomycetous fungi that have been described from freshwater habitats.
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Crous PW, Osieck ER, Jurjević Ž, Boers J, van Iperen AL, Starink-Willemse M, Dima B, Balashov S, Bulgakov TS, Johnston PR, Morozova OV, Pinruan U, Sommai S, Alvarado P, Decock CA, Lebel T, McMullan-Fisher S, Moreno G, Shivas RG, Zhao L, Abdollahzadeh J, Abrinbana M, Ageev DV, Akhmetova G, Alexandrova AV, Altés A, Amaral AGG, Angelini C, Antonín V, Arenas F, Asselman P, Badali F, Baghela A, Bañares A, Barreto RW, Baseia IG, Bellanger JM, Berraf-Tebbal A, Biketova AY, Bukharova NV, Burgess TI, Cabero J, Câmara MPS, Cano-Lira JF, Ceryngier P, Chávez R, Cowan DA, de Lima AF, Oliveira RL, Denman S, Dang QN, Dovana F, Duarte IG, Eichmeier A, Erhard A, Esteve-Raventós F, Fellin A, Ferisin G, Ferreira RJ, Ferrer A, Finy P, Gaya E, Geering ADW, Gil-Durán C, Glässnerová K, Glushakova AM, Gramaje D, Guard FE, Guarnizo AL, Haelewaters D, Halling RE, Hill R, Hirooka Y, Hubka V, Iliushin VA, Ivanova DD, Ivanushkina NE, Jangsantear P, Justo A, Kachalkin AV, Kato S, Khamsuntorn P, Kirtsideli IY, Knapp DG, Kochkina GA, Koukol O, Kovács GM, Kruse J, Kumar TKA, Kušan I, Læssøe T, Larsson E, Lebeuf R, Levicán G, Loizides M, Marinho P, Luangsa-Ard JJ, Lukina EG, Magaña-Dueñas V, Maggs-Kölling G, Malysheva EF, Malysheva VF, Martín B, Martín MP, Matočec N, McTaggart AR, Mehrabi-Koushki M, Mešić A, Miller AN, Mironova P, Moreau PA, Morte A, Müller K, Nagy LG, Nanu S, Navarro-Ródenas A, Nel WJ, Nguyen TH, Nóbrega TF, Noordeloos ME, Olariaga I, Overton BE, Ozerskaya SM, Palani P, Pancorbo F, Papp V, Pawłowska J, Pham TQ, Phosri C, Popov ES, Portugal A, Pošta A, Reschke K, Reul M, Ricci GM, Rodríguez A, Romanowski J, Ruchikachorn N, Saar I, Safi A, Sakolrak B, Salzmann F, Sandoval-Denis M, Sangwichein E, Sanhueza L, Sato T, Sastoque A, Senn-Irlet B, Shibata A, Siepe K, Somrithipol S, Spetik M, Sridhar P, Stchigel AM, Stuskova K, Suwannasai N, Tan YP, Thangavel R, Tiago I, Tiwari S, Tkalčec Z, Tomashevskaya MA, Tonegawa C, Tran HX, Tran NT, Trovão J, Trubitsyn VE, Van Wyk J, Vieira WAS, Vila J, Visagie CM, Vizzini A, Volobuev SV, Vu DT, Wangsawat N, Yaguchi T, Ercole E, Ferreira BW, de Souza AP, Vieira BS, Groenewald JZ. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1284-1382. PERSOONIA 2021; 47:178-374. [PMID: 37693795 PMCID: PMC10486635 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antartica, Cladosporium austrolitorale from coastal sea sand. Australia, Austroboletus yourkae on soil, Crepidotus innuopurpureus on dead wood, Curvularia stenotaphri from roots and leaves of Stenotaphrum secundatum and Thecaphora stajsicii from capsules of Oxalis radicosa. Belgium, Paraxerochrysium coryli (incl. Paraxerochrysium gen. nov.) from Corylus avellana. Brazil, Calvatia nordestina on soil, Didymella tabebuiicola from leaf spots on Tabebuia aurea, Fusarium subflagellisporum from hypertrophied floral and vegetative branches of Mangifera indica and Microdochium maculosum from living leaves of Digitaria insularis. Canada, Cuphophyllus bondii from a grassland. Croatia, Mollisia inferiseptata from a rotten Laurus nobilis trunk. Cyprus, Amanita exilis on calcareous soil. Czech Republic, Cytospora hippophaicola from wood of symptomatic Vaccinium corymbosum. Denmark, Lasiosphaeria deviata on pieces of wood and herbaceous debris. Dominican Republic, Calocybella goethei among grass on a lawn. France (Corsica), Inocybe corsica on wet ground. France (French Guiana), Trechispora patawaensis on decayed branch of unknown angiosperm tree and Trechispora subregularis on decayed log of unknown angiosperm tree. Germany, Paramicrothecium sambuci (incl. Paramicrothecium gen. nov.) on dead stems of Sambucus nigra. India, Aureobasidium microtermitis from the gut of a Microtermes sp. termite, Laccaria diospyricola on soil and Phylloporia tamilnadensis on branches of Catunaregam spinosa. Iran, Pythium serotinoosporum from soil under Prunus dulcis. Italy, Pluteus brunneovenosus on twigs of broadleaved trees on the ground. Japan, Heterophoma rehmanniae on leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa f. hueichingensis. Kazakhstan, Murispora kazachstanica from healthy roots of Triticum aestivum. Namibia, Caespitomonium euphorbiae (incl. Caespitomonium gen. nov.) from stems of an Euphorbia sp. Netherlands, Alfaria junci, Myrmecridium junci, Myrmecridium juncicola, Myrmecridium juncigenum, Ophioceras junci, Paradinemasporium junci (incl. Paradinemasporium gen. nov.), Phialoseptomonium junci, Sporidesmiella juncicola, Xenopyricularia junci and Zaanenomyces quadripartis (incl. Zaanenomyces gen. nov.), from dead culms of Juncus effusus, Cylindromonium everniae and Rhodoveronaea everniae from Evernia prunastri, Cyphellophora sambuci and Myrmecridium sambuci from Sambucus nigra, Kiflimonium junci, Sarocladium junci, Zaanenomyces moderatricis-academiae and Zaanenomyces versatilis from dead culms of Juncus inflexus, Microcera physciae from Physcia tenella, Myrmecridium dactylidis from dead culms of Dactylis glomerata, Neochalara spiraeae and Sporidesmium spiraeae from leaves of Spiraea japonica, Neofabraea salicina from Salix sp., Paradissoconium narthecii (incl. Paradissoconium gen. nov.) from dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum, Polyscytalum vaccinii from Vaccinium