1
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Xing K, Zhang H, Wang S, Li J, Mu Z, Zhang L, Zuo S, Wang Y, Li S, Wu B, Jing Y, Wen J, Liu D, Huang M, Zhao L. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(indolin-1-yl)-6-substituted-pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives as Mnk1/2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116499. [PMID: 38759457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The Mnk-eIF4E axis plays a crucial role in tumor development, and inhibiting Mnk kinases is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Starting with fragment WS23, a series of 4-(indolin-1-yl)-6-substituted-pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized. Among these derivatives, compound 15b showed the highest potency with IC50 values of 0.8 and 1.5 nM against Mnk1 and Mnk2, respectively. Additionally, it demonstrated good selectivity among 30 selected kinases. 15b significantly suppressed MOLM-13 and K562 cell lines growth and caused cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the Western blot assay revealed that 15b effectively downregulated the downstream proteins p-eIF4E, Mcl-1, and c-myc. Additionally, 15b exhibited remarkable stability in rat plasma and rat and human microsomes. In vivo anti-tumor activity study suggested that treatment with 15b suppressed tumor growth in LL/2 syngeneic models. These findings highlight the potential of 15b as a novel and potent Mnks inhibitor, which deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Targeting Drugs for Hematological Malignancies, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jinghuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhiying Mu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lanxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shuwei Zuo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Targeting Drugs for Hematological Malignancies, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Targeting Drugs for Hematological Malignancies, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Boyang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yongkui Jing
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Targeting Drugs for Hematological Malignancies, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jiachen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Linxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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2
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Yuan X, Guan D, Chen C, Guo S, Wu H, Bu H, Yang CY, Wang M, Zhou J, Zhang H. Development of an Imidazopyridazine-Based MNK1/2 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Lymphoma. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5437-5457. [PMID: 38564512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting protein kinases (MNKs) are the only kinases known to phosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) at Ser209, which plays a significant role in cap-dependent translation. Dysregulation of the MNK/eIF4E axis has been found in various solid tumors and hematological malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Herein, structure-activity relationship studies and docking models determined that 20j exhibits excellent MNK1/2 inhibitory activity, stability, and hERG safety. 20j exhibits strong and broad antiproliferative activity against different cancer cell lines, especially GCB-DLBCL DOHH2. 20j suppresses the phosphorylation of eIF4E in Hela cells (IC50 = 90.5 nM) and downregulates the phosphorylation of eIF4E and 4E-BP1 in A549 cells. In vivo studies first revealed that ibrutinib enhances the antitumor effect of 20j without side effects in a DOHH2 xenograft model. This study provided a solid foundation for the future development of a MNK inhibitor for GCB-DLBCL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yuan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Dezhong Guan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Shi Guo
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hanshu Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hong Bu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Yie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Mian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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3
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Sun X, Wu Q, Bu H, Pei Y, Guan D, Guo S, Zhou J, Zhang H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of MNK-PROTACs. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10776-7. [PMID: 38498082 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting kinases (MNKs) can regulate cellular mRNA translation by controlling the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which plays an important role in tumor initiation, development, and metastasis. Although small-molecule MNK inhibitors have made significant breakthroughs in the treatment of various malignancies, their clinical application can be limited by drug resistance, target selectivity and other factors. The strategy of MNK-PROTACs which selectively degrades MNK kinases provides a new approach for developing small-molecule drugs for related diseases. In this study, DS33059, a small-molecule compound modified based on the ongoing clinical trials drug ETC-206, was chosen as the target protein ligand. A series of novel MNK-PROTACs were designed, synthesized and evaluated biological activity. Several compounds showed good inhibitory activities against MNK1/2. Besides, compounds exhibited moderate to excellent anti-proliferative activity in A549 and TMD-8 cells in vitro. In particular, compound II-5 significantly inhibited A549 (IC50 = 1.79 μM) and TMD-8 (IC50 = 1.07 μM) cells. The protein degradation assay showed that compound II-5 had good capability to degrade MNK1. The MNK-PROTACs strategy represents a new direction in treating tumors and deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qingyun Wu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yifeng Pei
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dezhong Guan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shi Guo
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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4
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Maroofian R, Efthymiou S, Suri M, Rahman F, Zaki MS, Maqbool S, Anwa N, Ruiz-Pérez VL, Yanovsky-Dagan S, Elpeleg O, Sudhakar S, Mankad K, Harel T, Houlden H. Consolidating the association of biallelic MAPKAPK5 pathogenic variants with a distinct syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder. J Med Genet 2023; 60:791-796. [PMID: 36581449 PMCID: PMC10423509 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 (MAPKAPK5) is an essential enzyme for diverse cellular processes. Dysregulation of the pathways regulated by MAPKAPK enzymes can lead to the development of variable diseases. Recently, homozygous loss-of-function variants in MAPKAPK5 were reported in four patients from three families presenting with a recognisable neurodevelopmental disorder, so-called 'neurocardiofaciodigital' syndrome. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS In order to improve characterisation of the clinical features associated with biallelic MAPKAPK5 variants, we employed a genotype-first approach combined with reverse deep-phenotyping of three affected individuals. RESULTS In the present study, we identified biallelic loss-of-function and missense MAPKAPK5 variants in three unrelated individuals from consanguineous families. All affected individuals exhibited a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by severe global developmental delay, intellectual disability, characteristic facial morphology, brachycephaly, digital anomalies, hair and nail defects and neuroradiological findings, including cerebellar hypoplasia and hypomyelination, as well as variable vision and hearing impairment. Additional features include failure to thrive, hypotonia, microcephaly and genitourinary anomalies without any reported congenital heart disease. CONCLUSION In this study, we consolidate the causality of loss of MAPKAPK5 function and further delineate the molecular and phenotypic spectrum associated with this new ultra-rare neurodevelopmental syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mohnish Suri
- Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Department of Developmental - Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences & The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shazia Maqbool
- Department of Developmental - Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences & The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Najwa Anwa
- Department of Developmental - Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences & The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Victor L Ruiz-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Orly Elpeleg
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sniya Sudhakar
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Tamar Harel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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5
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Fernandez A, Monsen PJ, Platanias LC, Schiltz GE. Medicinal chemistry approaches to target the MNK-eIF4E axis in cancer. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1060-1087. [PMID: 37360400 PMCID: PMC10285747 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00121k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant translation of proteins that promote cell proliferation is an essential factor that defines oncogenic processes and cancer. The process for ribosomal translation of proteins from mRNA requires an essential initiation step which is controlled by the protein eIF4E, which binds the RNA 5'-cap and forms the eIF4F complex that subsequently translates protein. Typically, eIF4E is activated by phosphorylation on Ser209 by MNK1 and MNK2 kinases. Substantial work has shown that eIF4E and MNK1/2 are dysregulated in many cancers and this axis has therefore become an active area of interest for developing new cancer therapeutics. This review summarizes and discusses recent work to develop small molecules that target different steps in the MNK-eIF4E axis as potential cancer therapeutics. The aim of this review is to cover the breadth of different molecular approaches being taken and the medicinal chemistry basis for their optimization and testing as new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Paige J Monsen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL 60611 USA
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6
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Mazewski C, Platanias LC. MNK Proteins as Therapeutic Targets in Leukemia. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:283-295. [PMID: 37113687 PMCID: PMC10128080 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s370874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In leukemia, resistance to therapy is a major concern for survival. MAPK-interacting kinases (MNKs) have been identified as important activators of oncogenic-related signaling and may be mediators of resistance. Recent studies in leukemia models, especially acute myeloid leukemia (AML), have focused on targeting MNKs together with other inhibitors or treating chemotherapy-resistant cells with MNK inhibitors. The preclinical demonstrations of the efficacy of MNK inhibitors in these combination formats would suggest a promising potential for use in clinical trials. Optimizing MNK inhibitors and testing in leukemia models is actively being pursued and may have important implications for the future. These studies are furthering the understanding of the mechanisms of MNKs in cancer which could translate to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Mazewski
