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Gao Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Liu S. Biomaterials targeting the microenvironment for spinal cord injury repair: progression and perspectives. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1362494. [PMID: 38784712 PMCID: PMC11111957 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1362494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts nerve pathways and affects sensory, motor, and autonomic function. There is currently no effective treatment for SCI. SCI occurs within three temporal periods: acute, subacute, and chronic. In each period there are different alterations in the cells, inflammatory factors, and signaling pathways within the spinal cord. Many biomaterials have been investigated in the treatment of SCI, including hydrogels and fiber scaffolds, and some progress has been made in the treatment of SCI using multiple materials. However, there are limitations when using individual biomaterials in SCI treatment, and these limitations can be significantly improved by combining treatments with stem cells. In order to better understand SCI and to investigate new strategies for its treatment, several combination therapies that include materials combined with cells, drugs, cytokines, etc. are summarized in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengwen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Gao H, Ding W. Effect and mechanism of acupuncture on endogenous and exogenous stem cells in disease treatment: A therapeutic review. Life Sci 2023; 331:122031. [PMID: 37598978 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Acupuncture is effective intervention, particularly in nerve, endocrine diseases and immune diseases. The potential mechanisms mediating the effects of acupuncture include anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress, inhibition of cell apoptosis, and stimulation of the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous stem cells. Traditional Chinese medicine combined with stem cell transplantation have a synergistic effect in the treatment of diseases. Increasing studies have found that acupuncture can promote the proliferation, differentiation, homing and survival of exogenous stem cells. This article reviews the mechanism of acupuncture and Chinese herbs on endogenous stem cells and exogenous stem cells in the combined intervention of diverse disorders and the major problems in past 15 years, which will provide a reference for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Weijun Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Lai BQ, Wu RJ, Han WT, Bai YR, Liu JL, Yu HY, Yang SB, Wang LJ, Ren JL, Ding Y, Li G, Zeng X, Ma YH, Quan Q, Xing LY, Jiang B, Wang YQ, Zhang L, Chen ZH, Zhang HB, Chen YF, Zheng QJ, Zeng YS. Tail nerve electrical stimulation promoted the efficiency of transplanted spinal cord-like tissue as a neuronal relay to repair the motor function of rats with transected spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2023; 297:122103. [PMID: 37028111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Following transected spinal cord injury (SCI), there is a critical need to restore nerve conduction at the injury site and activate the silent neural circuits caudal to the injury to promote the recovery of voluntary movement. In this study, we generated a rat model of SCI, constructed neural stem cell (NSC)-derived spinal cord-like tissue (SCLT), and evaluated its ability to replace injured spinal cord and repair nerve conduction in the spinal cord as a neuronal relay. The lumbosacral spinal cord was further activated with tail nerve electrical stimulation (TNES) as a synergistic electrical stimulation to better receive the neural information transmitted by the SCLT. Next, we investigated the neuromodulatory mechanism underlying the action of TNES and its synergism with SCLT in SCI repair. TNES promoted the regeneration and remyelination of axons and increased the proportion of glutamatergic neurons in SCLT to transmit brain-derived neural information more efficiently to the caudal spinal cord. TNES also increased the innervation of motor neurons to hindlimb muscle and improved the microenvironment of muscle tissue, resulting in effective prevention of hindlimb muscle atrophy and enhanced muscle mitochondrial energy metabolism. Tracing of the neural circuits of the sciatic nerve and tail nerve identified the mechanisms responsible for the synergistic effects of SCLT transplantation and TNES in activating central pattern generator (CPG) neural circuits and promoting voluntary motor function recovery in rats. The combination of SCLT and TNES is expected to provide a new breakthrough for patients with SCI to restore voluntary movement and control their muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rong-Jie Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510100, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Wei-Tao Han
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yu-Rong Bai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jia-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hai-Yang Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510100, China
| | - Shang-Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lai-Jian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jia-Le Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ge Li
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, 510100, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Qi Quan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, the 4th Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ling-Yan Xing
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Wang
- Department of Electron Microscope, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hong-Bo Zhang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510100, China.
| | - Qiu-Jian Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510100, China.
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510800, China.