myrtillus, Pseudosoloacrosporiella cryptomeriae (incl. Pseudosoloacrosporiella gen. nov.) from leaves of Cryptomeria japonica, Ramularia pararhabdospora from Plantago lanceolata, Sporidesmiella pini from needles of Pinus sylvestris and Xenoacrodontium juglandis (incl. Xenoacrodontium gen. nov. and Xenoacrodontiaceae fam. nov.) from Juglans regia. New Zealand, Cryptometrion metrosideri from twigs of Metrosideros sp., Coccomyces pycnophyllocladi from dead leaves of Phyllocladus alpinus, Hypoderma aliforme from fallen leaves Fuscopora solandri and Hypoderma subiculatum from dead leaves Phormium tenax. Norway, Neodevriesia kalakoutskii from permafrost and Variabilispora viridis from driftwood of Picea abies. Portugal, Entomortierella hereditatis from a biofilm covering a deteriorated limestone wall. Russia, Colpoma junipericola from needles of Juniperus sabina, Entoloma cinnamomeum on soil in grasslands, Entoloma verae on soil in grasslands, Hyphodermella pallidostraminea on a dry dead branch of Actinidia sp., Lepiota sayanensis on litter in a mixed forest, Papiliotrema horticola from Malus communis, Paramacroventuria ribis (incl. Paramacroventuria gen. nov.) from leaves of Ribes aureum and Paramyrothecium lathyri from leaves of Lathyrus tuberosus. South Africa, Harzia combreti from leaf litter of Combretum collinum ssp. sulvense, Penicillium xyleborini from Xyleborinus saxesenii, Phaeoisaria dalbergiae from bark of Dalbergia armata, Protocreopsis euphorbiae from leaf litter of Euphorbia ingens and Roigiella syzygii from twigs of Syzygium chordatum. Spain, Genea zamorana on sandy soil, Gymnopus nigrescens on Scleropodium touretii, Hesperomyces parexochomi on Parexochomus quadriplagiatus, Paraphoma variabilis from dung, Phaeococcomyces kinklidomatophilus from a blackened metal railing of an industrial warehouse and Tuber suaveolens in soil under Quercus faginea. Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Inocybe nivea associated with Salix polaris. Thailand, Biscogniauxia whalleyi on corticated wood. UK, Parasitella quercicola from Quercus robur. USA, Aspergillus arizonicus from indoor air in a hospital, Caeliomyces tampanus (incl. Caeliomyces gen. nov.) from office dust, Cippumomyces mortalis (incl. Cippumomyces gen. nov.) from a tombstone, Cylindrium desperesense from air in a store, Tetracoccosporium pseudoaerium from air sample in house, Toxicocladosporium glendoranum from air in a brick room, Toxicocladosporium losalamitosense from air in a classroom, Valsonectria portsmouthensis from air in men's locker room and Varicosporellopsis americana from sludge in a water reservoir. Vietnam, Entoloma kovalenkoi on rotten wood, Fusarium chuoi inside seed of Musa itinerans, Micropsalliota albofelina on soil in tropical evergreen mixed forests and Phytophthora docyniae from soil and roots of Docynia indica. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. Citation: Crous PW, Osieck ER, Jurjević Ž, et al. 2021. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1284-1382. Persoonia 47: 178-374. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.06.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - E R Osieck
- Jkvr. C.M. van Asch van Wijcklaan 19, 3972 ST Driebergen-Rijsenburg, Netherlands
| | - Ž Jurjević
- EMSL Analytical, Inc., 200 Route 130 North, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 USA
| | - J Boers
- Conventstraat 13A, 6701 GA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - A L van Iperen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Starink-Willemse
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Dima
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Balashov
- EMSL Analytical, Inc., 200 Route 130 North, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 USA
| | - T S Bulgakov
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yana Fabritsiusa street 2/28, 354002 Sochi, Krasnodar region, Russia
| | - P R Johnston
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, P. Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - O V Morozova
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, 2 Prof. Popov Str., Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - U Pinruan
- Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team (APMT), BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - S Sommai
- Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team (APMT), BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - P Alvarado
- ALVALAB, C/ Dr. Fernando Bongera, Severo Ochoa bldg. S1.04, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - C A Decock
- Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL, BCCMTM), Earth and Life Institute - ELIM - Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 bte L7.05.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - T Lebel
- State Herbarium of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | | | - G Moreno
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Botánica), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - R G Shivas
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia
| | - L Zhao
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - M Abrinbana
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, P.O. Box 165, Urmia, Iran
| | - D V Ageev
- LLC 'Signatec', 630090, Inzhenernaya Str. 22, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - G Akhmetova