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Correspondence: Candice Mazewski; Leonidas C Platanias, Email ;
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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7
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Bou-Petit E, Hümmer S, Alarcon H, Slobodnyuk K, Cano-Galietero M, Fuentes P, Guijarro PJ, Muñoz MJ, Suarez-Cabrera L, Santamaria A, Estrada-Tejedor R, Borrell JI, Ramón Y Cajal S. Overcoming Paradoxical Kinase Priming by a Novel MNK1 Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6070-6087. [PMID: 35417652 PMCID: PMC9059116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the kinases MNK1 and MNK2 has emerged as a valuable strategy in oncology. However, most of the advanced inhibitors are acting in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-competitive mode, precluding the evaluation of different binding modes in preclinical settings. Using rational design, we identified and validated the 4,6-diaryl-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-amine scaffold as the core for MNK inhibitors. Signaling pathway analysis confirmed a direct effect of the hit compound EB1 on MNKs, and in line with the reported function of these kinases, EB1 only affects the growth of tumor but not normal cells. Molecular modeling revealed the binding of EB1 to the inactive conformation of MNK1 and the interaction with the specific DFD motif. This novel mode of action appears to be superior to the ATP-competitive inhibitors, which render the protein in a pseudo-active state. Overcoming this paradoxical activation of MNKs by EB1 represents therefore a promising starting point for the development of a novel generation of MNK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bou-Petit
- Grup de Química Farmacèutica, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Hümmer
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Psg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Alarcon
- Grup de Química Farmacèutica, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Konstantin Slobodnyuk
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Psg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cano-Galietero
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Psg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Fuentes
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Psg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J Guijarro
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Psg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Muñoz
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Psg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Suarez-Cabrera
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Laboratory, Biomedical Research Group in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Psg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Santamaria
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Laboratory, Biomedical Research Group in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Psg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Estrada-Tejedor
- Grup de Química Farmacèutica, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José I Borrell
- Grup de Química Farmacèutica, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Psg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Yen SC, Chen LC, Huang HL, HuangFu WC, Chen YY, Eight Lin T, Lien ST, Tseng HJ, Sung TY, Hsieh JH, Huang WJ, Pan SL, Hsu KC. Identification of a dual FLT3 and MNK2 inhibitor for acute myeloid leukemia treatment using a structure-based virtual screening approach. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Xu W, Kannan S, Verma CS, Nacro K. Update on the Development of MNK Inhibitors as Therapeutic Agents. J Med Chem 2021; 65:983-1007. [PMID: 34533957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinases 1 and 2 (MNK1/2) represent a central class of enzymes that are activated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. MNK1 and MNK2 coordinate cellular signaling, control production of inflammatory chemokines, and regulate cell proliferation and survival. MNK1/2 are referred to as serine/threonine kinases as they phosphorylate serine or threonine residues on their substrates. Upon activation, MNK1/2 phosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) at Ser209, which in turn initiates ribosome assembly and protein translation. Deleterious overexpression of MNK1/2 and/or eIF4E have been reported in several diseases including cancers, neurological disorders, autism, and inflammation. Recently, there have been intense efforts toward the development of potent and selective inhibitors of MNK1/2 in both academia and industry. Herein, we review the current understanding of the structural and biological aspects of MNK1/2 and provide an update of pharmacological inhibitors of MNK1/2 including candidates in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Xu
- Experimental Drug Development Centre (EDDC), A*STAR, 10 Biopolis Road, Chromos #05-01, 138670, Singapore
| | | | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, 138671, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Kassoum Nacro
- Experimental Drug Development Centre (EDDC), A*STAR, 10 Biopolis Road, Chromos #05-01, 138670, Singapore
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10
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Bu H, Yuan X, Wu H, Zhou J, Zhang H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazopyridazine derivatives containing isoquinoline group as potent MNK1/2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 40:116186. [PMID: 33971490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting kinases (MNKs) are located at the meeting-point of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, which can phosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) at the conserved serine 209 exclusively. MNKs modulate the translation of mRNA involved in tumor-associated signaling pathways. Consequently, selective inhibitors of MNK1/2 could reduce the level of phosphorylated eIF4E. Series of imidazopyrazines, imidazopyridazines and imidazopyridines derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as MNK1/2 inhibitors. Several compounds exhibited great inhibitory activity against MNK1/2 and selected compounds showed moderate to excellent anti-proliferative potency against diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell lines. In particular, compound II-5 (MNK1 IC50 = 2.3 nM; MNK2 IC50 = 3.4 nM) exhibited excellent enzymatic inhibitory potency and proved to be the most potent compound against TMD-8 and DOHH-2 cell lines with IC50 value of 0.3896 μM and 0.4092 μM respectively. These results demonstrated that compound II-5 could be considered as a potential MNK1/2 inhibitor for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinrui Yuan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hanshu Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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11
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Jin X, Yu R, Wang X, Proud CG, Jiang T. Progress in developing MNK inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 219:113420. [PMID: 33892273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The MNKs (mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting protein kinases) phosphorylate eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4 E) at serine 209; eIF4E plays an important role in the translation of cytoplasmic mRNAs, all of which possess a 5' 'cap' structure to which eIF4E binds. Elevated levels of eIF4E, p-eIF4E and/or the MNK protein kinases have been found in many types of cancer, including solid tumors and leukemia. MNKs also play a role in metabolic disease. Regulation of the activities of MNKs (MNK1 and MNK2), control the phosphorylation of eIF4E, which in turn has a close relationship with the processes of tumor development, cell migration and invasion, and energy metabolism. MNK knock-out mice display no adverse effects on normal cells or phenotypes suggesting that MNK may be a potentially safe targets for the treatment of various cancers. Several MNK inhibitors or 'degraders' have been identified. Initially, some of the inhibitors were developed from natural products or based on other protein kinase inhibitors which inhibit multiple kinases. Subsequently, more potent and selective inhibitors for MNK1/2 have been designed and synthesized. Currently, three inhibitors (BAY1143269, eFT508 and ETC-206) are in various stages of clinical trials for the treatment of solid cancers or leukemia, either alone or combined with inhibitors of other protein kinase. In this review, we summarize the diverse MNK inhibitors that have been reported in patents and other literature, including those with activities in vitro and/or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA5000, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA5000, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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12
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Abstract
The alteration of mRNA translation has a crucial role in defining the changes in cellular proteome. The phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E by mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinases (Mnks) leads to the release and translation of mRNAs of specific oncogenic proteins. In recent years, the efforts made by the pharmaceutical industry to develop novel chemical skeletons to create potent and selective Mnk inhibitors have been fruitful. The pyridone-aminal scaffold has been utilized to generate several series of Mnk inhibitors presented in multiple patent applications and research articles. Tomivosertib (eFT508) is one of the molecules with such scaffold. It is one of the first two Mnk inhibitors that entered clinical trials, and has displayed momentous activity against several solid and hematological cancers. The present compilation provides a succinct review of the current state of development of pyridone-aminal-derived Mnk inhibitors through the analysis of relevant patent applications filed in the last 5 years.
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13
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Pinto-Díez C, Ferreras-Martín R, Carrión-Marchante R, González VM, Martín ME. Deeping in the Role of the MAP-Kinases Interacting Kinases (MNKs) in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082967. [PMID: 32340135 PMCID: PMC7215568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting kinases (MNKs) are involved in oncogenic transformation and can promote metastasis and tumor progression. In human cells, there are four MNKs isoforms (MNK1a/b and MNK2a/b), derived from two genes by alternative splicing. These kinases play an important role controlling the expression of specific proteins involved in cell cycle, cell survival and cell motility via eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) regulation, but also through other substrates such as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor and Sprouty 2. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of MNK in human cancers, describing the studies conducted to date to elucidate the mechanism involved in the action of MNKs, as well as the development of MNK inhibitors in different hematological cancers and solid tumors.
