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Green HD, Pescosolido BA. Social pathways to care: how community-based network ties shape the health care response of individuals with mental health problems. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:431-442. [PMID: 37072564 PMCID: PMC10113125 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mental health research has powerfully documented inequities related to characteristics, such as ethnicity and gender. Yet how and where disparities like unmet need occur have been more elusive. Drawing from a now modest body of research that deployed the Network Episode Model (NEM), we examine how individuals create patterns of response to mental health problems, influenced by the culture and resources embedded in their social networks. METHODS The Person-to-Person Health Interview Study (P2P; N ~ 2,700, 2018-2021) provides representative, community-based, NEM-tailored data. Both descriptive, latent class and multinomial regression analyses mark mental health care-seeking patterns, including individuals consulted and activities used, as well as the influence of the structure and cultural content of social networks. RESULTS Latent class analysis detected five pathways with good fit statistics. The Networked General Care Path (37.0%) and The Kin General Care Path (14.5%) differ only in whether friends are activated in using the general care sector. The Networked Multi-Sector Care Path (32.5%) and The Saturated Path (12.6%) involve family, friends, and both general and specialty care with only the latter expanding consultation to coworkers and clergy. The Null Path (3.3%), or no contacts, is not used as perceived problem severity increases. Network size and strength are associated with the more complex pathways that activate ties, respectively. Trust in doctors is associated with pathways that include specialty providers but not others at work or church. Race, age, and rural residence have specific pathway effects, while gender has no significant impact. CONCLUSIONS Social networks propel individuals with mental health problems into action. Tie strength and trust produce care responses that are fuller and more targeted. Considering the nature of homophily, results also suggest that majority status and college education are clearly implicated in networked pathways. Overall, findings support community-targeted rather than individually based efforts to increase service use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D Green
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health and the Irsay Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Bernice A Pescosolido
- Department of Sociology, College of Arts & Sciences and the Irsay Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Agyemang DO, Madden EF, English K, Venner KL, Rod H, Singh TP, Qeadan F. A trend analysis of the prevalence of opioid misuse, social support, and suicide attempt among American Indian/Alaska native high school students in New Mexico: 2009-2019 Youth Risk Resiliency Survey (YRRS). BMC Public Health 2022; 22:370. [PMID: 35189881 PMCID: PMC8862367 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth face stark inequities in opioid misuse, social support, and suicide attempt. This study examined trends in these behavioral measures among AI/AN students in New Mexico (NM). METHODS Using the NM oversampled Youth Resiliency and Risk Survey (NM-YRRS, 2009 - 2019: odd years), prevalence estimates of opioid misuse, social support (SS), and suicide attempt for AI/AN high school students were generated. Trends over time were assessed via linear regression of weighted proportions according to Peter Armitage. Stratified trends by demographics were also employed. RESULTS While the prevalence of suicide attempt did not change significantly over time, it was consistently higher among females (2011-2019), those who misused opioids, received low social support, had a mother with less than high school education, had a C, D, or F for academic performance, and non-straight students relative to their counterparts. In particular, the prevalence of suicide attempt among AI/AN students who reported opioid misuse in 2009 was significantly higher by 25.4% than their counterparts who did not report opioid misuse (35.8% vs. 10.4%.) A significant decreasing trend over time (2009-2017) was observed for opioid misuse (16.1%↓8.8%, p-value = 0.0033), including when stratifying by sex (males: 15.9%↓9%, p-value = 0.002; females: 16.2%↓8.6%, p-value = 0.012). Youth with high maternal education exhibited significant decline in opioid misuse (13.5%↓6.7%, p-value = 0.019; 2011-2017.) Opioid misuse increased significantly from 2017 to 2019 (8.8%↑12.9%, p-value < 0.0001.) For instance, in 2019 among AI/AN students who reported low social support, opioid misuse was roughly doubled (18.9% vs. 8.5%, p < 0.0001), and suicide attempt was tripled (21.3% vs. 7.0%, p < 0.0001) compared to students with high social support. CONCLUSION No significant trend was observed for suicide attempt. We observed a significant decreasing trend in opioid misuse between 2009 through 2017 but a significant increase from 2017 to 2019. A higher level of maternal education (college or above), and an A or B school grade performance were protective against both opioid misuse and suicide attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Opoku Agyemang
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erin Fanning Madden
- Wayne State University, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kevin English
- Albuquerque Area Southwest Tribal Epidemiology Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kamilla L Venner
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology,, Center On Alcohol, Substance use, And Addiction (CASAA), Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Handy Rod
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tejinder Pal Singh
- Wayne State University, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fares Qeadan
- Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