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A V Alexandrova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), 119234, 1, 12 Leninskie Gory Str., Moscow, Russia
| | - A Altés
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Botánica), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - A G G Amaral
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - C Angelini
- Herbario Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Via Cappuccini, 78/8 - 33170 Pordenone, Italy
- Department of Botany, Moravian Museum, Zelný trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V Antonín
- Department of Botany, Moravian Museum, Zelný trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - F Arenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - P Asselman
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - F Badali
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, P.O. Box 165, Urmia, Iran
| | - A Baghela
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI)
- Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Bañares
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna. Apdo. 456, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - R W Barreto
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - I G Baseia
- Departamento Botânica e Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J-M Bellanger
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, INSERM, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - A Berraf-Tebbal
- Mendeleum - Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 334, Lednice, 69144, Czech Republic
| | - A Yu Biketova
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Temesvári blvd. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - N V Bukharova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr-t 100-let Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - T I Burgess
- Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - J Cabero
- C/ El Sol 6, 49800 Toro, Zamora, Spain
| | - M P S Câmara
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - J F Cano-Lira
- Mycology Unit, Medical School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - P Ceryngier
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - R Chávez
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, 9170022, Santiago, Chile
| | - D A Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A F de Lima
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - R L Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - S Denman
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, UK
| | - Q N Dang
- Forest Protection Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, 46 Duc Thang Ward, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - F Dovana
- Via Quargnento, 17, 15029, Solero (AL), Italy
| | - I G Duarte
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - A Eichmeier
- Mendeleum - Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 334, Lednice, 69144, Czech Republic
| | - A Erhard
- EMSL Analytical, Inc., 200 Route 130 North, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 USA
| | - F Esteve-Raventós
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Botánica), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Fellin
- Via G. Canestrini 10/B, I-38028, Novella (TN), Italy
| | - G Ferisin
- Associazione Micologica Bassa Friulana, 33052 Cervignano del Friuli, Italy
| | - R J Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - A Ferrer
- Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Núcleo de Química y Bioquímica, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Finy
- Zsombolyai u. 56, 8000 Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - E Gaya
- Comparative Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - A D W Geering
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Gil-Durán
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, 9170022, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Glässnerová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - A M Glushakova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), 119234, 1, 12 Leninskie Gory Str., Moscow, Russia
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064, Moscow, Maly Kazenny by-street, 5A, Russia
| | - D Gramaje
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. LO-20, Salida 13, 26007, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - A L Guarnizo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - D Haelewaters
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - R E Halling
- Inst. Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY, USA 10458-5126
| | - R Hill
- Comparative Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Y Hirooka
- Department of Clinical Plant Science, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - V Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - V A Iliushin
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, 2 Prof. Popov Str., Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - D D Ivanova
- The Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 191186, 48 Moyka Embankment, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - N E Ivanushkina
- All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, pr. Nauki, 5, Russia
| | - P Jangsantear
- Forest and Plant Conservation Research Office, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak District, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Justo
