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Habib Adam M, Tandon N, Singh I, Tandon R. The Phytochemical Tactics for Battling Antibiotic Resistance in Microbes: Secondary Metabolites and Nano Antibiotics Methods. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300453. [PMID: 37535351 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the most serious threats to human health is antibiotic resistance, which has left the world without effective antibiotics. While continuous research and inventions for new antibiotics are going on, especially those with new modes of action, it is unlikely that this alone would be sufficient to win the battle. Furthermore, it is also important to investigate additional approaches. One such strategy for improving the efficacy of existing antibiotics is the discovery of adjuvants. This review has collected data from various studies on the current crisis and approaches for combating multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens using phytochemicals. In addition, the nano antibiotic approaches, are discussed, highlighting the high potentials of essential oils, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and nano antibiotics in combating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahid Habib Adam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Iqubal Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Runjhun Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
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Ibrahim MS, Farag B, Y. Al-Humaidi J, Zaki MEA, Fathalla M, Gomha SM. Mechanochemical Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of New Azines Bearing Indole as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:3869. [PMID: 37175279 PMCID: PMC10180502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new approaches for the synthesis of new bioactive heterocyclic derivatives is of the utmost importance for pharmaceutical industry. In this regard, the present study reports the green synthesis of new benzaldazine and ketazine derivatives via the condensation of various carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones with the 3-(1-hydrazineylideneethyl)-1H-indole using the grinding method with one drop of acetic acid). Various spectroscopic techniques were used to identify the structures of the synthesized derivatives. Furthermore, the anticancer activities of the reported azine derivatives were evaluated against colon, hepatocellular, and breast carcinoma cell lines using the MTT technique with doxorubicin as a reference medication. The findings suggested that the synthesized derivatives exhibited potential anti-tumor activities toward different cell lines. For example, 3c, 3d, 3h, 9, and 13 exhibited interesting activity with an IC50 value of 4.27-8.15 µM towards the HCT-116 cell line as compared to doxorubicin (IC50 = 5.23 ± 0.29 µM). In addition, 3c, 3d, 3h, 9, 11, and 13 showed excellent cytotoxic activities (IC50 = 4.09-9.05 µM) towards the HePG-2 cell line compared to doxorubicin (IC50 = 4.50 ± 0.20 µM), and 3d, 3h, 9, and 13 demonstrated high potency (IC50 = 6.19-8.39 µM) towards the breast cell line (MCF-7) as compared to the reference drug (IC50 = 4.17 ± 0.20 µM). The molecular interactions between derivatives 3a-h, 7, 9, 11, 13, and the CDK-5 enzyme (PDB ID: 3IG7) were studied further using molecular docking indicating a high level of support for the experimental results. Furthermore, the drug-likeness analysis of the reported derivatives indicated that derivative 9 (binding affinity = -8.34 kcal/mol) would have a better pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and oral bioavailability as compared to doxorubicin (-7.04 kcal/mol). These results along with the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the reported derivatives will pave the way for the design of additional azines bearing indole with potential anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.I.); (M.F.)
| | - Basant Farag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Jehan Y. Al-Humaidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maher Fathalla
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.I.); (M.F.)
