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Melo de Queiroz T, Valdes TA, Leitão A, Porto ALM. Bio-oxidation of progesterone by Penicillium oxalicum CBMAI 1185 and evaluation of the cytotoxic activity. Steroids 2024; 205:109392. [PMID: 38452910 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
We report the biotransformation of progesterone 1 by whole cells of Brazilian marine-derived fungi. A preliminary screening with 12 fungi revealed that the strains Penicillium oxalicum CBMAI 1996, Mucor racemous CBMAI 847, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237, Penicillium oxalicum CBMAI 1185 and Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935 were efficient in the biotransformation of progesterone 1 in the first days of the reaction, with conversion values ranging from 75 % to 99 %. The fungus P. oxalicum CBMAI 1185 was employed in the reactions in quintuplicate to purify and characterize the main biotransformation products of progesterone 1. The compounds testololactone 1a, 12β-hydroxyandrostenedione 1b and 1β-hydroxyandrostenedione 1c were isolated and characterized by NMR, MS, [α]D and MP. In addition, the chromatographic yield of compound 1a was determined by HPLC-PDA in the screening experiments. In this study, we show a biotransformation pathway of progesterone 1, suggesting the presence of several enzymes such as Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases, dehydrogenases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the fungus P. oxalicum CBMAI 1185. In summary, the results obtained in this study contribute to the synthetic area and have environmental importance, since the marine-derived fungi can be employed in the biodegradation of steroids present in wastewater and the environment. The cytotoxic results demonstrate that the biodegradation products were inactive against the cell lines, in contrast to progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayane Melo de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Química Ambiental "Edifício Prof. Douglas Wagner Franco", Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita A Valdes
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - André L M Porto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Química Ambiental "Edifício Prof. Douglas Wagner Franco", Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Abdul Karim A, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Aziz A, Shaikh NN, Choudhary MI. Biotransformation of metenolone acetate and epiandrosterone by fungi and evaluation of resulting metabolites for aromatase inhibition. Steroids 2024; 202:109345. [PMID: 37984606 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the microbial transformation of anabolic drugs, metenolone acetate (1), and epiandrosterone (6). Three new metabolites, 6β,17β-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en (2), 5α,15α-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-1-en-17-yl acetate (3), 15β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1,4-dien-17-yl acetate (4), and a known metabolite, 17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-4-androstadiene-3-one (5) were obtained by biotransformation of metenolone acetate (1) via Trametes hirsuta mushroom. Metabolites 7, and 8 were obtained from the incubation of epiandrosterone (6) with Cunninghamella blakesleeana. While bioconversion of compound 6 with Aspergillus alliaceus yielded seven known metabolites 9-15. Modern spectroscopic techniques were employed for the structure elucidation of biotransformed products. All compounds were evaluated for their aromatase inhibitory activity. Among them, new metabolite 3 exhibited a significant human placental aromatase activity with an IC50 = 19.602 ± 0.47 µM, as compared to standard anti-cancer drug exemestane (IC50 = 0.232 ± 0.031 µM), whereas, metabolite 5 (IC50 = 0.0049 ± 0.0032 µM) exhibited a very potent activity. While substrate 6, and metabolites 2, 7, and 9 were found inactive. Aromatase plays a key role in the biosynthesis of estrogen hormone, responsible for cancer cell proliferation. Its inhibition is therefore targeted for the treatment of ER + breast cancer. Further structural modifications (lead optimization) of compound 3 can lead to more potent aromatase inhibition for possible treatment of ER + breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aerab Abdul Karim
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atia-Tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Ambreen Aziz
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Naveed Shaikh
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21412, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Hydroxylation of Progesterone and Its Derivatives by the Entomopathogenic Strain Isaria farinosa KCh KW1.1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137015. [PMID: 35806021 PMCID: PMC9266320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone biotransformation is worth studying because of the high industrial value of its derivatives. This study investigated the catalytic ability of the entomopathogenic filamentous fungus strain Isaria farinosa KCh KW1.1 to transform progesterone derivatives: 11α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 16α,17α-epoxyprogesterone and pregnenolone. In the culture of Isaria farinosa KCh KW1.1, 11α-hydroxyprogesterone was effectively transformed into only one product: 6β,11α-dihydroxyprogesterone. Transformation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone gave three hydroxy derivatives: 6β,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone, 12β,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone and 6β,12β,17α-trihydroxyprogesterone. Two products: 6β-hydroxy-16α,17α-epoxyprogesterone and 6β,11α-dihydroxy-16α,17α-epoxyprogesterone, were obtained from the 16α,17α-epoxyprogesterone transformation. We isolated two compounds from the biotransformation medium with pregnenolone: 11α-hydroxy-7-oxopregnenolone and 5α,6α-epoxy-3β,11α-dihydroxypregnan-7,20-dione. In this study, we observed only mono- and dihydroxy derivatives of the tested substrates, and the number of obtained products for each biotransformation did not exceed three.
