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Esmaeili M, Mead B. Differentiation of Human Embryonic/Induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells to Retinal Ganglion Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2708:41-48. [PMID: 37558958 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3409-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The generation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) differentiated from human embryonic stem cell (hESC) or induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) could aid with understanding of human RGC development, neuronal biology, drug discovery, potential cell-based therapies, and gene regulation. Here, we present a protocol for differentiation of hESC to RGCs using a 40-day protocol, significantly shorter than typical retinal organoids while still yielding cells with RGC-enriched markers and show physiological and morphological properties typical of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esmaeili
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Ben Mead
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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2
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Grigoryan EN. Cell Sources for Retinal Regeneration: Implication for Data Translation in Biomedicine of the Eye. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233755. [PMID: 36497013 PMCID: PMC9738527 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main degenerative diseases of the retina include macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. Novel approaches for treating retinal diseases are based on cell replacement therapy using a variety of exogenous stem cells. An alternative and complementary approach is the potential use of retinal regeneration cell sources (RRCSs) containing retinal pigment epithelium, ciliary body, Müller glia, and retinal ciliary region. RRCSs in lower vertebrates in vivo and in mammals mostly in vitro are able to proliferate and exhibit gene expression and epigenetic characteristics typical for neural/retinal cell progenitors. Here, we review research on the factors controlling the RRCSs' properties, such as the cell microenvironment, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, etc., that determine the regenerative responses and alterations underlying the RRCS-associated pathologies. We also discuss how the current data on molecular features and regulatory mechanisms of RRCSs could be translated in retinal biomedicine with a special focus on (1) attempts to obtain retinal neurons de novo both in vivo and in vitro to replace damaged retinal cells; and (2) investigations of the key molecular networks stimulating regenerative responses and preventing RRCS-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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3
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German OL, Vallese-Maurizi H, Soto TB, Rotstein NP, Politi LE. Retina stem cells, hopes and obstacles. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1446-1479. [PMID: 34786153 PMCID: PMC8567457 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i10.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration is a major contributor to visual dysfunction worldwide. Although it comprises several eye diseases, loss of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and photoreceptor cells are the major contributors to their pathogenesis. Early therapies included diverse treatments, such as provision of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and many survival and trophic factors that, in some cases, slow down the progression of the degeneration, but do not effectively prevent it. The finding of stem cells (SC) in the eye has led to the proposal of cell replacement strategies for retina degeneration. Therapies using different types of SC, such as retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), embryonic SC, pluripotent SCs (PSCs), induced PSCs (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stromal cells, capable of self-renewal and of differentiating into multiple cell types, have gained ample support. Numerous preclinical studies have assessed transplantation of SC in animal models, with encouraging results. The aim of this work is to revise the different preclinical and clinical approaches, analyzing the SC type used, their efficacy, safety, cell attachment and integration, absence of tumor formation and immunorejection, in order to establish which were the most relevant and successful. In addition, we examine the questions and concerns still open in the field. The data demonstrate the existence of two main approaches, aimed at replacing either RPE cells or photoreceptors. Emerging evidence suggests that RPCs and iPSC are the best candidates, presenting no ethical concerns and a low risk of immunorejection. Clinical trials have already supported the safety and efficacy of SC treatments. Serious concerns are pending, such as the risk of tumor formation, lack of attachment or integration of transplanted cells into host retinas, immunorejection, cell death, and also ethical. However, the amazing progress in the field in the last few years makes it possible to envisage safe and effective treatments to restore vision loss in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L German