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MacDonald K, Ferrari M, Fainman-Adelman N, Iyer SN. Experiences of pathways to mental health services for young people and their carers: a qualitative meta-synthesis review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56:339-361. [PMID: 33206200 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-01976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, growing concern with young people's mental health is spurring service reform efforts. Such reform requires a full understanding of the experiences of young people and their carers when seeking mental health help. To generate such an understanding, we conducted a meta-synthesis of qualitative literature on the perspectives of youths and their carers on navigating mental health systems. Five electronic databases were searched (Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, HealthSTAR). Studies were included if they explored the experiences of pathways to mental health services of persons aged 11-30 years and/or their carers; were published in English or French; and used qualitative methodology. Quality appraisal was conducted using the CASP tool. The synthesis of 31 included studies yielded three themes-initiating contact with mental health services; characteristics of services' response; and youths' and carers' appraisal of services. Themes about initiating contact included mental health literacy, structural barriers, and social support. Service response-related themes included complex pathways, waitlists, eligibility, and fragmented care. In terms of service appraisal, positive encounters featured providers who were accessible and perceived as caring. Negative appraisals resulted from feeling misunderstood and excluded and being ill-informed about treatment. Across diagnoses and settings, youths and carers had difficult experiences accessing mental healthcare. While individual, social, and healthcare factors shaping pathways to care varied, systemic complexities were a common inhibitor. This synthesis informs recommendations for improving mental health services and youths' pathways to them. It underlines the need for grounding reform in youths' and carers' perspectives and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. .,Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Canada. .,ACCESS Open Minds, Pan-Canadian Youth Mental Health Services Research Network, Montreal, Canada. .,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis (PEPP), Montreal, Canada.
| | - Manuela Ferrari
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.,ACCESS Open Minds, Pan-Canadian Youth Mental Health Services Research Network, Montreal, Canada.,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis (PEPP), Montreal, Canada
| | - Nina Fainman-Adelman
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Srividya N Iyer
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.,ACCESS Open Minds, Pan-Canadian Youth Mental Health Services Research Network, Montreal, Canada.,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis (PEPP), Montreal, Canada
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Meagley K, Schriver B, Geary RS, Fielding-Miller R, Stein AD, Dunkle KL, Norris SA. The gender dimensions of social networks and help-seeking behaviors of young adults in Soweto, South Africa. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:31138. [PMID: 27265147 PMCID: PMC4911713 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.31138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Young people constitute a major proportion of the general population and are influenced by a variety of factors, especially in regards to seeking help. An understanding of help-seeking behaviors among young people is important for designing and implementing effective targeted health services. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with 23 young adults aged 21–22 years in Soweto, South Africa, to explore the gender dimensions of social networks and help-seeking behaviors. Results We found that young men had larger peer social networks than young women and that young women's social networks centered on their households. For general health, both young men and young women often sought help from an older, maternal figure. However, for sexual health, young men consulted their group of peers, whereas young women were more likely to seek information from one individual, such as an older female friend or family member. Conclusion These differences in help-seeking behaviors have important implications for the delivery of health information in South Africa and how health promotion is packaged to young men and women, especially for sexual and reproductive health issues. Peer educators might be very effective at conveying health messages for young men, whereas women might respond better to health information presented in a more confidential setting either through community health workers or mHealth technologies. Provision of or linkage to health services that is consistent with young people's health-seeking behavior, such as using peer educators and community health care workers, may increase the reach and utilization of these services among young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Meagley
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Brittany Schriver
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca S Geary
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Population Studies, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Fielding-Miller
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aryeh D Stein
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristin L Dunkle
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;
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Andreescu FC. Social Trauma and Distortions of Phantasy Formations. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND POLITICS INTERNATIONAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ppi.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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