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Biotransformation of Androstenedione by Filamentous Fungi Isolated from Cultural Heritage Sites in the State Tretyakov Gallery. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060883. [PMID: 35741405 PMCID: PMC9220046 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Microorganisms are able to grow on substrates of the most diverse nature. One of the most practical habitats, in terms of cultural heritage conservation, is fine art objects such as tempera or oil paintings on canvas. Since tempera paints are produced on the basis of egg yolk, which is one of the richest sources of cholesterol in nature (up to 2% of dry weight), and in the process of aging of tempera materials, changes in cholesterol do not affect the core structure of the steroid nucleus, the group of fungi that we have isolated are tempera painting destructors is seen as a promising object for screening for their possible steroid-transforming activities. In this regard, the purpose of our work was to determine the ability to transform pharmaceutically significant steroids with dominant fungi-destructors of tempera paintings, previously isolated in the State Tretyakov Gallery. Consequently, we have demonstrated for the first time that fungi-destructors of tempera paintings have steroid-transforming activity and are promising microorganisms for screening for biotechnologically significant transformations of steroids with further industrial use. Abstract The transformation of steroids by microorganisms is widely used in medical biotechnology. A huge group of filamentous fungi is one of the most promising taxa for screening new biocatalytic reactions in order to obtain pharmaceutically significant steroids. In this work, we screened 10 filamentous fungi-destructors of egg tempera for the ability to biotransform androst-4-en-3,17-dione (AD) during cultivation in a liquid nutrient medium or in a buffer solution. These taxonomically unrelated strains, belonging to the classes Eurotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes, are dominant representatives of the microbiome from halls where works of tempera painting are stored in the State Tretyakov Gallery (STG, Moscow, Russia). Since the binder of tempera paints, egg yolk, contains about 2% cholesterol, these degrading fungi appear to be a promising group for screening for steroid converting activity. It turned out that all the studied fungi-destructors are able to transform AD. Some strains showed transformation efficiency close to the industrial strain Curvularia lunata RNCIM F-981. In total, 33 steroids formed during the transformation of AD were characterized, for 19 of them the structure was established by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. In this work, we have shown for the first time that fungi-destructors of tempera paintings can efficiently transform steroids.
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Yi D, Bayer T, Badenhorst CPS, Wu S, Doerr M, Höhne M, Bornscheuer UT. Recent trends in biocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8003-8049. [PMID: 34142684 PMCID: PMC8288269 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has undergone revolutionary progress in the past century. Benefited by the integration of multidisciplinary technologies, natural enzymatic reactions are constantly being explored. Protein engineering gives birth to robust biocatalysts that are widely used in industrial production. These research achievements have gradually constructed a network containing natural enzymatic synthesis pathways and artificially designed enzymatic cascades. Nowadays, the development of artificial intelligence, automation, and ultra-high-throughput technology provides infinite possibilities for the discovery of novel enzymes, enzymatic mechanisms and enzymatic cascades, and gradually complements the lack of remaining key steps in the pathway design of enzymatic total synthesis. Therefore, the research of biocatalysis is gradually moving towards the era of novel technology integration, intelligent manufacturing and enzymatic total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yi
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Shuke Wu
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Mark Doerr
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Matthias Höhne
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
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Microbial Modifications of Androstane and Androstene Steroids by Penicillium vinaceum. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184226. [PMID: 32942593 PMCID: PMC7570940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biotransformation of steroid compounds is a promising, environmentally friendly route to new pharmaceuticals and hormones. One of the reaction types common in the metabolic fate of steroids is Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, which in the case of cyclic ketones, such as steroids, leads to lactones. Fungal enzymes catalyzing this reaction, Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs), have been shown to possess broad substrate scope, selectivity, and catalytic performance competitive to chemical oxidation, being far more environmentally green. This study covers the biotransformation of a series of androstane steroids (epiandrosterone and androsterone) and androstene steroids (progesterone, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, 19-OH-androstenedione, testosterone, and 19-nortestosterone) by the cultures of filamentous fungus Penicillium vinaceum AM110. The transformation was monitored by GC and the resulting products were identified on the basis of chromatographic and spectral data. The investigated fungus carries out effective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the substrates. Interestingly, introduction of the 19-OH group into androstenedione skeleton has significant inhibitory effect on the BVMO activity, as the 10-day transformation leaves half of the 19-OH-androstenedione unreacted. The metabolic fate of epiandrosterone and androsterone, the only 5α-saturated substrates among the investigated compounds, is more complicated. The transformation of these two substrates combined with time course monitoring revealed that each substrate is converted into three products, corresponding to oxidation at C-3 and C-17, with different time profiles and yields.