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia blanca 8000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, and Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) Conicet, Bahía Blanca 8000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Harmonie Vallese-Maurizi
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia blanca 8000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, and Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) Conicet, Bahía Blanca 8000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara B Soto
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, and Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) Conicet, Bahía Blanca 8000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia blanca 8000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, and Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) Conicet, Bahía Blanca 8000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Enrique Politi
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, and Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) Conicet, Bahía Blanca 8000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Xu HJ, Li QY, Zou T, Yin ZQ. Development-related mitochondrial properties of retinal pigment epithelium cells derived from hEROs. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1138-1150. [PMID: 34414076 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.08.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the temporal mitochondrial characteristics of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells obtained from human embryonic stem cells (hESC)-derived retinal organoids (hEROs-RPE), to verify the optimal period for using hEROs-RPE as donor cells from the aspect of mitochondria and to optimize RPE cell-based therapeutic strategies for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS RPE cells were obtained from hEROs and from spontaneous differentiation (SD-RPE). The mitochondrial characteristics were analyzed every 20d from day 60 to 160. Mitochondrial quantity was measured by MitoTracker Green staining. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was adopted to assess the morphological features of the mitochondria, including their distribution, length, and cristae. Mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMPs) were determined by JC-1 staining and evaluated by flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated by flow cytometry, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were measured by a luminometer. Differences between two groups were analyzed by the independent-samples t-test, and comparisons among multiple groups were made using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test when equal variance was not assumed. RESULTS hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells from day 60 to 160 were successfully differentiated from hESCs and expressed RPE markers (Pax6, MITF, Bestrophin-1, RPE65, Cralbp). RPE features, including a cobblestone-like morphology with tight junctions (ZO-1), pigments and microvilli, were also observed in both hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells. The mitochondrial quantities of hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells both peaked at day 80. However, the cristae of hEROs-RPE mitochondria were less mature and abundant than those of SD-RPE mitochondria at day 80, with hEROs-RPE mitochondria becoming mature at day 100. Both hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells showed low ROS levels from day 100 to 140 and maintained a normal MMP during this period. However, hEROs-RPE mitochondria maintained a longer time to produce high levels of ATP (from day 120 to 140) than SD-RPE cells (only day 120). CONCLUSION hEROs-RPE mitochondria develop more slowly and maintain a longer time to supply high-level energy than SD-RPE mitochondria. From the mitochondrial perspective, hEROs-RPE cells from day 100 to 140 are an optimal cell source for treating AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jue Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qi-You Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zheng-Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
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5
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Zhang CJ, Ma Y, Jin ZB. The road to restore vision with photoreceptor regeneration. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108283. [PMID: 33010290 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroretinal diseases are the predominant cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, mainly due to photoreceptor loss. Currently, there are no radical treatments to fully reverse the degeneration or even stop the disease progression. Thus, it is urgent to develop new biological therapeutics for these diseases on the clinical side. Stem cell-based treatments have become a promising therapeutic for neuroretinal diseases through the replacement of damaged cells with photoreceptors and some allied cells. To date, considerable efforts have been made to regenerate the diseased retina based on stem cell technology. In this review, we overview the current status of stem cell-based treatments for photoreceptor regeneration, including the major cell sources derived from different stem cells in pre-clinical or clinical trial stages. Additionally, we discuss herein the major challenges ahead for and potential new strategy toward photoreceptor regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Ya Ma
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China.