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14
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Wang C, Song J, Liu W, Yao Y, Kapranov P, Sample KM, Gajendran B, Zacksenhaus E, Hao X, Ben-David Y. FLI1 promotes protein translation via the transcriptional regulation of MKNK1 expression. Int J Oncol 2019; 56:430-438. [PMID: 31894299 PMCID: PMC6959374 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of protein translation machinery is a common feature of cancer initiation and progression, and drugs that target protein translation offer new avenues for therapy. The translation initiation factor, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), is induced in a number of cancer cell lines and is one such candidate for therapeutic intervention. Friend leukemia integration 1 (FLI1) is a potent oncogenic transcription factor that promotes various types of cancer by promoting several hallmarks of cancer progression. FLI1 has recently been implicated in protein translation through yet unknown mechanisms. This study identified a positive association between FLI1 expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting serine/threonine kinase1 (MKNK1), the immediate upstream regulator of the eIF4E initiation factor. The short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing or overexpression of FLI1 in leukemic cell lines downregulated or upregulated MKNK1 expression, respectively. Promoter analysis identified a potent FLI1 binding site in the regulatory region of the MKNK1 promoter. In transient transfection experiments, FLI1 increased MKNK1 promoter activity, which was blocked by mutating the FLI1 binding site. FLI1 specifically affected the expression of MKNK1, but not that of MKNK2. The siRNA-mediated downregulation of MKNK1 downregulated the expression of survivin (BIRC5) and significantly suppressed cell proliferation in culture. FLI1 inhibitory compounds were shown to downregulate this oncogene through the suppression of MAPK/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling and the subsequent activation of miR-145, leading to a lower MKNK1 expression and the suppression of leukemic growth. These results uncover a critical role for FLI1 in the control of protein translation and the importance of targeting its function and downstream mediators, such as MKNK1, for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun, Guiyang, Guizhou 550014, P.R. China
| | - Jialei Song
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun, Guiyang, Guizhou 550014, P.R. China
| | - Wuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun, Guiyang, Guizhou 550014, P.R. China
| | - Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun, Guiyang, Guizhou 550014, P.R. China
| | - Philipp Kapranov
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P.R. China
| | - Klarke M Sample
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Babu Gajendran
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun, Guiyang, Guizhou 550014, P.R. China
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun, Guiyang, Guizhou 550014, P.R. China
| | - Yaacov Ben-David
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun, Guiyang, Guizhou 550014, P.R. China
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15
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Mishra RK, Clutter MR, Blyth GT, Kosciuczuk EM, Blackburn AZ, Beauchamp EM, Schiltz GE, Platanias LC. Discovery of novel Mnk inhibitors using mutation-based induced-fit virtual high-throughput screening. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1813-1823. [PMID: 31260185 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mnk kinases (Mnk1 and 2) are downstream effectors of Map kinase pathways and regulate phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E. Engagement of the Mnk pathway is critical in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) leukemogenesis and Mnk inhibitors have potent antileukemic properties in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that targeting Mnk kinases may provide a novel approach for treating AML. Here, we report the development and application of a mutation-based induced-fit in silico screen to identify novel Mnk inhibitors. The Mnk1 structure was modeled by temporarily mutating an amino acid that obstructs the ATP-binding site in the Mnk1 crystal structure while carrying out docking simulations of known inhibitors. The hit compounds display activity in Mnk biochemical and cellular assays, including acute myeloid leukemia progenitors. This approach will enable further rational structure-based drug design of new Mnk inhibitors and potentially novel ways of therapeutically targeting this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama K Mishra
- The Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew R Clutter
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gavin T Blyth
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ewa M Kosciuczuk
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy Z Blackburn
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elspeth M Beauchamp
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- The Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Jin X, Merrett J, Tong S, Flower B, Xie J, Yu R, Tian S, Gao L, Zhao J, Wang X, Jiang T, Proud CG. Design, synthesis and activity of Mnk1 and Mnk2 selective inhibitors containing thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:735-751. [PMID: 30496989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinases 1 and 2 (MNK1 and MNK2) phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and play important roles in promoting tumorigenesis and metabolic disease. Thus, inhibiting these enzymes might be valuable in the treatment of such conditions. We designed and synthesized a series of 4-((4-fluoro-2-isopropoxyphenyl)amino)-5-methylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, and evaluated their inhibitory activity against the MNKs. We found 15 compounds that were active as MNK inhibitors and that one in particular, designated MNK-7g, which was potent against MNK1 and substantially more potent against MNK2. The compound MNK-7g did not affect other signaling pathways tested and had no adverse effects on cell viability. As expected from earlier studies, MNK-7g also inhibited cell migration. Therefore, the compound MNK-7g, which forms an ionic bond with Asp226 in MNK2 and possesses a substituted aniline in a thieno[2,3-d] pyrimidine structure, is a promising starting point for the future development of novel drugs for treating or managing cancer and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - James Merrett
- Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Sheng Tong
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Bartholomew Flower
- Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jianling Xie
- Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Rilei Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuye Tian
- Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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17
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Sansook S, Lineham E, Hassell-Hart S, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Spencer J, Morley SJ. Probing the Anticancer Action of Novel Ferrocene Analogues of MNK Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092126. [PMID: 30142961 PMCID: PMC6225114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel ferrocene-containing compounds based upon a known MNK1/2 kinase (MAPK-interacting kinase) inhibitor have been synthesized. The compounds were designed to use the unique shape of ferrocene to exploit a large hydrophobic pocket in MNK1/2 that is only partially occupied by the original compound. Screening of the ferrocene analogues showed that both exhibited potent anticancer effects in several breast cancer and AML (acute myeloid leukemia) cell lines, despite a loss of MNK potency. The most potent ferrocene-based compound 5 was further analysed in vitro in MDA-MB-231 (triple negative breast cancer cells). Dose–response curves of compound 5 for 2D assay and 3D assay generated IC50 values (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of 0.55 µM and 1.25 µM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Khok Khian 96000, Thailand.
| | - Ella Lineham
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Storm Hassell-Hart
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Simon J Morley
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9QG, UK.
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18
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Yang H, Chennamaneni LR, Ho MWT, Ang SH, Tan ESW, Jeyaraj DA, Yeap YS, Liu B, Ong EH, Joy JK, Wee JLK, Kwek P, Retna P, Dinie N, Nguyen TTH, Tai SJ, Manoharan V, Pendharkar V, Low CB, Chew YS, Vuddagiri S, Sangthongpitag K, Choong ML, Lee MA, Kannan S, Verma CS, Poulsen A, Lim S, Chuah C, Ong TS, Hill J, Matter A, Nacro K. Optimization of Selective Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Interacting Kinases 1 and 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Blast Crisis Leukemia. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4348-4369. [PMID: 29683667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease caused by bcr-abl1, a constitutively active tyrosine kinase fusion gene responsible for an abnormal proliferation of leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Inhibition of BCR-ABL1 kinase activity offers long-term relief to CML patients. However, for a proportion of them, BCR-ABL1 inhibition will become ineffective at treating the disease, and CML will progress to blast crisis (BC) CML with poor prognosis. BC-CML is often associated with excessive phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which renders LSCs capable of proliferating via self-renewal, oblivious to BCR-ABL1 inhibition. In vivo, eIF4E is exclusively phosphorylated on Ser209 by MNK1/2. Consequently, a selective inhibitor of MNK1/2 should reduce the level of phosphorylated eIF4E and re-sensitize LSCs to BCR-ABL1 inhibition, thus hindering the proliferation of BC LSCs. We report herein the structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetic properties of a selective MNK1/2 inhibitor clinical candidate, ETC-206, which in combination with dasatinib prevents BC-CML LSC self-renewal in vitro and enhances dasatinib antitumor activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Lohitha Rao Chennamaneni
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), A*STAR , 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01 , 138665 Singapore
| | - Melvyn Wai Tuck Ho
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Shi Hua Ang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Eldwin Sum Wai Tan
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | | | - Yoon Sheng Yeap
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Esther Hq Ong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Joma Kanikadu Joy
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - John Liang Kuan Wee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Perlyn Kwek
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Priya Retna
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Nurul Dinie
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Thuy Thi Hanh Nguyen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Shi Jing Tai
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Vithya Manoharan
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Vishal Pendharkar
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Choon Bing Low
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Yun Shan Chew
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Susmitha Vuddagiri
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Kanda Sangthongpitag
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Meng Ling Choong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - May Ann Lee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | | | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII) , A*STAR , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , 138671 Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , 637551 Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , 14 Science Drive 4 , 117543 Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Sharon Lim
- Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , 169857 Singapore
| | - Charles Chuah
- Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , 169857 Singapore
| | - Tiong Sin Ong
- Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , 169857 Singapore.,Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Alex Matter
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
| | - Kassoum Nacro
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC) , A*STAR , 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01 , 138669 Singapore
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19
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Reich SH, Sprengeler PA, Chiang GG, Appleman JR, Chen J, Clarine J, Eam B, Ernst JT, Han Q, Goel VK, Han EZR, Huang V, Hung INJ, Jemison A, Jessen KA, Molter J, Murphy D, Neal M, Parker GS, Shaghafi M, Sperry S, Staunton J, Stumpf CR, Thompson PA, Tran C, Webber SE, Wegerski CJ, Zheng H, Webster KR. Structure-based Design of Pyridone-Aminal eFT508 Targeting Dysregulated Translation by Selective Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Interacting Kinases 1 and 2 (MNK1/2) Inhibition. J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29526098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated translation of mRNA plays a major role in tumorigenesis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting kinases (MNK)1/2 are key regulators of mRNA translation integrating signals from oncogenic and immune signaling pathways through phosphorylation of eIF4E and other mRNA binding proteins. Modulation of these key effector proteins regulates mRNA, which controls tumor/stromal cell signaling. Compound 23 (eFT508), an exquisitely selective, potent dual MNK1/2 inhibitor, was designed to assess the potential for control of oncogene signaling at the level of mRNA translation. The crystal structure-guided design leverages stereoelectronic interactions unique to MNK culminating in a novel pyridone-aminal structure described for the first time in the kinase literature. Compound 23 has potent in vivo antitumor activity in models of diffuse large cell B-cell lymphoma and solid tumors, suggesting that controlling dysregulated translation has real therapeutic potential. Compound 23 is currently being evaluated in Phase 2 clinical trials in solid tumors and lymphoma. Compound 23 is the first highly selective dual MNK inhibitor targeting dysregulated translation being assessed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried H Reich
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Paul A Sprengeler
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Gary G Chiang
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - James R Appleman
- Primmune Therapeutics, Inc. , 3210 Merryfield Row , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Joan Chen
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Jeff Clarine
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Boreth Eam
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Justin T Ernst
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Qing Han
- Structure-Based Design, Inc. , 6048 Cornerstone Court West #D , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Vikas K Goel
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Edward Z R Han
- Structure-Based Design, Inc. , 6048 Cornerstone Court West #D , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Vera Huang
- Molecular Stethoscope , 10835 Road to the Cure #100 , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Ivy N J Hung
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Adrianna Jemison
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Katti A Jessen
- Oncternal Therapeutics , 3525 Del Mar Heights Road #821 , San Diego , California 92130 , United States
| | - Jolene Molter
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Douglas Murphy
- Molcentrics, Inc. , 11835 Carmel Mountain Road #1304-110 , San Diego , California 92128 , United States
| | - Melissa Neal
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Gregory S Parker
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Michael Shaghafi
- Abide Therapeutics , 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250 , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Samuel Sperry
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Jocelyn Staunton
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Craig R Stumpf
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Peggy A Thompson
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Chinh Tran
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Stephen E Webber
- Polaris Pharmaceuticals , 9373 Towne Centre Drive #150 , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Christopher J Wegerski
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Hong Zheng
- Structure-Based Design, Inc. , 6048 Cornerstone Court West #D , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Kevin R Webster
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics , 11180 Roselle Street , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
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20
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Matsui Y, Yasumatsu I, Yoshida KI, Iimura S, Ikeno Y, Nawano T, Fukano H, Ubukata O, Hanzawa H, Tanzawa F, Isoyama T. A novel inhibitor stabilizes the inactive conformation of MAPK-interacting kinase 1. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:156-160. [PMID: 29497019 PMCID: PMC5947701 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18002108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting kinases 1 (Mnk1) and 2 (Mnk2) modulate translation initiation through the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E, which promotes tumorigenesis. However, Mnk1 and Mnk2 are dispensable in normal cells, suggesting that the inhibition of Mnk1 and Mnk2 could be effective in cancer therapy. To provide a structural basis for Mnk1 inhibition, a novel Mnk1 inhibitor was discovered and the crystal structure of Mnk1 in complex with this inhibitor was determined. The crystal structure revealed that the inhibitor binds to the autoinhibited state of Mnk1, stabilizing the Mnk-specific DFD motif in the DFD-out conformation, thus preventing Mnk1 from switching to the active conformation and thereby inhibiting the kinase activity. These results provide a valuable platform for the structure-guided design of Mnk1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Matsui
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Isao Yasumatsu
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yoshida
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Shin Iimura
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ikeno
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Takako Nawano
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Hajime Fukano
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Osamu Ubukata
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hanzawa
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Fumie Tanzawa
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takeshi Isoyama
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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21
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Kannan S, Pradhan MR, Cherian J, Joseph TL, Poh ZY, Hai Yan Y, Melvyn H, Boping L, Jeffrey H, Nacro K, Verma CS. Small Molecules Targeting the Inactive Form of the Mnk1/2 Kinases. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7881-7891. [PMID: 30023565 PMCID: PMC6045392 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is linked to a variety of cancers. Both mitogen-activated protein kinases-interacting kinases 1 and 2 (Mnk1/2) activate the oncogene eIF4E through posttranslational modification (phosphorylating it at the conserved Ser209). Inhibition of Mnk prevents eIF4E phosphorylation, making the Mnk-eIF4E axis a potential therapeutic target for oncology. Recently, the design and synthesis of a series of novel potent compounds inhibiting the Mnk1/2 kinases were carried out in-house. Here, we describe computational models of the interactions between Mnk1/2 kinases and these inhibitors. Molecular modeling combined with free energy calculations show that these compounds bind to the inactive forms of the kinases. All compounds adopt similar conformations in the catalytic sites of both kinases, stabilized by hydrogen bonds with the hinge regions and with the catalytic Lys78 (Mnk1) and Lys113 (Mnk2). These hydrogen bond interactions clearly play a critical role in determining the conformational stability and potency of the compounds. We also find that van der Waals interactions with an allosteric pocket are key to their binding and potency. Two distinct hydration sites that appear to further stabilize the ligand binding/interactions were observed. Critically, the inclusion of explicit water molecules in the calculations results in improving the agreement between calculated and experimental binding free energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasaraghavan Kannan
- Bioinformatics
Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
- E-mail: . Phone: +65 6478 8353. Fax: +65 6478 9048 (S.K.)
| | - Mohan R. Pradhan
- Bioinformatics
Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Joseph Cherian
- Experimental
Therapeutics Centre (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Street, #03-01 Nanos, 138669, Singapore
| | - Thomas L. Joseph
- Bioinformatics
Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- Experimental
Therapeutics Centre (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Street, #03-01 Nanos, 138669, Singapore
| | - Yang Hai Yan
- Experimental
Therapeutics Centre (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Street, #03-01 Nanos, 138669, Singapore
| | - Ho Melvyn
- Experimental
Therapeutics Centre (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Street, #03-01 Nanos, 138669, Singapore
| | - Liu Boping
- Experimental
Therapeutics Centre (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Street, #03-01 Nanos, 138669, Singapore
| | - Hill Jeffrey
- Experimental
Therapeutics Centre (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Street, #03-01 Nanos, 138669, Singapore
| | - Kassoum Nacro
- Experimental
Therapeutics Centre (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Street, #03-01 Nanos, 138669, Singapore
| | - Chandra S. Verma
- Bioinformatics
Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, 60 Nanyang
Drive, 637551, Singapore
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 14 Science
Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
- E-mail: . Phone: +65 6478 8273. Fax: +65 6478 9048 (C.S.V.)
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22
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Dual abrogation of MNK and mTOR: a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of aggressive cancers. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1539-1555. [PMID: 28841037 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the translational machinery has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for cancer treatment. Cancer cells require elevated protein synthesis and exhibit augmented activity to meet the increased metabolic demand. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E is necessary for mRNA translation, its availability and phosphorylation are regulated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MNK1/2 pathways. The phosphorylated form of eIF4E drives the expression of oncogenic proteins including those involved in metastasis. In this article, we will review the role of eIF4E in cancer, its regulation and discuss the benefit of dual inhibition of upstream pathways. The discernible interplay between the MNK and mTOR signaling pathways provides a novel therapeutic opportunity to target aggressive migratory cancers through the development of hybrid molecules.