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Hong D, Ma Y, Song S, Li N, Wang J. Design, synthesis, brine shrimp lethality and cytotoxicity of some novel 17a-aza-D-homo-androster-17-one derivatives. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:3985-3991. [PMID: 32290695 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1753049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, twenty-eight novel 17a-aza-D-homo-androster-17-one derivatives, which divided into two categories, were synthesized with commercial available starting material (dehydroepiandrosterone) via oximation reaction, Beckmann rearrangement, hydroxyl protection, N-alkylation and deprotection. All compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The structure of 14 g was also identified by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The bioactivities, brine shrimp toxicity and cytotoxicity, of all derivatives were tested. The results indicated that compounds 11 h, 11i, 11 m, 11 s, 14 b and 14 g exhibited excellent toxicity against brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 5.34 to 16.89 μg/mL, and compounds 11 s and 14 g displayed significant cytotoxicity against HT29 cells and A549 cells with IC50 values of 9.70 μM and 8.85 μM, respectively. Structure-activity relationships are discussed based on the results obtained from our research, and some important determinants for further modification of steroids towards the development of novel drug candidates are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Hong
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyao Song
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Food Science And Technology, Northwest Universit, Xi'an, China
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Ilovaisky AI, Merkulova VM, Vil' VA, Chernoburova EI, Shchetinina MA, Loguzov SD, Dmitrenok AS, Zavarzin IV, Terent'ev AO. Regioselective Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Steroidal Ketones to Lactones Using BF3/H2O2. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey I. Ilovaisky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology; 143050 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Valentina M. Merkulova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vera A. Vil'
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology; 143050 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Elena I. Chernoburova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Marina A. Shchetinina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Sergey D. Loguzov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Andrey S. Dmitrenok
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Igor V. Zavarzin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O. Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology; 143050 Moscow Russian Federation
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; 125047 Moscow Russian Federation
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Fürst MJLJ, Gran-Scheuch A, Aalbers FS, Fraaije MW. Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases: Tunable Oxidative Biocatalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. L. J. Fürst
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Gran-Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Friso S. Aalbers
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
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Lobastova TG, Khomutov SM, Shutov AA, Donova MV. Microbiological synthesis of stereoisomeric 7(α/β)-hydroxytestololactones and 7(α/β)-hydroxytestolactones. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4967-4976. [PMID: 31028438 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological synthesis of 7α- and 7β-hydroxy derivatives of testololactone and testolactone was developed based on bioconversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) by fungus of Isaria fumosorosea VKM F-881 with subsequent modification of the obtained stereoisomers by actinobacteria. The first stage included obtaining of the stereoisomers of 3β,7(α/β)-dihydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-androst-5-en-17-ones in the preparative amounts. Then the conversion of 7-hydroxylated D-lactones obtained by selected actinobacteria of Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D, Saccharopolyspora hirsuta VKM Ac-666, and Streptomyces parvulus MTOC Ac-21v was studied. Under the transformation of 3β,7α-dihydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-androst-5-en-17-one and its corresponding 7β-stereoisomer by N. simplex VKM Ac-2033D and S. hirsuta VKM Ac-666 the 7α- and 7β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (7α- and 7β-hydroxytestololactone), 7α- and 7β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (7α- and 7β-hydroxytestolactone) were obtained with molar yields in a range of 60.3-90.9 mol%. The crystalline products of 7α-hydroxytestololactone, 7α-hydroxytestolactone, and their corresponding 7β-hydroxy stereoisomers were isolated, and their structures were confirmed by mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR spectroscopy analyses. The strain of Str. parvulus MTOC Ac-21v transformed 3β,7(α/β)-dihydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-androst-5-en-17-ones into the corresponding 3-keto-4-ene analogs and did not show 3-ketosteroid 1(2)-dehydrogenase activity. The activity of actinobacteria towards steroid D-lactones was hitherto unreported.The results contribute to the knowledge of metabolic versatility of actinobacteria capable of transforming steroid substrates and may be applied in the synthesis of potential aromatase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Lobastova
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Prospekt Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia.
| | - S M Khomutov
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Prospekt Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
| | - A A Shutov
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Prospekt Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
| | - M V Donova
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Prospekt Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
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11
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Javid M, Nickavar B, Vahidi H, Faramarzi MA. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of progesterone by Aspergillus sojae PTCC 5196. Steroids 2018; 140:52-57. [PMID: 30055193 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microbial transformations are capable of producing steroid substances difficult to synthesize by chemical methods. Strains belonging to the genus Aspergillus are effective facilitators of microbial biotransformations due to their enzymatic diversity. In this study, the biotransformation of progesterone by the fungus Aspergillus sojae (A. sojae) PTCC 5196 was examined. Analysis of the bioconversion process revealed that progesterone was converted to testololactone through a three-step pathway (17β-acetyl side chain cleavage, 17β-hydroxyl oxidation, and oxygenative lactonization of 17-ketone), indicating the presence of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) activity in the fungal strain. GC analysis confirmed the production of testololactone with a yield of 99% in 24 h. Faster testololactone production was induced in the presence of both C-21 (progesterone) and C-19 (androstenedione, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]) steroid substances. Due to the high biotransformation rate observed in the present study, A. sojae may be a novel and promising candidate in the production of testololactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Javid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Nickavar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Vahidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
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Fordwour OB, Luka G, Hoorfar M, Wolthers KR. Kinetic characterization of acetone monooxygenase from Gordonia sp. strain TY-5. AMB Express 2018; 8:181. [PMID: 30392152 PMCID: PMC6215540 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetone monooxygenase (ACMO) is a unique member of the Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) family based on its ability to act on small ketones, such as acetone. Herein, we performed a kinetic analysis of ACMO from the propane-utilizing bacterium Gordonia sp. strain TY-5 to assess its preference for smaller ketone substrates. Steady state kinetic analysis of ACMO with a range of linear (C3–C7) and cyclic ketones (C4–C6) reveals that the enzyme elicits the highest catalytic efficiency towards butanone and cyclobutanone. Stopped-flow and inhibition studies further revealed that ACMO has a relatively weak binding affinity for the coenzyme with a dissociation constant of 120 μM. We show through mutagenesis that sequence variation in the residue that coordinates to the 2′-phosphate of NADP(H) partially accounts for the weaker binding affinity observed. As for shown for related BVMOs, NADP+ stabilizes the C4a-peroxyflavin intermediate in ACMO; however, the rate of its formation is considerably slower in ACMO. The observed rate constant for NADPH-dependent flavin reduction was 60 s−1 at 25 °C, and experiments performed with 4(R)-[4-2H]NADPH confirm that the C4-pro-R-hydride from the nicotinamide ring is transferred to the FAD. The latter experimental result suggests that the nicotinamide ring rotates within the active site to carry out its two functional roles: reduction of the FAD cofactor and stabilization of the C4a-peroxyflavin adduct.