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Paredes-Espinosa MB, Paluh JL. Human stem cell-derived neurons and neural circuitry therapeutics: Next frontier in spinal cord injury repair. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:2142-2151. [PMID: 35974701 PMCID: PMC9837306 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221114099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a life-altering event that devastates those injured and the families that support them. Numerous laboratories are engaged in preclinical and clinical trials to repair the injured spinal cord with stem cell-derived therapeutics. A new developmental paradigm reveals early bifurcation of brain or trunk neurons in mammals via neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) relevant to therapies requiring homotypic spinal cord neural populations. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) NMP-derived spinal motor neurons generated ex vivo following this natural developmental route demonstrate robust survival in vivo when delivered as suspension grafts or as in vitro preformed encapsulated neuronal circuitry when transplanted into a rat C4-C5 hemicontusion injury site. Use of in vitro matured neurons avoids in vivo differentiation challenges of using pluripotent hiPSC or multipotent neural stem cell (NSC) or mesenchymal stem cell therapeutics. In this review, we provide an injury to therapeutics overview focusing on how stem cell and developmental fields are merging to generate exquisitely matched spinal motor neurons for SCI therapeutic studies. The complexity of the SCI microenvironment generated by trauma to neurons and vasculature, along with infiltrating inflammatory cells and scarring, underlies the challenging cytokine microenvironment that therapeutic cells encounter. An overview of evolving but limited stem cell-based SCI therapies that have progressed from preclinical to clinical trials illustrates the challenges and need for additional stem cell-based therapeutic approaches. The focus here on neurons describes how NMP-based neurotechnologies are advancing parallel strategies such as transplantation of preformed neuronal circuitry as well as human in vitro gastruloid multicellular models of trunk central and peripheral nervous system integration with organs. NMP-derived neurons are expected to be powerful drivers of the next generation of SCI therapeutics and integrate well with combination therapies that may utilize alternate biomimetic scaffolds for bridging injuries or flexible biodegradable electronics for electrostimulation.
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Cheng H, Huang Y, Qian J, Meng F, Fan Y. Organic photovoltaic device enhances the neural differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Wang Z, Zhao H, Tang X, Meng T, Khutsishvili D, Xu B, Ma S. CNS Organoid Surpasses Cell-Laden Microgel Assembly to Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9832128. [PMID: 36061824 PMCID: PMC9394056 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9832128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The choice of therapeutic agents remains an unsolved issue in the repair of spinal cord injury. In this work, various agents and configurations were investigated and compared for their performance in promoting nerve regeneration, including bead assembly and bulk gel of collagen and Matrigel, under acellular and cell-laden conditions, and cerebral organoid (CO) as the in vitro preorganized agent. First, in Matrigel-based agents and the CO transplantations, the recipient animal gained more axon regeneration and the higher Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring than the grafted collagen gels. Second, new nerves more uniformly infiltrated into the transplants in bead form assembly than the molded chunks. Third, the materials loaded the neural progenitor cells (NPCs) or the CO implantation groups received more regenerated nerve fibers than their acellular counterparts, suggesting the necessity to transplant exogenous cells for large trauma (e.g., a 5 mm long spinal cord transect). In addition, the activated microglial cells might benefit from neural regeneration after receiving CO transplantation in the recipient animals. The organoid augmentation may suggest that in vitro maturation of a microtissue complex is necessary before transplantation and proposes organoids as the premium therapeutic agents for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitian Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoran Zhao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tianyu Meng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Davit Khutsishvili
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaohua Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Yao L, Liang W, Du X, Chen Y, Huang X. Effect of acupuncture on long-term outcomes in patients with post-stroke dysphagia. NeuroRehabilitation 2022; 51:433-441. [PMID: 35871375 DOI: 10.3233/nre-220113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acupuncture has been used to treat patients with post-stroke neurological dysfunction. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our observational study was to observe the long-term efficacy of acupuncture and investigate whether the acupuncture treatment could short the recovery time of patients with post-stroke dysphagia. METHODS Medical records were reviewed to select patients who met the inclusion criteria for post-stroke dysphagia. Exposure factor was defined as received acupuncture during inpatient. Clinical data were obtained at the 6-month follow-up. The primary outcome was the time to improve the score of Food Intake Level Scale (FILS, 0-10) by 3 grades. Cox regression models were used to assess the relationship between acupuncture and recovery of dysphagia. RESULTS In acupuncture group, the median time to achieve clinical improvement of dysphagia was 97 days (95% CI, 93-124) compared with 119 days (95% CI, 108-145) in control group, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (HR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.14-1.92; P = 0.003). At 6 months, 78 patients (60.5%) in acupuncture group reached excellent function and 61 patients (47.3%) in control group (RR = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.02-1.62; P = 0.045). 