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A V Kachalkin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), 119234, 1, 12 Leninskie Gory Str., Moscow, Russia
- All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, pr. Nauki, 5, Russia
| | - S Kato
- Department of Clinical Plant Science, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P Khamsuntorn
- Microbe Interaction and Ecology Laboratory (BMIE), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - I Y Kirtsideli
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, 2 Prof. Popov Str., Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - D G Knapp
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G A Kochkina
- All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, pr. Nauki, 5, Russia
| | - O Koukol
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - G M Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Kruse
- Pfalzmuseum für Naturkunde - POLLICHIA-Museum, Hermann-Schäfer-Str. 17, 67098 Bad Dürkheim, Germany
| | - T K A Kumar
- Department of Botany, The Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - I Kušan
- Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T Læssøe
- Globe Inst./Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Denmark
| | - E Larsson
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, and Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - R Lebeuf
- 775, rang du Rapide Nord, Saint-Casimir, Quebec, G0A 3L0, Canada
| | - G Levicán
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, 9170022, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - P Marinho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - J J Luangsa-Ard
- Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team (APMT), BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - E G Lukina
- Saint Petersburg State University, 199034, 7-9 Universitetskaya emb., St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V Magaña-Dueñas
- Mycology Unit, Medical School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - E F Malysheva
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, 2 Prof. Popov Str., Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - V F Malysheva
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, 2 Prof. Popov Str., Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - B Martín
- Servicio Territorial de Agricultura, Ganadería y Desarrollo Rural de Zamora, C/ Prado Tuerto 17, 49019 Zamora, Spain
| | - M P Martín
- Real Jardín Botánico RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Matočec
- Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A R McTaggart
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - M Mehrabi-Koushki
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province, Iran
- Biotechnology and Bioscience Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - A Mešić
- Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A N Miller
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois, 61820, USA
| | - P Mironova
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P-A Moreau
- Université de Lille, Faculté de pharmacie de Lille, EA 4483, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - A Morte
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - K Müller
- Falkstraße 103, D-47058 Duisburg, Germany
| | - L G Nagy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Temesvári blvd. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - S Nanu
- Department of Botany, The Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - A Navarro-Ródenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - W J Nel
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T H Nguyen
- Forest Protection Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, 46 Duc Thang Ward, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - T F Nóbrega
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - M E Noordeloos
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, section Botany, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I Olariaga
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Dep. Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - B E Overton
- 205 East Campus Science Center, Lock Haven University, Department of Biology, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA
| | - S M Ozerskaya
- All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, pr. Nauki, 5, Russia
| | - P Palani
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - F Pancorbo
- Sociedad Micológica de Madrid, Real Jardín Botánico, C/ Claudio Moyano 1, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - V Papp
- Department of Botany, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi út 44. H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Pawłowska
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Q Pham
- Forest Protection Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, 46 Duc Thang Ward, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - C Phosri
- Biology programme, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom, 48000, Thailand
| | - E S Popov
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, 2 Prof. Popov Str., Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Portugal