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Kozłowska E, Urbaniak M, Hoc N, Grzeszczuk J, Dymarska M, Stępień Ł, Pląskowska E, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Janeczko T. Cascade biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) by Beauveria species. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13449. [PMID: 30194436 PMCID: PMC6128828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus used as a biological control agent. It is a well-known biocatalyst for the transformation of steroid compounds. Hydroxylations at the 7α or 11α position and oxidation to D-homo lactones are described in the literature. In our study, we examined the diversity of metabolism of five different B. bassiana strains and compared them to already known pathways. According to the literature, 7α and 11α-hydroxy derivatives as well as 3β,11α-dihydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-androst-5-en-17-one have been observed. Here we describe new DHEA metabolic pathways and two products not described before: 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-androst-5-en-7,17-dione and 3β,11α-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-7,17-dione. We also used for the first time another species from this genus, Beauveria caledonica, for steroid transformation. DHEA was hydroxylated at the 7α, 7β and 11α positions and then reactions of oxidation and reduction leading to 3β,11α-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-7,17-dione were observed. All tested strains from the Beauveria genus effectively transformed the steroid substrate using several different enzymes, resulting in cascade transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Hoc
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzeszczuk
- Department of Plant Protection, Division of Phytopathology and Mycology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pląskowska
- Department of Plant Protection, Division of Phytopathology and Mycology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
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Świzdor A, Panek A, Ostrowska P. Metabolic fate of pregnene-based steroids in the lactonization pathway of multifunctional strain Penicillium lanosocoeruleum. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:100. [PMID: 29940969 PMCID: PMC6019235 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic activities of microorganisms to modify the chemical structures of organic compounds became an effective tool for the production of high-valued steroidal drugs or their precursors. Currently research efforts in production of steroids of pharmaceutical interest are focused on either optimization of existing processes or identification of novel potentially useful bioconversions. Previous studies demonstrated that P. lanosocoeruleum KCH 3012 metabolizes androstanes to the corresponding lactones with high yield. In order to explore more thoroughly the factors determining steroid metabolism by this organism, the current study was initiated to delineate the specificity of this fungus with respect to the cleavage of steroid side chain of progesterone and pregnenolone The effect of substituents at C-16 in 16-dehydropregnenolone, 16α,17α-epoxy-pregnenolone and 16α-methoxy-pregnenolone on the pattern of metabolic processing of these steroids was also investigated. Results and discussion All of the analogues tested (except the last of the listed) in multi-step transformations underwent the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation to their δ-d-lactones. The activity of 3β-HSD was a factor affecting the composition of the product mixtures. 16α,17α-epoxy-pregnenolone underwent a rare epoxide opening with retention stereochemistry to give four 16α-hydroxy-lactones. Apart from oxidative transformations, a reductive pathway was revealed with the unique hydrogenation of 5-ene double bond leading to the formation of 3β,16α-dihydroxy-17a-oxa-d-homo-5α-androstan-17-one. 16α-Methoxy-pregnenolone was transformed to the 20(R)-alcohol with no further conversion. Conclusions This work clearly demonstrated that P. lanosocoeruleum KCH 3012 has great multi-functional catalytic properties towards the pregnane-type steroids. Studies have highlighted that a slight modification of the d-ring of substrates may control metabolic fate either into the lactonization or reductive and oxidative pathways. Possibility of epoxide opening by enzymes from this microorganism affords a unique opportunity for generation of novel bioactive steroids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0948-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Świzdor
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida, 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Panek
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida, 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Paulina Ostrowska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida, 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
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15
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Fernández-Cabezón L, Galán B, García JL. New Insights on Steroid Biotechnology. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:958. [PMID: 29867863 PMCID: PMC5962712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays steroid manufacturing occupies a prominent place in the pharmaceutical industry with an annual global market over $10 billion. The synthesis of steroidal active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as sex hormones (estrogens, androgens, and progestogens) and corticosteroids is currently performed by a combination of microbiological and chemical processes. Several mycobacterial strains capable of naturally metabolizing sterols (e.g., cholesterol, phytosterols) are used as biocatalysts to transform phytosterols into steroidal intermediates (synthons), which are subsequently used as key precursors to produce steroidal APIs in chemical processes. These synthons can also be modified by other microbial strains capable of introducing regio- and/or stereospecific modifications (functionalization) into steroidal molecules. Most of the industrial microbial strains currently available have been improved through traditional technologies based on physicochemical mutagenesis and selection processes. Surprisingly, Synthetic Biology and Systems Biology approaches have hardly been applied for this purpose. This review attempts to highlight the most relevant research on Steroid Biotechnology carried out in last decades, focusing specially on those works based on recombinant DNA technologies, as well as outlining trends and future perspectives. In addition, the need to construct new microbial cell factories (MCF) to design more robust and bio-sustainable bioprocesses with the ultimate aim of producing steroids à la carte is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Fernández-Cabezón
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Beatriz Galán
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L García
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Kozłowska E, Hoc N, Sycz J, Urbaniak M, Dymarska M, Grzeszczuk J, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Stępień Ł, Pląskowska E, Janeczko T. Biotransformation of steroids by entomopathogenic strains of Isaria farinosa. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:71. [PMID: 29753319 PMCID: PMC5948769 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid compounds are very interesting substrates for biotransformation due to their high biological activity and a high number of inactivated carbons which make chemical modification difficult. Microbial transformation can involve reactions which are complicated and uneconomical in chemical synthesis, and searching for a new effective biocatalyst is necessary. The best known entomopathogenic species used in steroid modification is Beauveria bassiana. In this study we tested the ability of Isaria farinosa, another entomopathogenic species, to transform several steroids. Results Twelve strains of the entomopathogenic filamentous fungus Isaria farinosa, collected in abandoned mines located in the area of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, from insects’ bodies covered by fungus, were used as a biocatalyst. All the tested strains effectively transformed dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). We observed 7α- and 7β-hydroxy derivatives as well as changes in the percentage composition of the emerging products. Due to the similar metabolism of DHEA in all tested strains, one of them was selected for further investigation. In the culture of the selected strain, Isaria farinosa KCh KW1.1, transformations of androstenediol, androstenedione, adrenosterone, 17α-methyltestosterone, 17β-hydroxyandrost-1,4,6-triene-3-one and progesterone were performed. All the substrates were hydroxylated with high yield and stereoselectivity. We obtained 6β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,11,17-trione, 15α,17β-dihydroxy-6β,7β-epoxyandrost-1,4-diene-3-one and 6β,11α-dihydroxyprogesterone. There is no evidence of either earlier microbial transformation of 17β-hydroxyandrost-1,4,6-triene-3-one or new epoxy derivatives. Conclusions Isaria farinosa has a broad spectrum of highly effective steroid hydroxylases. The obtained 7-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone has proven high biological activity and can be used in Alzheimer’s disease and as a key intermediate in the synthesis of aldosterone antagonists. Transformation of progesterone leads to high yield of 6β,11α-dihydroxyprogesterone and it is worth further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Natalia Hoc