106 patients (82.2%) in acupuncture group achieved favorable function and 91 patients (70.5%) in control group (RR = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02-1.35; P = 0.039). The outcome of adjusted multivariable Cox regression models showed that there was a difference in the recovery time of dysphagia between groups, HR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.34-2.39. The rates of adverse events were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture can promote the recovery of post-stroke dysphagia, and has a better long-term efficacy. Besides, it can reduce the degree of disability and improve the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Yao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Jiang K, Sun Y, Chen X. Mechanism Underlying Acupuncture Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Overview of Preclinical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:875103. [PMID: 35462893 PMCID: PMC9021644 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.875103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results from various pathogenic factors that destroy the normal structure and function of the spinal cord, subsequently causing sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve dysfunction. SCI is one of the most common causes of disability and death globally. It leads to severe physical and mental injury to patients and causes a substantial economic burden on families and the society. The pathological changes and underlying mechanisms within SCI involve oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, etc. As a traditional therapy, acupuncture has a positive effect promoting the recovery of SCI. Acupuncture-induced neuroprotection includes several mechanisms such as reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis, alleviating glial scar formation, promoting neural stem cell differentiation, and improving microcirculation within the injured area. Therefore, the recent studies exploring the mechanism of acupuncture therapy in SCI will help provide a theoretical basis for applying acupuncture and seeking a better treatment target and acupuncture approach for SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xinle Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
- *Correspondence: Xinle Chen,
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Zeng YS, Ding Y, Xu HY, Zeng X, Lai BQ, Li G, Ma YH. Electro-acupuncture and its combination with adult stem cell transplantation for spinal cord injury treatment: A summary of current laboratory findings and a review of literature. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:635-647. [PMID: 35174644 PMCID: PMC8981476 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and disability rate of spinal cord injury (SCI) worldwide are high, imposing a heavy burden on patients. Considerable research efforts have been directed toward identifying new strategies to effectively treat SCI. Governor Vessel electro‐acupuncture (GV‐EA), used in traditional Chinese medicine, combines acupuncture with modern electrical stimulation. It has been shown to improve the microenvironment of injured spinal cord (SC) by increasing levels of endogenous neurotrophic factors and reducing inflammation, thereby protecting injured neurons and promoting myelination. In addition, axons extending from transplanted stem cell‐derived neurons can potentially bridge the two severed ends of tissues in a transected SC to rebuild neuronal circuits and restore motor and sensory functions. However, every single treatment approach to severe SCI has proven unsatisfactory. Combining different treatments—for example, electro‐acupuncture (EA) with adult stem cell transplantation—appears to be a more promising strategy. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress over the past two decades by our team especially in the use of GV‐EA for the repair of SCI. By this strategy, we have shown that EA can stimulate the nerve endings of the meningeal branch. This would elicit the dorsal root ganglion neurons to secrete excess amounts of calcitonin gene‐related peptide centrally in the SC. The neuropeptide then activates the local cells to secrete neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), which mediates the survival and differentiation of donor stem cells overexpressing the NT‐3 receptor, at the injury/graft site of the SC. Increased local production of NT‐3 facilitates reconstruction of host neural tissue such as nerve fiber regeneration and myelination. All this events in sequence would ultimately strengthen the cortical motor‐evoked potentials and restore the motor function of paralyzed limbs. The information presented herein provides a basis for future studies on the clinical application of GV‐EA and adult stem cell transplantation for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao-Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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10