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23
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Metal coordination in kinases and pseudokinases. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:653-663. [PMID: 28620027 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation, mediated by protein kinases, is a key event in the regulation of eukaryotic signal transduction. The majority of eukaryotic protein kinases perform phosphoryl transfer, assisted by two divalent metal ions. About 10% of all human protein kinases are, however, thought to be catalytically inactive. These kinases lack conserved residues of the kinase core and are classified as pseudokinases. Yet, it has been demonstrated that pseudokinases are critically involved in biological functions. Here, we show how pseudokinases have developed strategies by modifying amino acid residues in order to achieve stable, active-like conformations. This includes binding of the co-substrate ATP in a two metal-, one metal- or even no metal-binding mode. Examples of the respective pseudokinases are provided on a structural basis and compared with a canonical protein kinase, Protein Kinase A. Moreover, the functional roles of both independent metal-binding sites, Me1 and Me2, are discussed. Lack of phosphotransferase activity does not implicate a loss of function and can easily point to alternative roles of pseudokinases, i.e. acting as switches or scaffolds, and having evolved as components crucial for cellular cross-talk and signaling. Interestingly, pseudokinases are present in all kingdoms of life and their specific roles remain enigmatic. More studies are needed to unravel the crucial functions of those interesting proteins.
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24
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Fan W, Wang W, Mao X, Chu S, Feng J, Xiao D, Zhou J, Fan S. Elevated levels of p-Mnk1, p-eIF4E and p-p70S6K proteins are associated with tumor recurrence and poor prognosis in astrocytomas. J Neurooncol 2016; 131:485-493. [PMID: 27900644 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Malignant astrocytomas are able to invade neighboring and distant areas of the normal brain. Signaling pathway alterations play important role in the development of astrocytomas. Deregulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) by MAP kinase-interacting kinases (Mnk) on Ser-209 directly or PI3K/mTOR/S6K pathway indirectly has a critical effect on promoting cellular proliferation, malignant transformation and metastasis. We examined and analyzed the correlation between expression of p-Mnk1, p-eIF4E and p-p70S6K proteins and clinicopathological features in 103 astrocytomas and 54 non-tumorous brain tissues. The results indicated that positive percentage of overexpression of p-Mnk1 and p-eIF4E proteins in astrocytomas were significantly higher than that of in the non-tumorous brain tissues (P < 0.05). Elevated p-Mnk1 and p-eIF4E and co-overexpressed three proteins were associated with tumor recurrence (P = 0.003, P = 0.006, P = 0.007, respectively). Overexpressed p-eIF4E significantly correlated with the tumor size (P = 0.019). In addition, overexpression of p-eIF4E and three proteins common expression were related to the WHO grade of astrocytomas (P = 0.001, P = 0.044 respectively). Spearman's rank correlation test further showed that the expression of p-Mnk1 was strongly positive correlated with the expression of p-eIF4E in astrocytomas (r = 0.294, P = 0.003). Besides, overexpression of p-eIF4E and co-expression of p-Mnk1, p-eIF4E and p-p70S6K proteins were inversely correlated with overall survival rates of astrocytomas. Multivariate Cox regression analysis further identified that the elevated p-eIF4E expression, three proteins common expression were correlated with unfavorable prognosis of astrocytomas regardless of ages and WHO grades. Taken together, overexpression of p-eIF4E and co-expression of p-Mnk1, p-eIF4E and p-p70S6K proteins could be used as novel independent poor prognostic biomarkers for patients with astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Weiyuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Xinfa Mao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shuzhou Chu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Desheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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25
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Cherian J, Nacro K, Poh ZY, Guo S, Jeyaraj DA, Wong YX, Ho M, Yang HY, Joy JK, Kwek ZP, Liu B, Wee JLK, Ong EHQ, Choong ML, Poulsen A, Lee MA, Pendharkar V, Ding LJ, Manoharan V, Chew YS, Sangthongpitag K, Lim S, Ong ST, Hill J, Keller TH. Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Interacting Kinase (MNK) 1 and 2 and BCR-ABL1 Inhibitors Targeting Chronic Myeloid Leukemic Cells. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3063-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cherian
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Kassoum Nacro
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Samantha Guo
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | | | - Yun Xuan Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Melvyn Ho
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Hai Yan Yang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Joma Kanikadu Joy
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Zekui Perlyn Kwek
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | | | - Esther HQ Ong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Meng Ling Choong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - May Ann Lee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Vishal Pendharkar
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Li Jun Ding
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Vithya Manoharan
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Yun Shan Chew
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | | | - Sharon Lim
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, Singapore 169857
| | - S. Tiong Ong
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, Singapore 169857
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Thomas H. Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
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26
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Abstract
The discovery of small molecules that selectively inhibit Mnks is considered of paramount importance towards deciphering the exact role of these proteins in carcinogenesis and to further validate them as anti-cancer drug targets. However, the dearth of structural information of Mnks is a major hurdle. This study unveils the 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent inhibitors of Mnks. ATP and substrate competition assays showed that this scaffold interacts with the ATP binding site, but not with the substrate site. Screened against a panel of cancer cells, Mnk inhibitors were most potent against MV4-11 acute myeloid leukemia cells. The induction of apoptosis was shown to be mediated by downregulation of Mcl-1.
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27
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Xu Q, Malecka KL, Fink L, Jordan EJ, Duffy E, Kolander S, Peterson JR, Dunbrack RL. Identifying three-dimensional structures of autophosphorylation complexes in crystals of protein kinases. Sci Signal 2015; 8:rs13. [PMID: 26628682 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa6711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase autophosphorylation is a common regulatory mechanism in cell signaling pathways. Crystal structures of several homomeric protein kinase complexes have a serine, threonine, or tyrosine autophosphorylation site of one kinase monomer located in the active site of another monomer, a structural complex that we call an "autophosphorylation complex." We developed and applied a structural bioinformatics method to identify all such autophosphorylation complexes in x-ray crystallographic structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We identified 15 autophosphorylation complexes in the PDB, of which five complexes had not previously been described in the publications describing the crystal structures. These five complexes consist of tyrosine residues in the N-terminal juxtamembrane regions of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R, Tyr(561)) and ephrin receptor A2 (EPHA2, Tyr(594)), tyrosine residues in the activation loops of the SRC kinase family member LCK (Tyr(394)) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R, Tyr(1166)), and a serine in a nuclear localization signal region of CDC-like kinase 2 (CLK2, Ser(142)). Mutations in the complex interface may alter autophosphorylation activity and contribute to disease; therefore, we mutated residues in the autophosphorylation complex interface of LCK and found that two mutations impaired autophosphorylation (T445V and N446A) and mutation of Pro(447) to Ala, Gly, or Leu increased autophosphorylation. The identified autophosphorylation sites are conserved in many kinases, suggesting that, by homology, these complexes may provide insight into autophosphorylation complex interfaces of kinases that are relevant drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifang Xu
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Kimberly L Malecka
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Lauren Fink
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - E Joseph Jordan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erin Duffy
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Samuel Kolander
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Peterson
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Roland L Dunbrack
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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28
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An integrated approach for discovery of highly potent and selective Mnk inhibitors: Screening, synthesis and SAR analysis. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:539-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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29
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Basnet SKC, Diab S, Schmid R, Yu M, Yang Y, Gillam TA, Teo T, Li P, Peat T, Albrecht H, Wang S. Identification of a Highly Conserved Allosteric Binding Site on Mnk1 and Mnk2. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:935-48. [PMID: 26268528 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) have been implicated in many tumor types, and mitogen activated protein kinase-interacting kinases (Mnks) are the only known kinases that phosphorylate eIF4E at Ser209. The phosphorylation of eIF4E is essential for oncogenic transformation but is of no significance to normal growth and development. Pharmacological inhibition of Mnks therefore provides a nontoxic and effective strategy for cancer therapy. However, a lack of specific Mnk inhibitors has confounded pharmacological target validation and clinical development. Herein, we report the identification of a novel series of Mnk inhibitors and their binding modes. A systematic workflow has been established to distinguish between type III and type I/II inhibitors. A selection of 66 compounds was tested for Mnk1 and Mnk2 inhibition, and 9 out of 20 active compounds showed type III interaction with an allosteric site of the proteins. Most of the type III inhibitors exhibited dual Mnk1 and Mnk2 activities and demonstrated potent antiproliferative properties against the MV4-11 acute myeloid leukemia cell line. Interestingly, ATP-/substrate-competitive inhibitors were found to be highly selective for Mnk2, with little or no activity for Mnk1. Our study suggests that Mnk1 and Mnk2 share a common structure of the allosteric inhibitory binding site but possess different structural features of the ATP catalytic domain. The findings will assist in the future design and development of Mnk targeted anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita K C Basnet
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
| | - Sarah Diab
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
| | - Raffaella Schmid
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
| | - Yuchao Yang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
| | - Todd Alexander Gillam
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
| | - Theodosia Teo
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
| | - Peng Li
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
| | - Tom Peat
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
| | - Hugo Albrecht
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (S.K.C.B., S.D., R.S., M.Y., Y.Y., T.A.G., T.T., P.L., H.A., S.W.); and CSIRO Biosciences Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.P.)