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jordan Sycz
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzeszczuk
- Department of Plant Protection, Plant Pathology and Mycology Division, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pląskowska
- Department of Plant Protection, Plant Pathology and Mycology Division, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
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Biosynthetic pathway for furanosteroid demethoxyviridin and identification of an unusual pregnane side-chain cleavage. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1838. [PMID: 29743477 PMCID: PMC5943271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Furanosteroids, represented by wortmannin, viridin, and demethoxyviridin, are a special group of fungal-derived, highly oxygenated steroids featured by an extra furan ring. They are well-known nanomolar-potency inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and widely used in biological studies. Despite their importance, the biosyntheses of these molecules are poorly understood. Here, we report the identification of the biosynthetic gene cluster for demethoxyviridin, consisting of 19 genes, and among them 15 biosynthetic genes, including six cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes, are deleted. As a result, 14 biosynthetic intermediates are isolated, and the biosynthetic pathway for demethoxyviridin is elucidated. Notably, the pregnane side-chain cleavage requires three enzymes: flavin-dependent Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, esterase, and dehydrogenase, in sharp contrast to the single cytochrome P450-mediated process in mammalian cells. Structure–activity analyses of these obtained biosynthetic intermediates reveal that the 3-keto group, the C1β–OH, and the aromatic ring C are important for the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Demethoxyviridin is a fungal steroid that inhibits a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, an enzyme contributing to tumor progression. Here, the authors elucidate the biosynthetic route that leads to the formation of demethoxyviridin in fungi.
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18
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Yildirim K, Kuru A, Keskin E, Salihoglu A, Bukum N. Biotransformation of Androst-4-Ene-3,17-Dione by Some Fungi. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x15064232103083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The incubations of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione with Aspergillus candidus MRC 200634, Aspergillus tamarii MRC 72400, Aspergillus wentii MRC 200316 and Mucor hiemalis MRC 70325 for 5 days are reported. A. candidus MRC 200634 mainly hydroxylated androst-4-ene-3,17-dione at C-11α, C-15α and C-15β whilst A. wentii MRC 200316 hydroxylated it mainly at C-6β. A. tamarii MRC 72400 showed predominately a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase activity. M. hiemalis MRC 70325 hydroxylated the substrate at C-14α and reduced most of it at C-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudret Yildirim
- Chemistry Department, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ali Kuru
- Chemistry Department, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ece Keskin
- Chemistry Department, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Aylin Salihoglu
- Chemistry Department, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Bukum
- Chemistry Department, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
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19
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Gonzalez R, Nicolau F, Peeples TL. Optimization of the 11α-hydroxylation of steroid DHEA by solvent-adapted Beauveria bassiana. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1289183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Felipe Nicolau
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tonya L. Peeples
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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20
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Kozłowska E, Urbaniak M, Kancelista A, Dymarska M, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Stępień Ł, Janeczko T. Biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) by environmental strains of filamentous fungi. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Study on the ability of selected filamentous fungus species to transform dehydroepiandrosterone was performed (DHEA) and interesting DHEA derivatives were obtained with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
- 50-375 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance
- Institute of Plant Genetics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 60-479 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Anna Kancelista
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
- 51-630 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
- 50-375 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
- 50-375 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance
- Institute of Plant Genetics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 60-479 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
- 50-375 Wrocław
- Poland
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21
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Mao S, Zhang L, Ge Z, Wang X, Li Y, Liu X, Liu F, Lu F. Microbial hydroxylation of steroids by Penicillium decumbens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Świzdor A, Panek A, Milecka-Tronina N. Biohydroxylation of 7-oxo-DHEA, a natural metabolite of DHEA, resulting in formation of new metabolites of potential pharmaceutical interest. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:844-849. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Świzdor
- Department of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wrocław Poland
| | - Anna Panek
- Department of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wrocław Poland
| | - Natalia Milecka-Tronina
- Department of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wrocław Poland
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23
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Mascotti ML, Palazzolo MA, Bisogno FR, Kurina-Sanz M. Biotransformation of dehydro-epi-androsterone by Aspergillus parasiticus: Metabolic evidences of BVMO activity. Steroids 2016; 109:44-9. [PMID: 27025973 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The research on the synthesis of steroids and its derivatives is of high interest due to their clinical applications. A particular focus is given to molecules bearing a D-ring lactone like testolactone because of its bioactivity. The Aspergillus genus has been used to perform steroid biotransformations since it offers a toolbox of redox enzymes. In this work, the use of growing cells of Aspergillus parasiticus to study the bioconversion of dehydro-epi-androsterone (DHEA) is described, emphasizing the metabolic steps leading to D-ring lactonization products. It was observed that A. parasiticus is not only capable of transforming bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one, the standard Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) substrate, but also yielded testololactone and the homo-lactone 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homoandrost-5-en-17-one from DHEA. Moreover, the biocatalyst degraded the lateral chain of cortisone by an oxidative route suggesting the action of a BVMO, thus providing enough metabolic evidences denoting the presence of BVMO activity in A. parasiticus. Furthermore, since excellent biotransformation rates were observed, A. parasiticus is a promising candidate for the production of bioactive lactone-based compounds of steroidal origin in larger scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laura Mascotti
- Area de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, INTEQUI-CONICET, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Martín A Palazzolo
- Area de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, INTEQUI-CONICET, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Fabricio R Bisogno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, INFIQC-CONICET, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Marcela Kurina-Sanz
- Area de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, INTEQUI-CONICET, San Luis 5700, Argentina.