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Fortino TA, Randelman ML, Hall AA, Singh J, Bloom DC, Engel E, Hoh DJ, Hou S, Zholudeva LV, Lane MA. Transneuronal tracing to map connectivity in injured and transplanted spinal networks. Exp Neurol 2022; 351:113990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bu Y, Li WS, Lin J, Wei YW, Sun QY, Zhu SJ, Tang ZS. Electroacupuncture Attenuates Immune-Inflammatory Response in Hippocampus of Rats with Vascular Dementia by Inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 28:153-161. [PMID: 34913150 PMCID: PMC8672855 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) alleviates cognitive impairment by suppressing the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway, which triggers immune-inflammatory responses in the hippocampus of rats with vascular dementia (VaD). Methods The experiments were conducted in 3 parts and in total the Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 8 groups by a random number table, including sham, four-vessel occlusion (4-VO), 4-VO+EA, 4-VO+non-EA, sham+EA, 4-VO+lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 4-VO+LPS+EA, and 4-VO+TAK-242 groups. The VaD model was established by the 4-VO method. Seven days later, rats were treated with EA at 5 acupoints of Baihui (DV 20), Danzhong (RN 17), Geshu (BL 17), Qihai (RN 6) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6), once per day for 3 consecutive weeks. Lymphocyte subsets, lymphocyte transformation rates, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) were measured to assess immune function and inflammation in VaD rats. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of nerve cells in the hippocampus. The levels of TLR4, MyD88, IL-6, and TNF-α were detected after EA treatment. TLR4/MyD88 signaling and cognitive function were also assessed after intracerebroventricular injection of TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 or TLR4 agonist LPS with or without EA. Results Compared with the 4-VO group, EA notably improved immune function of rats in the 4-VO+EA group, inhibited the protein and mRNA expressions of TLR4 and MyD88 in the hippocampus of rats, reduced the expressions of serum IL-6 and TNF-α (all P<0.05 or P<0.01), and led to neuronal repair in the hippocampus. There were no significant differences between the 4-VO+LPS+EA and 4-VO+EA groups, nor between the 4-VO+TAK-242 and 4-VO+EA groups (P>0.05). Conclusions EA attenuated cognitive impairment associated with immune inflammation by inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway. Thus, EA may be a promising alternative therapy for the treatment of VaD. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material (Appendixes 1–4) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11655-021-3350-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wen-Shuang Li
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ji Lin
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu-Wei Wei
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Tang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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12
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Lai BQ, Zeng X, Han WT, Che MT, Ding Y, Li G, Zeng YS. Stem cell-derived neuronal relay strategies and functional electrical stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121211. [PMID: 34710795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The inability of adult mammals to recover function lost after severe spinal cord injury (SCI) has been known for millennia and is mainly attributed to a failure of brain-derived nerve fiber regeneration across the lesion. Potential approaches to re-establishing locomotor function rely on neuronal relays to reconnect the segregated neural networks of the spinal cord. Intense research over the past 30 years has focused on endogenous and exogenous neuronal relays, but progress has been slow and the results often controversial. Treatments with stem cell-derived neuronal relays alone or together with functional electrical stimulation offer the possibility of improved repair of neuronal networks. In this review, we focus on approaches to recovery of motor function in paralyzed patients after severe SCI based on novel therapies such as implantation of stem cell-derived neuronal relays and functional electrical stimulation. Recent research progress offers hope that SCI patients will one day be able to recover motor function and sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei-Tao Han
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ming-Tian Che
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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13
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Electroacupuncture Promotes the Survival of the Grafted Human MGE Neural Progenitors in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia by Promoting Angiogenesis and Inhibiting Inflammation. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:4894881. [PMID: 34659396 PMCID: PMC8516583 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4894881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have the potential as a regenerative therapy for cerebral ischemia by improving functional outcomes. However, cell transplantation has some limitations, including a low rate of the grafted cell survival. There is still a major challenge of promoting the harmonious symbiosis between grafted cells and the host. Acupuncture can effectively improve the functional outcome after cerebral ischemia. The present study evaluated the therapeutic effects and explored the mechanism of combined medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) neural progenitors differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with electroacupuncture (EA) in a bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO) rat model. The results showed that EA could promote the survival of the grafted MGE neural progenitors differentiated from hESCs and alleviate learning and memory impairment in rats with cerebral ischemia. This may have partially resulted from inhibited expression of TNF-α and IL-1β and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and blood vessel density in the hippocampus. Our findings indicated that EA could promote the survival of the grafted MGE neural progenitors and enhance transplantation therapy's efficacy by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting inflammation.