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Fitolab - Laboratory for Phytopathology, Instituto Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Pošta
- Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K Reschke
- Mycology Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Straße 13, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Reul
- Ostenstraße 19, D-95615 Marktredwitz, Germany
| | - G M Ricci
- 205 East Campus Science Center, Lock Haven University, Department of Biology, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA
| | - A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - J Romanowski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - N Ruchikachorn
- The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - I Saar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila Street 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Safi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province, Iran
| | - B Sakolrak
- Forest and Plant Conservation Research Office, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak District, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - F Salzmann
- Kloosterweg 5, 6301WK, Valkenburg a/d Geul, The Netherlands
| | - M Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E Sangwichein
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - L Sanhueza
- Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Núcleo de Química y Bioquímica, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Sato
- Department of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, 2416 Hiranedai, Tainai, Niigata Prefecture, Japan
| | - A Sastoque
- Mycology Unit, Medical School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - B Senn-Irlet
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - A Shibata
- Department of Clinical Plant Science, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Siepe
- Geeste 133, D-46342 Velen, Germany
| | - S Somrithipol
- Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team (APMT), BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - M Spetik
- Mendeleum - Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 334, Lednice, 69144, Czech Republic
| | - P Sridhar
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - A M Stchigel
- Mycology Unit, Medical School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - K Stuskova
- Mendeleum - Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 334, Lednice, 69144, Czech Republic
| | - N Suwannasai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110 Thailand
| | - Y P Tan
- Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Thangavel
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - I Tiago
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S Tiwari
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI)
- Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Z Tkalčec
- Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M A Tomashevskaya
- All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, pr. Nauki, 5, Russia
| | - C Tonegawa
- Department of Clinical Plant Science, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H X Tran
- Forest Protection Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, 46 Duc Thang Ward, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - N T Tran
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Trovão
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - V E Trubitsyn
- All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, pr. Nauki, 5, Russia
| | - J Van Wyk
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, 1066 Bogue Street, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - W A S Vieira
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - J Vila
- Passatge del Torn, 4, 17800 Olot, Spain
| | - C M Visagie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A Vizzini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - S V Volobuev
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, 2 Prof. Popov Str., Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - D T Vu
- Research Planning and International Cooperation Department, Plant Resources Center, An Khanh, Hoai Duc, Hanoi 152900, Vietnam
| | - N Wangsawat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110 Thailand
| | - T Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - E Ercole
- Via Murazzano 11, I-10141, Torino (TO), Italy
| | - B W Ferreira
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - A P de Souza
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Monte Carmelo, 38500-000, MG, Brazil
| | - B S Vieira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Monte Carmelo, 38500-000, MG, Brazil
| | - J Z Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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46