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24
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Nassiri-Koopaei N, Faramarzi MA. Recent developments in the fungal transformation of steroids. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1022533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Lobastova TG, Khomutov SM, Donova MV. Formation of hydroxylated steroid lactones from dehydroepiandrosterone by Spicaria fumoso-rosea F-881. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381502012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Functional divergence between closely related Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases from Aspergillus flavus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Świzdor A, Panek A, Milecka-Tronina N. Microbial Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 5α-steroids using Beauveria bassiana. A stereochemical requirement for the 11α-hydroxylation and the lactonization pathway. Steroids 2014; 82:44-52. [PMID: 24486796 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana KCH 1065, as was recently demonstrated, is unusual amongst fungal biocatalysts in that it converts C19 3-oxo-4-ene and 3β-hydroxy-5-ene as well as 3β-hydroxy-5α-saturated steroids to 11α-hydroxy ring-D lactones. The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) of this strain is distinguished from other enzymes catalyzing BVO of steroidal ketones by the fact that it oxidizes solely substrates with 11α-hydroxyl group. The current study using a series of 5α-saturated steroids (androsterone, 3α-androstanediol and androstanedione) has highlighted that a small change of the steroid structure can result in significant differences of the metabolic fate. It was found that the 3α-stereochemistry of hydroxyl group restricted "normal" binding orientation of the substrate within 11α-hydroxylase and, as a result, androsterone and 3α-androstanediol were converted into a mixture of 7β-, 11α- and 7α-hydroxy derivatives. Hydroxylation of androstanedione occurred only at the 11α-position, indicating that the 3-oxo group limits the alternative binding orientation of the substrate within the hydroxylase. Only androstanedione and 3α-androstanediol were metabolized to hydroxylactones. The study uniquely demonstrated preference for oxidation of equatorial (11α-, 7β-) hydroxyketones by BVMO from B. bassiana. The time course experiments suggested that the activity of 17β-HSD is a factor determining the amount of produced ring-D lactones. The obtained 11α-hydroxylactones underwent further transformations (oxy-red reactions) at C-3. During conversion of androstanedione, a minor dehydrogenation pathway was observed with generation of 11α,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-3-one. The introduction of C1C2 double bond has been recorded in B. bassiana for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Świzdor
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Panek
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Milecka-Tronina
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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28
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Hydroxylation of DHEA and its analogues by Absidia coerulea AM93. Can an inducible microbial hydroxylase catalyze 7α- and 7β-hydroxylation of 5-ene and 5α-dihydro C19-steroids? Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:883-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of some C(19) steroids by Penicillium lanosocoeruleum. Molecules 2013; 18:13812-22. [PMID: 24213656 PMCID: PMC6270215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotransformation of androsterone (1), epiandrosterone (2), androstanedione (3) and DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) (4) by Penicillium lanosocoeruleum-a fungal species not used in biotransformations so far-were described. All the substrates were converted in high yield (70%-99%) into D ring δ-lactones. The oxidation of 1 produced 3α-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one (5). The oxidation of 2 led to 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one (6). The biotransformation of 3 resulted in the formation of 3α-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one (5) and 17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-3,17-dione (7). An analysis of the transformation progress of the studied substrates as a function of time indicates that the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase of this fungus does not accept the 3β-hydroxy-5-ene functionality of steroids. In this microorganism steroidal 3β-hydroxy-dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) was active, and as a result DHEA (4) was transformed exclusively to testololactone (8). Apart from the observed oxidative transformations, a reductive pathway was revealed with the C-3 ketone being reduced to a C-3α-alcohol. It is demonstrated for the first time that the reduction of the 3-keto group of the steroid nucleus can occur in the presence of a ring-D lactone functionality.