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30
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Wu H, Hu C, Wang A, Weisberg EL, Chen Y, Yun CH, Wang W, Liu Y, Liu X, Tian B, Wang J, Zhao Z, Liang Y, Li B, Wang L, Wang B, Chen C, Buhrlage SJ, Qi Z, Zou F, Nonami A, Li Y, Fernandes SM, Adamia S, Stone RM, Galinsky IA, Wang X, Yang G, Griffin JD, Brown JR, Eck MJ, Liu J, Gray NS, Liu Q. Discovery of a BTK/MNK dual inhibitor for lymphoma and leukemia. Leukemia 2015; 30:173-81. [PMID: 26165234 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) kinase is a member of the TEC kinase family and is a key regulator of the B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated signaling pathway. It is important for B-cell maturation, proliferation, survival and metastasis. Pharmacological inhibition of BTK is clinically effective against a variety of B-cell malignances, such as mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and activated B-cell-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. MNK kinase is one of the key downstream regulators in the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and controls protein synthesis via regulating the activity of eIF4E. Inhibition of MNK activity has been observed to moderately inhibit the proliferation of AML cells. Through a structure-based drug-design approach, we have discovered a selective and potent BTK/MNK dual kinase inhibitor (QL-X-138), which exhibits covalent binding to BTK and noncovalent binding to MNK. Compared with the BTK kinase inhibitor (PCI-32765) and the MNK kinase inhibitor (cercosporamide), QL-X-138 enhanced the antiproliferative efficacies in vitro against a variety of B-cell cancer cell lines, as well as AML and CLL primary patient cells, which respond moderately to BTK inhibitor in vitro. The agent can effectively arrest the growth of lymphoma and leukemia cells at the G0-G1 stage and can induce strong apoptotic cell death. These primary results demonstrate that simultaneous inhibition of BTK and MNK kinase activity might be a new therapeutic strategy for B-cell malignances.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - C Hu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - A Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - E L Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Chen
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C-H Yun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - B Tian
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Zhao
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Li
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - B Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Chen
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S J Buhrlage
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Qi
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - F Zou
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - A Nonami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S M Fernandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Adamia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R M Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I A Galinsky
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Wang
- Department of Lymphoma, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - G Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J D Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M J Eck
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - N S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Q Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China.,Hefei Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
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31
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Väliaho J, Faisal I, Ortutay C, Smith CIE, Vihinen M. Characterization of all possible single-nucleotide change caused amino acid substitutions in the kinase domain of Bruton tyrosine kinase. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:638-47. [PMID: 25777788 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about features distinguishing deleterious and neutral variations is crucial for interpretation of novel variants. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) contains the highest number of unique disease-causing variations among the human protein kinases, still it is just 10% of all the possible single-nucleotide substitution-caused amino acid variations (SNAVs). In the BTK kinase domain (BTK-KD) can appear altogether 1,495 SNAVs. We investigated them all with bioinformatic and protein structure analysis methods. Most disease-causing variations affect conserved and buried residues disturbing protein stability. Minority of exposed residues is conserved, but strongly tied to pathogenicity. Sixty-seven percent of variations are predicted to be harmful. In 39% of the residues, all the variants are likely harmful, whereas in 10% of sites, all the substitutions are tolerated. Results indicate the importance of the entire kinase domain, involvement in numerous interactions, and intricate functional regulation by conformational change. These results can be extended to other protein kinases and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Väliaho
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Imrul Faisal
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Csaba Ortutay
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Present address is HiDucator Ltd., Erämiehentie 2 E 22, Kangasala FI-36200, Finland
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mauno Vihinen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Research Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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32
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Yu M, Li P, Basnet SKC, Kumarasiri M, Diab S, Teo T, Albrecht H, Wang S. Discovery of 4-(dihydropyridinon-3-yl)amino-5-methylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent Mnk inhibitors: synthesis, structure-activity relationship analysis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:116-26. [PMID: 25800647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting kinases (Mnks) is essential for oncogenesis but unnecessary for normal development. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of Mnks may offer an effective and non-toxic anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Herein, we report the discovery of 4-(dihydropyridinon-3-yl)amino-5-methylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent Mnk inhibitors. Docking study of 7a in Mnk2 suggests that the compound is stabilised in the ATP binding site through multiple hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction. Cellular mechanistic studies on MV-4-11 cells with leads 7a, 8e and 8f reveal that they are able to down-regulate the phosphorylated eIF4E, Mcl-1 and cyclin D1, and induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Yu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and Center for Cancer Biology, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Peng Li
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and Center for Cancer Biology, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sunita K C Basnet
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and Center for Cancer Biology, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Malika Kumarasiri
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and Center for Cancer Biology, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sarah Diab
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and Center for Cancer Biology, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Theodosia Teo
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and Center for Cancer Biology, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Hugo Albrecht
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and Center for Cancer Biology, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and Center for Cancer Biology, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
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33
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Dynamical insights of Mnk2 kinase activation by phosphorylation to facilitate inhibitor discovery. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:91-102. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinases (Mnks) are emerging anticancer targets. Mnks feature unique structural features, enhancing their importance for selective inhibitor discovery. Nonetheless, the lack of structural details obstruct the development of selective Mnk inhibitors. Results: We disclose the first complete structure model of the activated state of Mnk2. Using all-atom accelerated molecular dynamics, we also demonstrate that its activation by phosphorylation grants access to distinct activation loop conformations, steering the inactive-to-active conformational transformation. Then we propose the binding mode of CGP57380 to active Mnk2, and evaluate key interactions that could be critical for future Mnk-targeted inhibitors. Conclusion: Critical insights of the Mnk2 activation process are gained, while providing a platform for designing Mnk-targeted anticancer agents.
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Kannan S, Poulsen A, Yang HY, Ho M, Ang SH, Eldwin TSW, Jeyaraj DA, Chennamaneni LR, Liu B, Hill J, Verma CS, Nacro K. Probing the binding mechanism of Mnk inhibitors by docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Biochemistry 2014; 54:32-46. [PMID: 25431995 DOI: 10.1021/bi501261j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases-interacting kinase 1 and 2 (Mnk1/2) activate the oncogene eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) by phosphorylation. High level of phosphorylated eIF4E is associated with various types of cancers. Inhibition of Mnk prevents eIF4E phosphorylation, making them potential therapeutic targets for cancer. Recently, we have designed and synthesized a series of novel imidazopyridine and imidazopyrazine derivatives that inhibit Mnk1/2 kinases with a potency in the nanomolar to micromolar range. In the current work we model the inhibition of Mnk kinase activity by these inhibitors using various computational approaches. Combining homology modeling, docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and free energy calculations, we find that all compounds bind similarly to the active sites of both kinases with their imidazopyridine and imidazopyrazine cores anchored to the hinge regions of the kinases through hydrogen bonds. In addition, hydrogen bond interactions between the inhibitors and the catalytic Lys78 (Mnk1), Lys113 (Mnk2) and Ser131 (Mnk1), Ser166 (Mnk2) appear to be important for the potency and stability of the bound conformations of the inhibitors. The computed binding free energies (ΔGPred) of these inhibitors are in accord with experimental bioactivity data (pIC50) with correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.70 and 0.68 for Mnk1 and Mnk2 respectively. van der Waals energies and entropic effects appear to dominate the binding free energy (ΔGPred) for each Mnk-inhibitor complex studied. The models suggest that the activities of these small molecule inhibitors arise from interactions with multiple residues in the active sites, particularly with the hydrophobic residues.