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Sun W, Zhao L, Pavlic-Zupanc D, Crous PW, Slippers B, Dai Y. Toward a Natural Classification of Botryosphaeriaceae: A Study of the Type Specimens of Botryosphaeria sensu lato. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:737541. [PMID: 34803952 PMCID: PMC8595605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.737541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Botryosphaeria includes more than 200 epithets, but only the type species, Botryosphaeria dothidea and a dozen or more other species have been identified based on DNA sequence data. The taxonomic status of the other species remains unconfirmed because they lack either morphological information or DNA sequence data. In this study, types or authentic specimens of 16 "Botryosphaeria" species are reassessed to clarify their identity and phylogenetic position. nuDNA sequences of four regions, ITS, LSU, tef1-α and tub2, are analyzed and considered in combination with morphological characteristics. Based on the multigene phylogeny and morphological characters, Botryosphaeria cruenta and Botryosphaeria hamamelidis are transferred to Neofusicoccum. The generic status of Botryosphaeria aterrima and Botryosphaeria mirabile is confirmed in Botryosphaeria. Botryosphaeria berengeriana var. weigeliae and B. berengeriana var. acerina are treated synonyms of B. dothidea. Botryosphaeria mucosa is transferred to Neodeightonia as Neodeightonia mucosa, and Botryosphaeria ferruginea to Nothophoma as Nothophoma ferruginea. Botryosphaeria foliicola is reduced to synonymy with Phyllachorella micheliae. Botryosphaeria abuensis, Botryosphaeria aesculi, Botryosphaeria dasylirii, and Botryosphaeria wisteriae are tentatively kept in Botryosphaeria sensu stricto until further phylogenetic analysis is carried out on verified specimens. The ordinal status of Botryosphaeria apocyni, Botryosphaeria gaubae, and Botryosphaeria smilacinina cannot be determined, and tentatively accommodate these species in Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. The study demonstrates the significance of a polyphasic approach in characterizing type specimens, including the importance of using of DNA sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yupei Zhou
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - D. Pavlic-Zupanc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yucheng Dai
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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47
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Cimmino A, Bahmani Z, Masi M, Abdollahzadeh J, Amini J, Tuzi A, Evidente A. Phytotoxins produced by Didymella glomerata and Truncatella angustata, associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in Iran. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4322-4329. [PMID: 34668831 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1979544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Didymella glomerata and Truncatella angustata associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in Iran, were grown in vitro to evaluate the production of phytotoxic metabolites as potential pathogenicity determinants. 2,5-Dihydroxymethylfuran and (+)-6-hydroxyramulosin were isolated from the culture filtrates of D. glomerata and T. angustata, respectively. They were identified by physical and spectroscopic (essentially 1 D and 2 D 1H and 13C NMR and ESIMS) methods and X ray analysis. Both compounds induced significant necrosis and curling on the leaves of the host plant Vitis vinifera L. and the effects were concentration dependent. No effect was observed on the leaves of the non-host Solanum lycopersicum L.. plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Zeinab Bahmani
- Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Jafar Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jahanshir Amini
- Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Angela Tuzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy
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48
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Ramos Romero L, Tacke D, Koopmann B, von Tiedemann A. First Characterisation of the Phoma Species Complex on Maize Leaves in Central Europe. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091216. [PMID: 34578248 PMCID: PMC8467443 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the cultivated area of maize has increased in Central Europe due to its high yield potential and diverse uses for feed and bio-energy. This has led to more intense maize cultivation, with narrowed crop rotations resulting in the increase in maize leaf diseases. During 2012 and 2013, an inventory of maize leaf spot diseases was carried out in various regions in Central Europe. In addition to the major leaf pathogens, isolates of Phoma-like species were obtained from oval to elliptical spots on leaves or found in lesions produced by other leaf pathogens. A total of 16 representative Phoma-like strains were characterised for their pathogenicity on maize leaves, for their morphological characteristics and with a phylogenetic analysis based on multilocus sequence analysis using part of the actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), β-tubulin (TUB), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU) genes. The strains were grouped into four clades, and morphological studies supported this classification for most of them. Strains were compared with six reference Phoma-like species strains from the Westerndijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute collection reported to colonise maize. The pathogenic group of strains from our collection (after completion of Koch's postulates) did not cluster with any of these species, indicating a different and novel Phoma-like species infecting maize leaves. To our knowledge, this is the first study dissecting the Phoma species complex on maize leaves in Central Europe.