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14
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Pei W, Meng F, Deng Q, Zhang B, Gu Y, Jiao B, Xu H, Tan J, Zhou X, Li Z, He G, Ruan J, Ding Y. Electroacupuncture promotes the survival and synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons and improvement of sleep deprivation-induced spatial memory impairment. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1472-1482. [PMID: 34623740 PMCID: PMC8611786 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aimed to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) promotes the survival and synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons by activating brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tyrosine receptor kinase (TrkB)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (Erk) signaling, thereby improving spatial memory deficits in rats under SD. Methods In vivo, Morris water maze (MWM) was used to detect the effect of EA on learning and memory, at the same time Western blotting (WB), immunofluorescence (IF), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to explore the plasticity of hippocampal neurons and synapses, and the expression of BDNF/TrkB/Erk signaling. In vitro, cultured hippocampal neurons were treated with exogenous BDNF and the TrkB inhibitor K252a to confirm the relationship between BDNF/TrkB/Erk signaling and synaptic plasticity. Results Our results showed that EA mitigated the loss of hippocampal neurons and synapses, stimulated hippocampal neurogenesis, and improved learning and memory of rats under SD accompanied by upregulation of BDNF and increased phosphorylation of TrkB and Erk. In cultured hippocampal neurons, exogenous BDNF enhanced the expression of synaptic proteins, the frequency of the postsynaptic currents, and the phosphorylation of TrkB and Erk; these effects were reversed by treatment with K252a. Conclusions Electroacupuncture alleviates SD‐induced spatial memory impairment by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity via activation of BDNF/TrkB/Erk signaling, which provided evidence for EA as a therapeutic strategy for countering the adverse effects of SD on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Pei
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwen Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baobao Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gu
- Guangzhou Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boyu Jiao
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiuqing Tan
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanheng He
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Ruan
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Dai N, Tang C, Liu H, Huang S. Effect of electroacupuncture on inhibition of inflammatory response and oxidative stress through activating ApoE and Nrf2 in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2328. [PMID: 34423582 PMCID: PMC8442587 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electroacupuncture protects neurons and myelinated axons after spinal cord injury by mitigating the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, but how it exerts these effects is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Spinal cord injury was induced in C57BL/6 wild-type and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (ApoE-/- ) mice, followed by electroacupuncture or ApoE mimetic peptide COG112 treatment. Mice with spinal cord injury suffered loss of myelinated axons and hindlimb motor function through the detections of Basso mouse scale, histology, and transmission electron microscopy; electroacupuncture partially reversed these effects in wild-type mice but not in ApoE-/- mice. Combining exogenous ApoE administration with electroacupuncture significantly mitigated the effects of spinal cord injury in both mouse strains, and these effects were associated with up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines which were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Combination treatment also reduced oxidative stress by up-regulating ApoE and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway through the detections of immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that electroacupuncture protects neurons and myelinated axons following spinal cord injury through an ApoE-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Dai
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenglin Tang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqin Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Abdolahi S, Aligholi H, Khodakaram-Tafti A, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Stummer W, Gorji A. Improvement of Rat Spinal Cord Injury Following Lentiviral Vector-Transduced Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Epileptic Brain Tissue Transplantation with a Self-assembling Peptide Scaffold. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2481-2493. [PMID: 33443682 PMCID: PMC8128971 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling neurological disorder that causes neural circuit dysfunction. Although various therapies have been applied to improve the neurological outcomes of SCI, little clinical progress has been achieved. Stem cell-based therapy aimed at restoring the lost cells and supporting micromilieu at the site of the injury has become a conceptually attractive option for tissue repair following SCI. Adult human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNS/PCs) were obtained from the epileptic human brain specimens. Induction of SCI was followed by the application of lentiviral vector-mediated green fluorescent protein-labeled hNS/PCs seeded in PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel (PM). The co-application of hNS/PCs and PM at the SCI injury site significantly enhanced cell survival and differentiation, reduced the lesion volume, and improved neurological functions compared to the control groups. Besides, the transplanted hNS/PCs seeded in PM revealed significantly higher migration abilities into the lesion site and the healthy host tissue as well as a greater differentiation into astrocytes and neurons in the vicinity of the lesion as well as in the host tissue. Our data suggest that the transplantation of hNS/PCs seeded in PM could be a promising approach to restore the damaged tissues and improve neurological functions after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdolahi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurology and Institute for Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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17