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Effective multi-step functional biotransformations of steroids by a newly isolated Fusarium oxysporum SC1301. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Donova MV, Egorova OV. Microbial steroid transformations: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1423-47. [PMID: 22562163 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies of steroid modifications catalyzed by microbial whole cells represent a well-established research area in white biotechnology. Still, advances over the last decade in genetic and metabolic engineering, whole-cell biocatalysis in non-conventional media, and process monitoring raised research in this field to a new level. This review summarizes the data on microbial steroid conversion obtained since 2003. The key reactions of structural steroid functionalization by microorganisms are highlighted including sterol side-chain degradation, hydroxylation at various positions of the steroid core, and redox reactions. We also describe methods for enhancement of bioprocess productivity, selectivity of target reactions, and application of microbial transformations for production of valuable pharmaceutical ingredients and precursors. Challenges and prospects of whole-cell biocatalysis applications in steroid industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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Peart PC, McCook KP, Russell FA, Reynolds WF, Reese PB. Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa. Steroids 2011; 76:1317-30. [PMID: 21763336 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme. The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations. Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice C Peart
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Yildirim K, Uzuner A, Gulcuoglu EY. Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of some steroids by Aspergillus tamarii MRC 72400. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2011008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformations of epiandrosterone (1), dehydroepiandrosterone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4) and pregnenolone (5) byAspergillus tamariiMRC 72400 for 5 days have been reported and the results of these incubations have been compared with previously published data obtained withAspergillus tamariiQM 1223.A. tamariiMRC 72400 showed higher Bayer–Villiger monooxygenase activities thanA. tamariiQM 1223 did. Apart from pregnenolone (5),A. tamariiMRC 72400 metabolized these steroids in different ways. Incubation of epiandrosterone (1) afforded 3β,11β-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (6) (3%) and 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one (7) (9.5%). Incubation of dehydroepiandrosterone (2) afforded 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homoandrost-5-en-17-one (8) (28%), testolactone (9) (6%), 3β,7β-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (10) (13%) and 3β,7α-dihydroxy- androst-5-en-17-one (11) (24%). Incubation of testosterone (3) afforded testolactone (9) (58%). Incubation of progesterone (4) also afforded testolactone (9), however in higher yield (86%). Incubation of pregnenolone (5) afforded 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homoandrost-5-en-17-one (8) (25%) and testolactone (9) (27%).
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Leisch H, Morley K, Lau PCK. Baeyer−Villiger Monooxygenases: More Than Just Green Chemistry. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4165-222. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Leisch
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Krista Morley
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Peter C. K. Lau
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Microbial Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of steroidal ketones using Beauveria bassiana: Presence of an 11α-hydroxyl group essential to generation of D-homo lactones. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:253-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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de Gonzalo G, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW. Recent developments in the application of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases as biocatalysts. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2208-31. [PMID: 20936617 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) represent a specific class of monooxygenases that are capable of catalyzing a variety of oxidation reactions, including Baeyer-Villiger oxidations. The recently elucidated BVMO crystal structures have provided a more detailed insight into the complex mechanism of these flavin-containing enzymes. Biocatalytic studies on a number of newly discovered BVMOs have shown that they are very potent oxidative biocatalysts. In addition to catalyzing the regio- and enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of a wide range of carbonylic compounds, epoxidations, and enantioselective sulfoxidations have also been shown to be part of their catalytic repertoire. This review provides an overview on the recent developments in BVMO-mediated biocatalytic processes, identification of the catalytic role of these enzymes in metabolic routes and prodrug activation, as well as the efforts in developing effective biocatalytic methodologies to apply BVMOs for the synthesis of high added value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kołek T, Milecka N, Świzdor A, Panek A, Białońska A. Hydroxylation of DHEA, androstenediol and epiandrosterone by Mortierella isabellina AM212. Evidence indicating that both constitutive and inducible hydroxylases catalyze 7α- as well as 7β-hydroxylations of 5-ene substrates. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5414-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huang LH, Li J, Xu G, Zhang XH, Wang YG, Yin YL, Liu HM. Biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) with Penicillium griseopurpureum Smith and Penicillium glabrum (Wehmer) Westling. Steroids 2010; 75:1039-46. [PMID: 20600202 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transformation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 1) using Penicillium griseopurpureum Smith and Penicillium glabrum (Wehmer) Westling has been investigated. Neither fungi had been examined previously for steroid biotransformation. One novel metabolic product of DHEA (1) transformed with P. griseopurpureum Smith, 15α-hydroxy-17a-oxa-d-homo-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (5), was reported for the first time. The steroid products were assigned by interpretation of their spectral data such as (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, IR, and HR-MS spectroscopy. P. griseopurpureum Smith was proven to be remarkably efficient in oxidation of the DHEA (1) into androst-4-en-3,17-dione (2). The strain was also observed to yield different monooxygenases to introduce hydroxyl groups at C-7α, -14α, and -15α positions of steroids. Preference for Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to lactonize D ring and oxidation of the 3β-alcohol to the 3-ketone were observed in both incubations. The strain of P. glabrum (Wehmer) Westling catalyzed the steroid 1 to generate both testololactone 3, and d-lactone product with 3β-hydroxy-5-en moiety 8. In addition, the strain promoted hydrogenation of the C-5 and C-6 positions, leading to the formation of 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-d-homo-5α-androstan-3,17-dione (9). The biotransformation pathways of DHEA (1) with P. glabrum (Wehmer) Westling and P. griseopurpureum Smith have been investigated, respectively. Possible metabolic pathways of DHEA (1) were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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39
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40
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Lai WG, Farah N, Moniz GA, Wong YN. A Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Specifically Catalyzed by Human Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 5. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:61-70. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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41