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49
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García-Martín JM, Sarmiento-Ramírez JM, Diéguez-Uribeondo J. Beyond Sea Turtles: Fusarium keratoplasticum in Eggshells of Podocnemis unifilis, a Threatened Amazonian Freshwater Turtle. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:742. [PMID: 34575781 PMCID: PMC8470610 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endangered yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) has experienced a dramatic population decline in the Ecuadorian Amazonia, mainly due to overexploitation of its eggs. To reverse this trend, the Wildlife Conservation Society has developed a head-start program in Yasuní National Park since 2008, but the potential risk that microbes associated with its eggs might represent for hatching success has not been evaluated yet. Members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are involved in egg failure in sea turtles under natural and hatchery conditions, but their role in infecting the eggs of P. unifilis is unknown. In this study, we collected eggshells of P. unifilis and obtained 50 fungal and bacterial isolates. Some potentially pathogenic fungi of the genera Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus were identified based on molecular data. Most importantly, the sea turtle pathogenic species F. keratoplasticum not only was present, but it was the most frequently found. Conversely, we have also isolated other microorganisms, such as Pseudomonas or Phoma-like species, producing a wide spectrum of antifungal compounds that may have a protective role against fungal diseases. Our survey provides useful information on potential pathogens found in P. unifilis eggshells, upon which the success of conservation programs may depend.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Diéguez-Uribeondo
- Departamento de Micología, Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, 28014 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.G.-M.); (J.M.S.-R.)
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50
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Valenzuela-Lopez N, Martin-Gomez MT, Los-Arcos I, Stchigel AM, Guarro J, Cano-Lira JF. A new pleosporalean fungus isolated from superficial to deep human clinical specimens. Med Mycol 2021; 59:278-288. [PMID: 32717745 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections by pleosporalean fungi (class Dothideomycetes, phylum Ascomycota) are rarely reported. Because their identification is challenging using morphological characterization, several phylogenetic markers must be sequenced for an accurate identification and taxonomical placement of the isolates. Three isolates of clinical origin were phenotypically characterized, but due to the absence of relevant morphological traits, D1-D2 domains of the 28S nrRNA gene (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the nrRNA, and fragments of the RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) genes were sequenced to allow a phylogenetic analysis that would solve their phylogenetic placement. That analysis revealed that these isolates did not match any previously known pleosporalean genera, and they are proposed here as the new fungal genus, Gambiomyces. Unfortunately, the isolates remained sterile, which, consequently, made the morphological description of the reproductive structures impossible. Future studies should try to understand the behaviour of this fungus in nature as well as its characteristics as an opportunistic fungal pathogen. Molecular identification is becoming an essential tool for proper identification of Dothideomycetes of clinical origin. LAY ABSTRACT We describe a new pleosporalen pathogenic fungus, Gambiomyces profunda, found in superficial to deep samples from a human patient. Because all strains remained sterile, the fungus was finally identified following a phylogenetic analysis by using four different molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicomedes Valenzuela-Lopez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Medical School, Mycology Unit, and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain.,Unidad de Microbiología, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Ibai Los-Arcos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto M Stchigel
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Medical School, Mycology Unit, and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Guarro
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Medical School, Mycology Unit, and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - José F Cano-Lira
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Medical School, Mycology Unit, and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
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