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Xue W, Zhang H, Fan Y, Xiao Z, Zhao Y, Liu W, Xu B, Yin Y, Chen B, Li J, Cui Y, Shi Y, Dai J. Upregulation of Apol8 by Epothilone D facilitates the neuronal relay of transplanted NSCs in spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:300. [PMID: 34039405 PMCID: PMC8157417 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtubule-stabilizing agents have been demonstrated to modulate axonal sprouting during neuronal disease. One such agent, Epothilone D, has been used to treat spinal cord injury (SCI) by promoting axonal sprouting at the lesion site after SCI. However, the role of Epothilone D in the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in SCI repair is unknown. In the present study, we mainly explored the effects and mechanisms of Epothilone D on the neuronal differentiation of NSCs and revealed a potential new SCI treatment. METHODS In vitro differentiation assays, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the effects of Epothilone D on NSC differentiation. Retrograde tracing using a pseudotyped rabies virus was then used to detect neuronal circuit construction. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was valuable for exploring the target gene involved in the neuronal differentiation stimulated by Epothilone D. In addition, lentivirus-induced overexpression and RNA interference technology were applied to demonstrate the function of the target gene. Last, an Apol8-NSC-linear ordered collagen scaffold (LOCS) graft was prepared to treat a mouse model of SCI, and functional and electrophysiological evaluations were performed. RESULTS We first revealed that Epothilone D promoted the neuronal differentiation of cultured NSCs and facilitated neuronal relay formation in the injured site after SCI. Furthermore, the RNA-Seq results demonstrated that Apol8 was upregulated during Epothilone D-induced neuronal relay formation. Lentivirus-mediated Apol8 overexpression in NSCs (Apol8-NSCs) promoted NSC differentiation toward neurons, and an Apol8 interference assay showed that Apol8 had a role in promoting neuronal differentiation under the induction of Epothilone D. Last, Apol8-NSC transplantation with LOCS promoted the neuronal differentiation of transplanted NSCs in the lesion site as well as synapse formation, thus improving the motor function of mice with complete spinal cord transection. CONCLUSIONS Epothilone D can promote the neuronal differentiation of NSCs by upregulating Apol8, which may provide a promising therapeutic target for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yongheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanyun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiayin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ya Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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18
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Yang Y, Xu HY, Deng QW, Wu GH, Zeng X, Jin H, Wang LJ, Lai BQ, Li G, Ma YH, Jiang B, Ruan JW, Wang YQ, Ding Y, Zeng YS. Electroacupuncture facilitates the integration of a grafted TrkC-modified mesenchymal stem cell-derived neural network into transected spinal cord in rats via increasing neurotrophin-3. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:776-791. [PMID: 33763978 PMCID: PMC8193704 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study was aimed to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) would increase the secretion of neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) from injured spinal cord tissue, and, if so, whether the increased NT‐3 would promote the survival, differentiation, and migration of grafted tyrosine kinase C (TrkC)‐modified mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐derived neural network cells. We next sought to determine if the latter would integrate with the host spinal cord neural circuit to improve the neurological function of injured spinal cord. Methods After NT‐3‐modified Schwann cells (SCs) and TrkC‐modified MSCs were co‐cultured in a gelatin sponge scaffold for 14 days, the MSCs differentiated into neuron‐like cells that formed a MSC‐derived neural network (MN) implant. On this basis, we combined the MN implantation with EA in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI) and performed immunohistochemical staining, neural tracing, electrophysiology, and behavioral testing after 8 weeks. Results Electroacupuncture application enhanced the production of endogenous NT‐3 in damaged spinal cord tissues. The increase in local NT‐3 production promoted the survival, migration, and maintenance of the grafted MN, which expressed NT‐3 high‐affinity TrkC. The combination of MN implantation and EA application improved cortical motor‐evoked potential relay and facilitated the locomotor performance of the paralyzed hindlimb compared with those of controls. These results suggest that the MN was better integrated into the host spinal cord neural network after EA treatment compared with control treatment. Conclusions Electroacupuncture as an adjuvant therapy for TrkC‐modified MSC‐derived MN, acted by increasing the local production of NT‐3, which accelerated neural network reconstruction and restoration of spinal cord function following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Wen Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hui Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai-Jian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wen Ruan