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Swizdor A, Białońska A, Kołek T, Panek A. 3β,11α-Dihy-droxy-17a-oxa-d-homoandrost-5-en-17-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2003. [PMID: 21588317 PMCID: PMC3007275 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810026516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C19H28O4, was prepared from DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) by its biotransformation using whole cells of the filamentous fungus Beauveria bassiana. The asymmetric unit contains two molecules. The lactone ring is trans-positioned to the neighboring six-membered ring. In the crystal structure, O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form layers, which are linked to each other by O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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42
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Yildirim K, Uzuner A, Gulcuoglu EY. Biotransformation of some steroids by Aspergillus terreus MRC 200365. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2009545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformations of testosterone, epiandrosterone, progesterone and pregnenolone byAspergillus terreusMRC 200365 for five days were described. The biotransformation of testosterone afforded testolactone. The biotransformation of epiandrosterone afforded 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one. The biotransformation of progesterone afforded androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and testolactone. The biotransformation of pregnenolone afforded 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homoandrost-5-en-17-one and testolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK
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Lau PCK, Leisch H, Yachnin BJ, Mirza IA, Berghuis AM, Iwaki H, Hasegawa Y. Sustained Development in Baeyer-Villiger Biooxidation Technology. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1043.ch024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. K. Lau
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Hannes Leisch
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Brahm J. Yachnin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - I. Ahmad Mirza
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Albert M. Berghuis
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwaki
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yoshie Hasegawa
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
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Kołek T, Szpineter A, Swizdor A. Studies on Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of steroids: DHEA and pregnenolone D-lactonization pathways in Penicillium camemberti AM83. Steroids 2009; 74:859-62. [PMID: 19481558 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium camemberti AM83 strain is able to carry out effective Baeyer-Villiger type oxidation of DHEA, pregnenolone, androstenedione and progesterone to testololactone. Pregnenolone and DHEA underwent oxidation to testololactone via two routes: through 4-en-3-ketones (progesterone and/or androstenedione respectively) or through 3beta-hydroxy-17a-oxa-d-homo-androst-5-en-17-one. Analysis of transformation progress of studied substrates as function of time indicates that the 17beta-side chain cleavage and oxidation of 17-ketones to d-lactones are catalyzed by two different, substrate-induced, BVMOs. In the presence of a C-21 substrate (pregnenolone or progesterone) induction of the enzyme catalyzing cleavage at 17beta-acetyl chain was observed, whereas DHEA and androstenedione induced activity of the BVMO responsible for the ring-D oxidation; 5-en-3beta-alcohol was a more effective inducer that the respective 4-en-3-ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kołek
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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Hunter AC, Watts KR, Dedi C, Dodd HT. An unusual ring--a opening and other reactions in steroid transformation by the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 116:171-7. [PMID: 19482085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of steroids (progesterone, testosterone acetate, 17beta-acetoxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one, testosterone and androst-4-en-3,17-dione) have been incubated with the thermophilic ascomycete Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117.65. A wide range of biocatalytic activity was observed with modification at all four rings of the steroid nucleus and the C-17beta side-chain. This is the first thermophilic fungus to demonstrate the side-chain cleavage of progesterone. A unique fungal transformation was observed following incubation of the saturated steroid 17beta-acetoxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one resulting in 4-hydroxy-3,4-seco-pregn-20-one-3-oic acid which was the product generated following the opening of an A-homo steroid, presumably by lactonohydrolase activity. Hydroxylation predominated at axial protons of the steroids containing 3-one-4-ene ring-functionality. This organism also demonstrated reversible acetylation and oxidation of the 17beta-alcohol of testosterone. All steroidal metabolites were isolated by column chromatography and were identified by (1)H, (13)C NMR, DEPT analysis and other spectroscopic data. The range of steroidal modification achieved with this fungus indicates that these organisms may be a rich source of novel steroid biocatalysis which deserve greater investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christy Hunter
- Molecular Targeting and Polymer Toxicology Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK.
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47
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Transformation of 5-ene steroids by the fungus Aspergillus tamarii KITA: mixed molecular fate in lactonization and hydroxylation pathways with identification of a putative 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase/Delta5-Delta4 isomerase pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1791:110-7. [PMID: 19136076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Aspergillus tamarii metabolizes progesterone to testololactone in high yield through a sequential four step enzymatic pathway which, has demonstrated flexibility in handling a range of steroidal probes. These substrates have revealed that subtle changes in the molecular structure of the steroid lead to significant changes in route of metabolism. It was therefore of interest to determine the metabolism of a range of 5-ene containing steroidal substrates. Remarkably the primary route of 5-ene steroid metabolism involved a 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase/Delta(5)-Delta(4) isomerase (3beta-HSD/isomerase) enzyme(s), generating 3-one-4-ene functionality and identified for the first time in a fungus with the ability to handle both dehydroepiansdrosterone (DHEA) as well as C-17 side-chain containing compounds such as pregnenolone and 3beta-hydroxy-16alpha,17alpha-epoxypregn-5-en-20-one. Uniquely in all the steroids tested, 3beta-HSD/isomerase activity only occurred following lactonization of the steroidal ring-D. Presence of C-7 allylic hydroxylation, in either epimeric form, inhibited 3beta-HSD/isomerase activity and of the substrates tested, was only observed with DHEA and its 13alpha-methyl analogue. In contrast to previous studies of fungi with 3beta-HSD/isomerase activity DHEA could also enter a minor hydroxylation pathway. Pregnenolone and 3beta-hydroxy-16alpha,17alpha-epoxypregn-5-en-20-one were metabolized solely through the putative 3beta-HSD/isomerase pathway, indicating that a 17beta-methyl ketone functionality inhibits allylic oxidation at C-7. The presence of the 3beta-HSD/isomerase in A. tamarii and the transformation results obtained in this study highlight an important potential role that fungi may have in the generation of environmental androgens.
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