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6
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Lam PT, Gutierrez C, Del Rio-Tsonis K, Robinson ML. Generation of a Retina Reporter hiPSC Line to Label Progenitor, Ganglion, and Photoreceptor Cell Types. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:21. [PMID: 32714647 PMCID: PMC7352077 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.3.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Early in mammalian eye development, VSX2, BRN3b, and RCVRN expression marks neural retinal progenitors (NRPs), retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and photoreceptors (PRs), respectively. The ability to create retinal organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) holds great potential for modeling both human retinal development and retinal disease. However, no methods allowing the simultaneous, real-time monitoring of multiple specific retinal cell types during development currently exist. Methods CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) in hiPSCs facilitated the replacement of the VSX2 (Progenitor), BRN3b (Ganglion), and RCVRN (Photoreceptor) stop codons with sequences encoding a viral P2A peptide fused to Cerulean, green fluorescent protein, and mCherry reporter genes, respectively, to generate a triple transgenic reporter hiPSC line called PGP1. This was accomplished by co-electroporating HDR templates and sgRNA/Cas9 vectors into hiPSCs followed by antibiotic selection. Functional validation of the PGP1 hiPSC line included the ability to generate retinal organoids, with all major retinal cell types, displaying the expression of the three fluorescent reporters consistent with the onset of target gene expression. Disaggregated organoids were also analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and fluorescent populations were tested for the expression of the targeted gene. Results Retinal organoids formed from the PGP1 line expressed appropriate fluorescent proteins consistent with the differentiation of NRPs, RGCs, and PRs. Organoids produced from the PGP1 line expressed transcripts consistent with the development of all major retinal cell types. Conclusions and Translational Relevance The PGP1 line offers a powerful new tool to study retinal development, retinal reprogramming, and therapeutic drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T Lam
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Christian Gutierrez
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Michael L Robinson
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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7
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Baakdhah T, van der Kooy D. Expansion of retinal stem cells and their progeny using cell microcarriers in a bioreactor. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2800. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Baakdhah
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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8
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Tian Y, Davis R, Zonca MR, Stern JH, Temple S, Xie Y. Screening and optimization of potential injection vehicles for storage of retinal pigment epithelial stem cell before transplantation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 13:76-86. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangzi Tian
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering; SUNY Polytechnic Institute; Albany New York
| | - Richard Davis
- Department of Retina Research; Neural Stem Cell Institute; Rensselaer New York
| | - Michael R. Zonca
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering; SUNY Polytechnic Institute; Albany New York
| | - Jeffrey H. Stern
- Department of Retina Research; Neural Stem Cell Institute; Rensselaer New York
| | - Sally Temple
- Department of Retina Research; Neural Stem Cell Institute; Rensselaer New York
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering; SUNY Polytechnic Institute; Albany New York
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9
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Kang L, Yao C, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Xu W, Zhang R, Banerjee NS, Chang CW, Chow LT, Townes T, Hu K. The Universal 3D3 Antibody of Human PODXL Is Pluripotent Cytotoxic, and Identifies a Residual Population After Extended Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:556-68. [PMID: 26886504 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin-like protein (PODXL) is a member of CD34 family proteins. It is the protein that carries many post-translational epitopes responsible for various pluripotent surface markers including TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, GCTM2, GP200, and mAb84. However, PODXL has not attracted the attention of stem cell biologists. Here, we report several features of PODXL mRNA and protein in pluripotent stem cells. Similar to the modification-dependent pluripotent epitopes, PODXL transcripts and carrier protein are also features of pluripotency. PODXL is highly expressed in early human embryos from oocytes up to four-cell stages. During reprogramming of human cells to pluripotency, in contrast to TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81, PODXL is activated by KLF4 at a very early time of reprogramming. Although TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 are completely lost upon differentiation, a residual PODXL(+) population exists even after extended differentiation and they were identified by the universal human PODXL epitope 3D3. Unlike TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 epitopes that are unique to primate pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), PODXL carrier protein can be used as a murine surface marker. Most importantly, antibody to 3D3 epitope causes massive necrosis and apoptosis of human PSCs (hPSCs). We suggest that 3D3 antibody could be employed to eliminate the tumorigenic pluripotent cells in hPSC-derived cells for cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kang
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chunping Yao
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute , Jinan, China
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Weihua Xu
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,4 Longyan University , Fujian, China
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nilam Sanjib Banerjee
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chia-Wei Chang
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Louise T Chow
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tim Townes
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kejin Hu
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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10
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Stem Cell Therapy for Treatment of Ocular Disorders. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8304879. [PMID: 27293447 PMCID: PMC4884591 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8304879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustenance of visual function is the ultimate focus of ophthalmologists. Failure of complete recovery of visual function and complications that follow conventional treatments have shifted search to a new form of therapy using stem cells. Stem cell progenitors play a major role in replenishing degenerated cells despite being present in low quantity and quiescence in our body. Unlike other tissues and cells, regeneration of new optic cells responsible for visual function is rarely observed. Understanding the transcription factors and genes responsible for optic cells development will assist scientists in formulating a strategy to activate and direct stem cells renewal and differentiation. We review the processes of human eye development and address the strategies that have been exploited in an effort to regain visual function in the preclinical and clinical state. The update of clinical findings of patients receiving stem cell treatment is also presented.