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Diab S, Kumarasiri M, Yu M, Teo T, Proud C, Milne R, Wang S. MAP kinase-interacting kinases--emerging targets against cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:441-452. [PMID: 24613018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting kinases (Mnks) regulate the initiation of translation through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). Mnk-mediated eIF4E activation promotes cancer development and progression. While the phosphorylation of eIF4E is necessary for oncogenic transformation, the kinase activity of Mnks seems dispensable for normal development. For this reason, pharmacological inhibition of Mnks could represent an ideal mechanism-based and nontoxic therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of Mnk biological roles, structures, and functions, as well as clinical implications. Importantly, we propose different strategies for identification of highly selective small molecule inhibitors of Mnks, including exploring a structural feature of their kinase domain, DFD motif, which is unique within the human kinome. We also argue that a combined targeting of Mnks and other pathways should be considered given the complexity of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Diab
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Malika Kumarasiri
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Theodosia Teo
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Christopher Proud
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Robert Milne
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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36
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Diab S, Teo T, Kumarasiri M, Li P, Yu M, Lam F, Basnet SKC, Sykes MJ, Albrecht H, Milne R, Wang S. Discovery of 5-(2-(Phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazol-2(3H)-one Derivatives as Potent Mnk2 Inhibitors: Synthesis, SAR Analysis and Biological Evaluation. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:962-72. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Xu J, Chen A, Joy J, Xavier VJ, Ong EHQ, Hill J, Chai CLL. Rational Design of Resorcylic Acid Lactone Analogues as Covalent MNK1/2 Kinase Inhibitors by Tuning the Reactivity of an Enamide Michael Acceptor. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1483-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07‐01, Singapore 138665 (Singapore)
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Singapore)
| | - Anqi Chen
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07‐01, Singapore 138665 (Singapore)
| | - Joma Joy
- Protein Biochemistry Enzymology, Experimental Therapeutic Centre (ETC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos Level 3, Singapore 13866 (Singapore)
| | - Vanessa Joanne Xavier
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07‐01, Singapore 138665 (Singapore)
| | - Esther H. Q. Ong
- Protein Biochemistry Enzymology, Experimental Therapeutic Centre (ETC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos Level 3, Singapore 13866 (Singapore)
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Protein Biochemistry Enzymology, Experimental Therapeutic Centre (ETC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos Level 3, Singapore 13866 (Singapore)
| | - Christina L. L. Chai
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07‐01, Singapore 138665 (Singapore)
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Singapore)
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38
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Hou J, Teo T, Sykes MJ, Wang S. Insights into the Importance of DFD-Motif and Insertion I1 in Stabilizing the DFD-Out Conformation of Mnk2 Kinase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:736-41. [PMID: 24900740 DOI: 10.1021/ml400145x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)-interacting kinases 1 and 2 (Mnk1/2) are promising anticancer targets. Mnks possess special insertions and a DFD-motif that are distinct from other kinases. Crystallographic studies of Mnk1/2 have revealed that the DFD-motif adopts the DFG/D-out conformation in which residue F227 flips into the ATP binding pocket. This is rarely observed in other kinases. Although the DFG-out conformation has attracted great interest for designing selective inhibitors, structural requirements for binding and the mechanism governing the DFG-out conformation remain unclear. This work presents for the first time the applicability of 3D models of Mnk2 protein in studying conformational changes by utilizing homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. The study reveals that the interactions between residue K234 of insertion I1 and D226 of the DFD motif play a key role in inducing and stabilizing the DFD-out conformation. The structural features will aid in the rational design of Mnk2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Hou
- Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute
for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide
SA 5001, Australia
| | - Theodosia Teo
- Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute
for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide
SA 5001, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Sykes
- Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute
for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide
SA 5001, Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute
for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide
SA 5001, Australia
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39
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Takaya D, Sato T, Yuki H, Sasaki S, Tanaka A, Yokoyama S, Honma T. Prediction of Ligand-Induced Structural Polymorphism of Receptor Interaction Sites Using Machine Learning. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:704-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ci300458g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takaya
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku,
Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sato
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku,
Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yuki
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku,
Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shunta Sasaki
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku,
Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku,
Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku,
Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biophysics and
Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku,
Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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LY2801653 is an orally bioavailable multi-kinase inhibitor with potent activity against MET, MST1R, and other oncoproteins, and displays anti-tumor activities in mouse xenograft models. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:833-44. [PMID: 23275061 PMCID: PMC3717159 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The HGF/MET signaling pathway regulates a wide variety of normal cellular functions that can be subverted to support neoplasia, including cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, scattering and motility, invasion, and angiogenesis. MET over-expression (with or without gene amplification), aberrant autocrine or paracrine ligand production, and missense MET mutations are mechanisms that lead to activation of the MET pathway in tumors and are associated with poor prognostic outcome. We report here preclinical development of a potent, orally bioavailable, small-molecule inhibitor LY2801653 targeting MET kinase. LY2801653 is a type-II ATP competitive, slow-off inhibitor of MET tyrosine kinase with a dissociation constant (Ki) of 2 nM, a pharmacodynamic residence time (Koff) of 0.00132 min(-1) and t1/2 of 525 min. LY2801653 demonstrated in vitro effects on MET pathway-dependent cell scattering and cell proliferation; in vivo anti-tumor effects in MET amplified (MKN45), MET autocrine (U-87MG, and KP4) and MET over-expressed (H441) xenograft models; and in vivo vessel normalization effects. LY2801653 also maintained potency against 13 MET variants, each bearing a single-point mutation. In subsequent nonclinical characterization, LY2801653 was found to have potent activity against several other receptor tyrosine oncokinases including MST1R, FLT3, AXL, MERTK, TEK, ROS1, DDR1/2 and against the serine/threonine kinases MKNK1/2. The potential value of MET and other inhibited targets within a number of malignancies (such as colon, bile ducts, and lung) is discussed. LY2801653 is currently in phase 1 clinical testing in patients with advanced cancer (trial I3O-MC-JSBA, NCT01285037).
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Abstract
Deregulation of protein synthesis is a common event in human cancer and a key player in translational control is eIF4E. Elevated expression levels of eIF4E promote cancer development and progression. Recent findings suggest that eIF4E activity is a key determinant of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK mediated tumorigenic activity and targeting eIF4E should have a major impact on these pathways in human cancer. The function of eIF4E is modulated through phosphorylation of a conserved serine (Ser209) by Mnk1 and Mnk2 downstream of ERK. While the phosphorylation event is necessary for oncogenic transformation, it seems to be dispensable for normal development. Hence, pharmacologic Mnk inhibitors may provide non-toxic and effective anti-cancer strategy. Strong circumstantial evidence indicates that Mnk inhibition presents attractive therapeutic potential, but the lack of selective Mnk inhibitors has so far confounded pharmacological target validation and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Hou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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42
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Joosten RP, Joosten K, Murshudov GN, Perrakis A. PDB_REDO: constructive validation, more than just looking for errors. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:484-96. [PMID: 22505269 PMCID: PMC3322608 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911054515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Developments of the PDB_REDO procedure that combine re-refinement and rebuilding within a unique decision-making framework to improve structures in the PDB are presented. PDB_REDO uses a variety of existing and custom-built software modules to choose an optimal refinement protocol (e.g. anisotropic, isotropic or overall B-factor refinement, TLS model) and to optimize the geometry versus data-refinement weights. Next, it proceeds to rebuild side chains and peptide planes before a final optimization round. PDB_REDO works fully automatically without the need for intervention by a crystallographic expert. The pipeline was tested on 12 000 PDB entries and the great majority of the test cases improved both in terms of crystallographic criteria such as R(free) and in terms of widely accepted geometric validation criteria. It is concluded that PDB_REDO is useful to update the otherwise `static' structures in the PDB to modern crystallographic standards. The publically available PDB_REDO database provides better model statistics and contributes to better refinement and validation targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie P Joosten
- Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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BabuRajendran N, Palasingam P, Narasimhan K, Sun W, Prabhakar S, Jauch R, Kolatkar PR. Structure of Smad1 MH1/DNA complex reveals distinctive rearrangements of BMP and TGF-beta effectors. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:3477-88. [PMID: 20147459 PMCID: PMC2879523 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad1 is a downstream effector of the BMP signaling pathway that binds regulatory DNA to execute gene expression programs leading to, for example, the maintenance of pluripotency in mice. On the contrary, the TGF-β-activated Smad3 triggers strikingly different programs such as mesodermal differentiation in early development. Because Smad1 and Smad3 contain identical amino acids at the DNA contact interface it is unclear how they elicit distinctive bioactivities. Here, we report the crystal structure of the MH1 domain of Smad1 bound to a palindromic Smad binding element. Surprisingly, the DNA contact interface of Smad1 is drastically rearranged when compared to Smad3. The N-terminal helix 1 of Smad1 is dislodged from its intramolecular binding site and adopts a domain swapped arrangement with a symmetry-related molecule. As a consequence, helix 2 kinks away from the double helix disabling several key phosphate backbone interactions. Thermal melting analysis corroborates a decompacted conformation of Smad1 and DNA binding assays indicate a lower overall affinity of Smad1 to DNA but increased cooperativity when binding to palindromic DNA motifs. These findings suggest that Smad1 and Smad3 evolved differential qualities to assemble on composite DNA elements and to engage in co-factor interactions by remodeling their N-termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya BabuRajendran
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore
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44
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Pfeifer A, Mathes T, Lu Y, Hegemann P, Kottke T. Blue Light Induces Global and Localized Conformational Changes in the Kinase Domain of Full-Length Phototropin. Biochemistry 2010; 49:1024-32. [DOI: 10.1021/bi9016044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pfeifer
- Department of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tilo Mathes
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yinghong Lu
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Department of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology and Biophysics 2, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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45
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The C-terminal domain of Mnk1a plays a dual role in tightly regulating its activity. Biochem J 2009; 423:279-90. [PMID: 19650764 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human family of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signal-integrating kinases (Mnks) comprises four related proteins derived from two genes by alternative splicing. The MNK1 gene gives rise to two proteins, Mnk1a and Mnk1b, which possess distinct C-termini and properties. Despite lacking the C-terminal MAPK-binding site, Mnk1b shows higher basal activity than Mnk1a. In contrast, the activity of Mnk1a is tightly regulated by signalling through ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and p38 MAPK. We show that the short C-terminus of Mnk1b confers on it a 'default' behaviour of substantial, but unregulated, activity. In contrast, the longer C-terminus of Mnk1a represses the basal activity and T (activation)-loop phosphorylation of this isoenzyme while allowing both properties to be stimulated by upstream MAPK signalling. Two features of the C-terminus of Mnk1a appear to account for this behaviour: the known MAPK-binding site and a region (predicted to be alpha-helical) which occludes access to the catalytic domain and the T-loop. The activation of Mnk1a results in a marked conformational change leading to a more 'open' structure. We also identified a conserved phenylalanine residue in an Mnk-specific insert as playing a key role in governing the ease with which Mnk1a can be phosphorylated. These studies help to identify the features that give rise to the diverse properties of human Mnk isoforms.