- Department of Acupuncture, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Wang
- Department of Electron Microscope, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Wang H, Wang D, Li Z, Liu S, Dong J, Zhang J, Wang H, Wang M, Ji B, Li Y. Electroacupuncture stimulation at BL20, BL23 and SP6 prevents hind limb unloading-induced osteoporosis in rats. Acupunct Med 2021; 39:656-662. [PMID: 33715459 DOI: 10.1177/0964528421995494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone loss induced by microgravity is a serious problem in space flight. However, the effects of acupuncture stimulation on osteoporosis induced by microgravity have not been studied. With the goal of developing an effective countermeasure, our aim was to evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at BL20, BL23, and SP6 on osteoporosis induced by simulated microgravity in rats. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats (aged 10 weeks) were randomly divided into three groups: healthy control group (CON, n = 10), hind limb unloading by tail-suspension group (T-S, n = 10), and EA treatment group (TRE, n = 10). Rats in the T-S and TRE groups were subjected to tail-suspension at -30° for 30 days, while the CON group experienced freedom of activity. In this period, the TRE group received EA treatment at BL20, BL23, and SP6 for 30 min every other day, which continued for 30 days. The microarchitecture of the proximal tibia and the biomechanical features of the femur in the rats were analyzed. In addition, the levels of serum biomarkers bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and osteocalcin (BGP) were measured. RESULTS Compared with the CON group, the value of bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N) of the tibias in the TRE group remarkably decreased (p < 0.01). However, these changes were markedly less than those of the T-S group after 4 weeks of EA treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, the serum concentration of BGP in the TRE group was also significantly higher than that of the T-S group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that EA stimulation at BL20, BL23, and SP6 retards osteoporosis induced by hind limb unloading in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Wang
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Desheng Wang
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Li
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Lintong Aeromedical Evaluation and Training Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- Beijing Jingmei Group General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Ji
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
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20
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Xu H, Yang Y, Deng QW, Zhang BB, Ruan JW, Jin H, Wang JH, Ren J, Jiang B, Sun JH, Zeng YS, Ding Y. Governor Vessel Electro-Acupuncture Promotes the Intrinsic Growth Ability of Spinal Neurons through Activating Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/α-Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase/Neurotrophin-3 Pathway after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:734-745. [PMID: 33121345 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) invariably results in neuronal death and failure of axonal regeneration. This is attributed mainly to the hostile microenvironment and the poor intrinsic regrowth capacity of the injured spinal neurons. We have reported previously that electro-acupuncture on Governor Vessel acupoints (GV-EA) can promote neuronal survival and axonal regeneration of injured spinal cord. However, the underlying mechanism for this has remained uncertain. The present study aimed to explore the neural afferent pathway of GV-EA stimulation and the possible mechanism by which GV-EA can activate the intrinsic growth ability of injured spinal neurons. By cholera toxin B (CTB) retrograde labeling, immunostaining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we showed here that GV-EA could stimulate the spinal nerve branches of the dorsal root ganglion cells. This would then increase the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from the afferent terminals in the spinal cord. It is of note that the effect was abrogated after dorsal rhizotomy. Additionally, both in vivo and in vitro results showed that CGRP would act on the post-synaptic spinal cord neurons and triggered the synthesis and secretion of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) by activating the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)/ receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP)1/calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (αCaMKII) pathway. Remarkably, the observed effect was prevented by the dorsal rhizotomy and the blockers of the CGRP/RAMP1/αCaMKII pathway. More importantly, increase in NT-3 promoted the survival, axonal regrowth, and synaptic maintenance of spinal cord neurons in the injured spinal cord. Therefore, it is concluded that increase in NT-3 production is one of the mechanisms by which GV-EA can activate the intrinsic growth ability of spinal neurons after SCI. The experimental results have reinforced the theoretical basis of GV-EA for its clinical efficacy in patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Wen Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Bao Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wen Ruan
- Department of Acupuncture, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hua Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiale Ren