| | - Sobhi M. Gomha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.I.); (M.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
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Kulshrestha A, Gupta P. Secreted aspartyl proteases family: a perspective review on the regulation of fungal pathogenesis. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:295-309. [PMID: 37097060 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted aspartyl proteases (SAPs) are important enzymes for fungal pathogenicity, playing a significant role in infection and survival. This article provides insight into how SAPs facilitate the transformation of yeast cells into hyphae and engage in biofilm formation, invasion and degradation of host cells and proteins. SAPs and their isoenzymes are prevalent during fungal infections, making them a potential target for antifungal and antibiofilm therapies. By targeting SAPs, critical stages of fungal pathogenesis such as adhesion, hyphal development, biofilm formation, host invasion and immune evasion can potentially be disrupted. Developing therapies that target SAPs could provide an effective treatment option for a wide range of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kulshrestha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, India
| | - Pratima Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, India
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Kamboj H, Gupta L, Kumar P, Sen P, Sengupta A, Vijayaraghavan P. Gene expression, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics studies to identify potential antifungal compounds targeting virulence proteins/genes VelB and THR as possible drug targets against Curvularia lunata. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1055945. [PMID: 36619165 PMCID: PMC9815619 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1055945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Curvuluria lunata is a melanized fungus pathogenic to both plants and animals including humans, causing from mild, febrile to life-threatening illness if not well treated. In humans, it is an etiological agent of keratomycosis, sinusitis, and onychomycosis in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. The development of multiple-drug-resistant strains poses a critical treatment issue as well as public health problem. Natural products are attractive prototypes for drug discovery due to their broad-spectrum efficacy and lower side effects. The present study explores possible targets of natural antifungal compounds (α-pinene, eugenol, berberine, and curcumin) against C. lunata via gene expression analysis, molecular docking interaction, and molecular dynamics (MD) studies. Curcumin, berberine, eugenol, and α-pinene exhibited in vitro antifungal activity at 78 μg/ml, 156 μg/ml, 156 μg/ml, and 1250 μg/ml, respectively. In addition, treatment by these compounds led to the complete inhibition of conidial germination and hindered the adherence when observed on onion epidermis. Several pathogenic factors of fungi are crucial for their survival inside the host including those involved in melanin biosynthesis, hyphal growth, sporulation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling. Relative gene expression of velB, brn1, clm1, and pks18 responsible for conidiation, melanin, and cell wall integrity was down-regulated significantly. Results of molecular docking possessed good binding affinity of compounds and have confirmed their potential targets as THR and VelB proteins. The docked structures, having good binding affinity among all, were further refined, and rescored from their docked poses through 100-ns long MD simulations. The MDS study revealed that curcumin formed a stable and energetically stabilized complex with the target protein. Therefore, the study concludes that the antifungal compounds possess significant efficacy to inhibit C. lunata growth targeting virulence proteins/genes involved in spore formation and melanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kamboj
- Anti-mycotic Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Lovely Gupta
- Anti-mycotic Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Sen
- Anti-mycotic Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Abhishek Sengupta
- Systems Biology and Data Analytics Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India,*Correspondence: Pooja Vijayaraghavan, ; Abhishek Sengupta,
| | - Pooja Vijayaraghavan
- Anti-mycotic Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India,*Correspondence: Pooja Vijayaraghavan, ; Abhishek Sengupta,
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Uma Maheshwari Nallal V, Prabha K, VethaPotheher I, Ravindran B, Baazeem A, Chang SW, Otunola GA, Razia M. Sunlight-driven rapid and facile synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Allium ampeloprasum extract with enhanced antioxidant and antifungal activity. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3660-3668. [PMID: 34220216 PMCID: PMC8241886 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Green nanotechnology has acquired immense demand due to its cost-effective, eco-friendly and benevolent approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Among the biological methods, plants aid as a significant green resource for synthesizing nanoparticles that are safe and non-toxic for human use. In the present investigation, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using bulbs extract of Allium ampeloprasum under the influence of sunlight irradiation and characterized using different techniques. Distinct in-vitro assays were performed to test the antioxidant and anticandida potential of the synthesized AgNPs. Results suggested the efficient and rapid sunlight-driven synthesis of AgNPs using A. ampeloprasum extract. UV–Vis spectrum showed absorption peak at 446 nm which confirmed the formation of AgNPs. FTIR analysis suggested the presence of functional groups associated with flavonoids and sulfur compounds in A. ampeloprasum extract. The synthesized AgNPs showed Face Centred Cubic (FCC) structure with an average size of 35 nm. Spherical, quasi spherical, triangular and ellipsoidal morphology of the NPs were observed from the TEM micrograph. The synthesized AgNPs showed pronounced free radical scavenging potential for DPPH, ABTS∙+ and H2O2 radicals. The anticandida potency of the synthesized AgNPs was observed as follows: C. albicans ≥ C. tropicalis ≥ C. glabrata ≥ C. parapsilosis ≥ C. krusei. Results showed that sunlight driven nanoparticle synthesis of AgNPs is rapid, facile and exhibit enhanced antioxidant and antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Uma Maheshwari Nallal
- Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Prabha
- Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - I VethaPotheher
- Department of Physics, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Gloria Aderonke Otunola
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Center, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - M Razia
- Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
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