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46
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Cheng HC, Johnson TM, Mills RD, Chong YP, Chan KC, Culvenor JG. Allosteric networks governing regulation and catalysis of Src-family protein tyrosine kinases: implications for disease-associated kinases. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 37:93-101. [PMID: 19566834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The Src-family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are multidomain oncogenic protein tyrosine kinases. Their overactivation contributes to cancer formation and progression. Thus, synthetic inhibitors of SFKs are being developed as therapeutics for cancer treatment. Understanding the regulatory and catalytic mechanisms of SFKs is necessary for the development of therapeutic SFK inhibitors. 2. Although many upstream regulators and protein substrates of SFKs have been identified, both the mechanisms of activation and catalysis of SFKs are not fully understood. In particular, it is still unclear how the inactive SFKs undergo conformational transition during activation. The mechanism governing the binding of substrates and the release of products during catalysis is another area that requires investigation. 3. Several recent publications indicate the presence of a 'hydrophobic spine' formed by four conserved interacting hydrophobic residues in the kinase domain of SFKs. In the present review, we discuss how the assembly and disassembly of the hydrophobic spine residues may govern conformational transition of SFKs during activation. In addition to regulation of kinase activity, the hydrophobic spine is implicated to be involved in catalysis. It has been postulated recently that perturbation of the hydrophobic spine residues is a key step in catalysis. 4. Further investigations to decipher the roles of the hydrophobic spine residues in regulation and catalysis of SFKs will benefit the development of therapeutic SFK inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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47
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Mukherjee K, Sharma M, Urlaub H, Bourenkov GP, Jahn R, Südhof TC, Wahl MC. CASK Functions as a Mg2+-independent neurexin kinase. Cell 2008; 133:328-39. [PMID: 18423203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CASK is a unique MAGUK protein that contains an N-terminal CaM-kinase domain besides the typical MAGUK domains. The CASK CaM-kinase domain is presumed to be a catalytically inactive pseudokinase because it lacks the canonical DFG motif required for Mg2+ binding that is thought to be indispensable for kinase activity. Here we show, however, that CASK functions as an active protein kinase even without Mg2+ binding. High-resolution crystal structures reveal that the CASK CaM-kinase domain adopts a constitutively active conformation that binds ATP and catalyzes phosphotransfer without Mg2+. The CASK CaM-kinase domain phosphorylates itself and at least one physiological interactor, the synaptic protein neurexin-1, to which CASK is recruited via its PDZ domain. Thus, our data indicate that CASK combines the scaffolding activity of MAGUKs with an unusual kinase activity that phosphorylates substrates recuited by the scaffolding activity. Moreover, our study suggests that other pseudokinases (10% of the kinome) could also be catalytically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konark Mukherjee
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
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48
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Goldsmith EJ, Akella R, Min X, Zhou T, Humphreys JM. Substrate and docking interactions in serine/threonine protein kinases. Chem Rev 2007; 107:5065-81. [PMID: 17949044 PMCID: PMC4012561 DOI: 10.1021/cr068221w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Goldsmith
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA.
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49
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Kannan N, Taylor SS, Zhai Y, Venter JC, Manning G. Structural and functional diversity of the microbial kinome. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e17. [PMID: 17355172 PMCID: PMC1821047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic protein kinase (ePK) domain mediates the majority of signaling and coordination of complex events in eukaryotes. By contrast, most bacterial signaling is thought to occur through structurally unrelated histidine kinases, though some ePK-like kinases (ELKs) and small molecule kinases are known in bacteria. Our analysis of the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) dataset reveals that ELKs are as prevalent as histidine kinases and may play an equally important role in prokaryotic behavior. By combining GOS and public databases, we show that the ePK is just one subset of a diverse superfamily of enzymes built on a common protein kinase-like (PKL) fold. We explored this huge phylogenetic and functional space to cast light on the ancient evolution of this superfamily, its mechanistic core, and the structural basis for its observed diversity. We cataloged 27,677 ePKs and 18,699 ELKs, and classified them into 20 highly distinct families whose known members suggest regulatory functions. GOS data more than tripled the count of ELK sequences and enabled the discovery of novel families and classification and analysis of all ELKs. Comparison between and within families revealed ten key residues that are highly conserved across families. However, all but one of the ten residues has been eliminated in one family or another, indicating great functional plasticity. We show that loss of a catalytic lysine in two families is compensated by distinct mechanisms both involving other key motifs. This diverse superfamily serves as a model for further structural and functional analysis of enzyme evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Kannan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yufeng Zhai
- Razavi-Newman Center for Bioinformatics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - J. Craig Venter
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gerard Manning
- Razavi-Newman Center for Bioinformatics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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50
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O'Loghlen A, González VM, Jurado T, Salinas M, Martín ME. Characterization of the activity of human MAP kinase-interacting kinase Mnk1b. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1773:1416-27. [PMID: 17590453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase interacting kinase 1b (Mnk1b) is a splice variant of human Mnk1a, which has been identified in our laboratory [A. O'Loghlen, V.M. Gonzalez, D. Pineiro, M.I. Perez-Morgado, M. Salinas, M.E. Martin, Identification and molecular characterization of Mnk1b, a splice variant of human MAP kinase-interacting kinase Mnk1, Exp. Cell Res. 299 (2004) 343-355]. Mnk1b has much higher basal eIF4E kinase activity than Mnk1a. Because Mnk1b presents different features in its C-terminus with respect to Mnk1a, we have studied in this paper the potential role of these structural differences in determining the higher basal eIF4E kinase activity as well as the subcellular localization of Mnk1b. In this paper, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of the Thr209 and Thr214 in the activation loop of Mnk1b is necessary for its activation. However, the different kinase activity between Mnk1a and Mnk1b is independent of the phosphorylation status of the activation loop residues. By deletion of the C-terminal tail in Mnk1a, we confirmed that the absence of this sequence is not responsible for the higher eIF4E kinase activity present in Mnk1b. Moreover, our findings support a crucial role of the 12 amino acids, particularly the Ala344, in the C-terminal specific region of Mnk1b (Mnk1bSR), on the kinase activity of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana O'Loghlen
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar km. 9,100. E-28034 Madrid, Spain
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