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Xue X, Zhang L, Yin X, Chen XX, Chen ZF, Wang CX, Xiang Y, Liu MY, Zhao JH. Transplantation of neural stem cells preconditioned with high‑mobility group box 1 facilitates functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4725-4733. [PMID: 33174002 PMCID: PMC7646886 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disorder that often results in temporary and/or permanent functional impairment below the injured level. To date, few satisfactory therapeutic strategies are available to treat SCI. Hence, exploring novel strategies for SCI is an essential public health concern. Cell transplantation therapy, which is associated with neuroprotection, immunomodulation, axon regeneration, neuronal relay formation and myelin regeneration, provides a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI. The neuronal stem cell (NSC) preconditioning method is an emerging approach, which facilitates NSC survival and neuronal differentiation after implantation. The aim of the present study was to develop a feasible candidate for cell-based therapy following SCI in rats and to investigate the role of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in NSC activation. The results of the present study showed that transplantation of NSCs, preconditioned with 1 ng/ml HMGB1, facilitated functional improvement of injured spinal cords, as indicated by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan mean scores, mechanical hypersensitivity and cold stimulation. Meanwhile, the histological examination of hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated that engraftment of HMGB1-preconditioned NSCs resulted in decreased atrophy of the injured spinal cord. Meanwhile, the transplantation of HMGB1-preconditioned NSCs resulted in an increased number of functional Nissl bodies in neurons, as detected by Nissl staining, and an increase in the number of βIII-tubulin+ cells in the epicenter of injured spinal cords in rats with SCI. In addition, the results also demonstrated that 1 ng/ml HMGB1 promoted the differentiation of NSCs into neurons, and that the ERK signaling pathway played an important role in this process. In conclusion, the present data indicated that the preconditioning strategy with 1 ng/ml HMGB1 may present a feasible candidate for cell-based therapy following SCI in rats, which may enlarge the scope of HMGB1 in NSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xue
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Xing Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, No. 517 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Xinzhou, Shanxi 030002, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Feng Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Xu Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yong Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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22
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Luo M, Song B, Zhu J. Sleep Disturbances After General Anesthesia: Current Perspectives. Front Neurol 2020; 11:629. [PMID: 32733363 PMCID: PMC7360680 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review (1) sleep mechanism under general anesthesia, harmful effects of postoperative sleep disturbances; (2) risk factors associated with postoperative sleep disturbances; (3) measures to prevent and improve postoperative sleep disturbances. General anesthesia changes the postoperative sleep structure especially in elderly patients after major surgery and results in a high incidence rate of sleep disturbances. Sleep disturbances produce harmful effects on postoperative patients and lead to a higher risk of delirium, more cardiovascular events, and poorer recovery. Some researchers do propose non-pharmacological treatments such as attention to environmental and psychological factors, application of electroacupuncture (EA) technology and pharmacological treatments are helpful, but larger high-quality clinical trials with longer following-up are needed to further investigate the efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bijia Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junchao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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23
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Jia F, Lv P, Miao H, Shi X, Mei H, Li L, Xu X, Tao S, Xu F. Optimization of the Fluorescent Protein Expression Level Based on Pseudorabies Virus Bartha Strain for Neural Circuit Tracing. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:63. [PMID: 31281245 PMCID: PMC6597954 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping the neural circuits facilitates understanding the brain’s working mechanism. Pseudorabies virus (PRV; Bartha stain) as a tracer can infect neurons and retrogradely transport in neural circuits. To illuminate the network, tracers expressing reporter genes at a high level are needed. In this study, we optimized the expression level of reporter genes and constructed two new retrograde trans-multisynaptic tracers PRV531 and PRV724, which separately express more robust green and red fluorescent proteins than the existing retrograde tracers PRV152 and PRV614. PRV531 and PRV724 can be used for mapping the neural circuit of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Overall, our work adds two valuable tracers to the toolbox for mapping neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Lv
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Miao
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangwei Shi
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Mei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijue Tao
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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