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11
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Di Foggia V, Makwana P, Ali RR, Sowden JC. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapies for Degenerative Disease of the Outer Retina: Disease Modeling and Cell Replacement. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:240-52. [PMID: 27027805 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are being explored as potential treatments for retinal disease. How to replace neurons in a degenerated retina presents a continued challenge for the regenerative medicine field that, if achieved, could restore sight. The major issues are: (i) the source and availability of donor cells for transplantation; (ii) the differentiation of stem cells into the required retinal cells; and (iii) the delivery, integration, functionality, and survival of new cells in the host neural network. This review considers the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), currently under intense investigation, as a platform for cell transplantation therapy. Moreover, patient-specific iPSC are being developed for autologous cell transplantation and as a tool for modeling specific retinal diseases, testing gene therapies, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Foggia
- 1 UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Makwana
- 1 UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin R Ali
- 2 UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C Sowden
- 1 UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, United Kingdom
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12
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Sluch VM, Davis CHO, Ranganathan V, Kerr JM, Krick K, Martin R, Berlinicke CA, Marsh-Armstrong N, Diamond JS, Mao HQ, Zack DJ. Differentiation of human ESCs to retinal ganglion cells using a CRISPR engineered reporter cell line. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16595. [PMID: 26563826 PMCID: PMC4643248 DOI: 10.1038/srep16595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury and cell death from glaucoma and other forms of optic nerve disease is a major cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived RGCs could provide a source of cells for the development of novel therapeutic molecules as well as for potential cell-based therapies. In addition, such cells could provide insights into human RGC development, gene regulation, and neuronal biology. Here, we report a simple, adherent cell culture protocol for differentiation of hPSCs to RGCs using a CRISPR-engineered RGC fluorescent reporter stem cell line. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting of the differentiated cultures yields a highly purified population of cells that express a range of RGC-enriched markers and exhibit morphological and physiological properties typical of RGCs. Additionally, we demonstrate that aligned nanofiber matrices can be used to guide the axonal outgrowth of hPSC-derived RGCs for in vitro optic nerve-like modeling. Lastly, using this protocol we identified forskolin as a potent promoter of RGC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin M Sluch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Chung-ha O Davis
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Vinod Ranganathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Justin M Kerr
- Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kellin Krick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Russ Martin
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Cynthia A Berlinicke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Nicholas Marsh-Armstrong
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Donald J Zack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21287.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
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13
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Zhou PY, Peng GH, Xu H, Yin ZQ. c-Kit+ cells isolated from human fetal retinas represent a new population of retinal progenitor cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2169-78. [PMID: 25918122 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Definitive surface markers for retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) are still lacking. Therefore, we sorted c-Kit+ and stage-specific embryonic antigen-4− (SSEA4−) retinal cells for further biological characterization. RPCs were isolated from human fetal retinas (gestational age of 12–14 weeks). c-Kit+/SSEA4− RPCs were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and their proliferation and differentiation capabilities were evaluated by using immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. The effectiveness and safety were assessed following injection of c-Kit+/SSEA4− cells into the subretina of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. c-Kit+ cells were found in the inner part of the fetal retina. Sorted c-Kit+/SSEA4− cells expressed retinal stem cell markers. Our results clearly demonstrate the proliferative potential of these cells. Moreover, c-Kit+/SSEA4− cells differentiated into retinal cells that expressed markers of photoreceptor cells, ganglion cells and glial cells. These cells survived for at least 3 months after transplantation into the host subretinal space. Teratomas were not observed in the c-Kit+/SSEA4−-cell group. Thus, c-Kit can be used as a surface marker for RPCs, and c-Kit+/SSEA4− RPCs exhibit the ability to self-renew and differentiate into retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan 450003, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan 450003, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Ophthalmology of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Ophthalmology of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chongqing 400038, China
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