1
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Chen Z, Zheng Z, He C, Chen H, Yang M, Xu Y. Precipitation of sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate during supercritical water oxidation/gasification of ethanol. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Chen H, Wang G, Xu Y, Chen Z, Yin F. Application of red mud as both neutralizer and catalyst in supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) disposal of sewage sludge. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07458h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Red mud was used in the supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) disposal of sewage sludge, not only as a neutralizer for acidic substances produced in situ, but also as a catalyst for decomposition of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Chen
- Environmentally-Benign Chemical Process Research Center
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology (CIGIT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Environmentally-Benign Chemical Process Research Center
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology (CIGIT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanjian Xu
- Environmentally-Benign Chemical Process Research Center
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology (CIGIT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Environmentally-Benign Chemical Process Research Center
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology (CIGIT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Fengjun Yin
- Environmentally-Benign Chemical Process Research Center
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology (CIGIT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
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3
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Islam MN, Jung HY, Park JH. Subcritical water treatment of explosive and heavy metals co-contaminated soil: Removal of the explosive, and immobilization and risk assessment of heavy metals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 163:262-269. [PMID: 26340419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Co-contamination of explosives and heavy metals (HMs) in soil, particularly army shooting range soil, has received increasing environmental concern due to toxicity and risks to ecological systems. In this study, a subcritical water (SCW) extraction process was used to remediate the explosives-plus-HMs-co-contaminated soil. A quantitative evaluation of explosives in the treated soil, compared with untreated soil, was applied to assess explosive removal. The immobilization of HMs was assessed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure tests, and by investigating the migration of HMs fractions. The environmental risk of HMs in the soil residue was assessed according to the risk assessment code (RAC) and ecological risk indices (Er and RI). The results indicated that SCW treatment could eliminate the explosives, >99%, during the remediation, while the HM was effectively immobilized. The effect of water temperature on reducing the explosives and the risk of HMs in soil was observed. A marked increase in the non-bioavailable concentration of each HM was observed, and the leaching rate of HMs was decreased by 70-97% after SCW treatment at 250 °C, showing the effective immobilization of HMs. According to the RAC or RI, each tested HM showed no or low risk to the environment after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nazrul Islam
- Environmental Assessment Research Institute, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Jung
- Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Park
- Environmental Assessment Research Institute, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Islam MN, Shin MS, Jo YT, Park JH. TNT and RDX degradation and extraction from contaminated soil using subcritical water. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:1148-1152. [PMID: 25460755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of explosives either for industrial or military operations have resulted in the environmental pollution, poses ecological and health hazard. In this work, a subcritical water extraction (SCWE) process at laboratory scale was used at varying water temperature (100-175 °C) and flow rate (0.5-1.5 mL min(-1)), to treat 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) contaminated soil, to reveal information with respect to the explosives removal (based on the analyses of soil residue after extraction), and degradation performance (based on the analyses of water extracts) of this process. Continuous flow subcritical water has been considered on removal of explosives to avoid the repartitioning of non-degraded compounds to the soil upon cooling which usually occurs in the batch system. In the SCWE experiments, near complete degradation of both TNT and RDX was observed at 175 °C based on analysis of water extracts and soil. Test results also indicated that TNT removal of >99% and a complete RDX removal were achieved by this process, when the operating conditions were 1 mL min(-1), and treatment time of 20 min, after the temperature reached 175 °C. HPLC-UV and ion chromatography analysis confirmed that the explosives underwent for degradation. The low concentration of explosives found in the process wastewater indicates that water recycling may be viable, to treat additional soil. Our results have shown in the remediation of explosives contaminated soil, the effectiveness of the continuous flow SCWE process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nazrul Islam
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Su Shin
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Jo
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Park
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Falamarzian S, Tavakoli O, Zarghami R, Faramarzi MA. Catalytic hydrothermal treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater using sub- and supercritical water reactions. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Islam MN, Park JH, Shin MS, Park HS. Decontamination of PCBs-containing soil using subcritical water extraction process. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 109:28-33. [PMID: 24873703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the excision compounds listed at the Stockholm convention in 2001. Although their use has been heavily restricted, PCBs can be found in some specific site-contaminated soils. Either removal or destruction is required prior to disposal. The subcritical water extraction (SCWE) of organic hazardous compounds from contaminated soils is a promising technique for hazardous waste contaminated-site cleanup. In this study, the removal of PCBs by the SCWE process was investigated. The effects of temperature and treatment time on removal efficiency have been determined. In the SCWE experiments, a removal percentage of 99.7% was obtained after 1h of treatment at 250°C. The mass removal efficiency of low-chlorinated species was higher than high-chlorinated congeners at lower temperatures, but it was oppositely observed at higher temperatures because the lower chlorinated congeners are formed by dechlorination of higher chlorinated congeners. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that the PCBs underwent partial degradation. Several degradation products including mono- and di-chlorinated biphenyls, oxygen-containing aromatic compounds, and small-size hydrocarbons were identified in the effluent water, which were not initially present in the contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nazrul Islam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea; Soil Technology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon-Su Shin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Seung Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea; Soil Technology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Tan Y, Shen Z, Guo W, Ouyang C, Jia J, Jiang W, Zhou H. Temperature sensitivity of organic compound destruction in SCWO process. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:512-518. [PMID: 25079262 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To study the temperature sensitivity of the destruction of organic compounds in supercritical water oxidation process (SCWO), oxidation effects of twelve chemicals in supercritical water were investigated. The SCWO reaction rates of different compounds improved to varying degrees with the increase of temperature, so the highest slope of the temperature-effect curve (imax) was defined as the maximum ratio of removal ratio to working temperature. It is an important index to stand for the temperature sensitivity effect in SCWO. It was proven that the higher imax is, the more significant the effect of temperature on the SCWO effect is. Since the high-temperature area of SCWO equipment is subject to considerable damage from fatigue, the temperature is of great significance in SCWO equipment operation. Generally, most compounds (imax > 0.25) can be completely oxidized when the reactor temperature reaches 500°C. However, some compounds (imax > 0.25) need a higher temperature for complete oxidation, up to 560°C. To analyze the correlation coefficients between imax and various molecular descriptors, a quantum chemical method was used in this study. The structures of the twelve organic compounds were optimized by the Density Functional Theory B3LYP/6-311G method, as well as their quantum properties. It was shown that six molecular descriptors were negatively correlated to imax while other three descriptors were positively correlated to imax. Among them, dipole moment had the greatest effect on the oxidation thermodynamics of the twelve organic compounds. Once a correlation between molecular descriptors and imax is established, SCWO can be run at an appropriate temperature according to molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Tan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Weimin Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuang Ouyang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weili Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 2550081, China
| | - Haiyun Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 2550081, China
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Vadillo V, Sánchez-Oneto J, Portela JR, Martínez de la Ossa EJ. Problems in Supercritical Water Oxidation Process and Proposed Solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie400156c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Vadillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Agro-food International
Excellence Campus CeiA3, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Jezabel Sánchez-Oneto
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Agro-food International
Excellence Campus CeiA3, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Portela
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Agro-food International
Excellence Campus CeiA3, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Enrique J. Martínez de la Ossa
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Agro-food International
Excellence Campus CeiA3, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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9
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Supercritical water oxidation of transformer oil contaminated with PCBs—A road to commercial plant from bench-scale facility. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Supercritical water oxidation of a heavily PCB-contaminated mineral transformer oil: Laboratory-scale data and economic assessment. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shin YH, Shin NC, Veriansyah B, Kim J, Lee YW. Supercritical water oxidation of wastewater from acrylonitrile manufacturing plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 163:1142-1147. [PMID: 18760531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater from an acrylonitrile manufacturing plant, which is difficult to biodegrade, was decomposed in subcritical and supercritical water. Experiments were carried out at temperature ranging from 299 to 552 degrees C and a pressure of 25 MPa. The initial total organic carbon (TOC) of acrylonitrile wastewater was set from 0.27 to 2.10 mol L(-1) with residence times ranging from 3 to 30s. 30 wt.% H(2)O(2) solution was used as an oxidant with the stoichiometric ratios of O(2) based on the initial TOC concentration ranging from 0.5 to 2.5. TOC conversion increased with increasing reaction temperature and residence time, however, beyond the stoichiometric oxygen-TOC ratio of 1:1, TOC conversion was barely affected by excess oxygen. The initial TOC concentration of acrylonitrile wastewater also had a negligible effect on TOC conversion. An assumed pseudo-first-order global rate expression was determined with an activation energy of 53.48(+/-33.57)kJ mol(-1) and a pre-exponential factor of 5.22(+/-1.74)x10(2)s(-1). By considering the dependence of the reaction rate on TOC and O(2) concentration, a global rate expression was regressed from the complete set of 64 data points. The resulting activation energy was 66.33(+/-5.87)kJ mol(-1); the pre-exponential factor was 6.07(+/-6.89)x10(3)mol(-0.26)s(-1); and the reaction orders for initial TOC and O(2) concentration were 1.26(+/-0.15) and 0.00(+/-0.15), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Shin
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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13
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Smith RL, Fang Z. Techniques, applications and future prospects of diamond anvil cells for studying supercritical water systems. J Supercrit Fluids 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Kalderis D, Hawthorne SB, Clifford AA, Gidarakos E. Interaction of soil, water and TNT during degradation of TNT on contaminated soil using subcritical water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 159:329-334. [PMID: 18384944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Subcritical water was used at laboratory scale to reveal information with respect to the degradation mechanism of TNT on contaminated soil. Highly contaminated soil (12% TNT) was heated with water at four different temperatures, 150, 175, 200 and 225 degrees C and samples were obtained at appropriate time intervals. At the same time, similar experiments were performed with TNT spiked on to clean soil, sand and pure water in order to compare and eliminate various factors that may be present in the more complex contaminated soil system. Subcritical water was successful at remediating TNT-contaminated soil. TNT destruction percentages ranged between 98 and 100%. The aim of this work was to study the soil-water-contaminant interaction and determine the main physical parameters that affect TNT degradation. It was shown that the rate-limiting step of the process is the extraction/diffusion of TNT molecules from the soil core to the soil surface, where they degrade. Additionally, it was determined that the soil matrix also catalyses degradation to a lesser extent. Autocatalytic effects were not clearly observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kalderis
- Technical University of Crete, Department of Environmental Engineering, University Campus, 73100 Chania, Crete, Greece.
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Han SH, Veriansyah B, Kim JD, Lee JC. Pentachlorophenol oxidation rates in supercritical water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2007; 42:2105-2109. [PMID: 18074281 DOI: 10.1080/10934520701627090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation rate of pentachlorophenol, [C(6)HCl(5)O] which is used to control termites and as a general herbicide and also as the probable human's carcinogen, was investigated in an isothermal continuous tubular reactor under supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) conditions. The experiments were conducted at a temperature of 400-550 degrees C and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, with a residence time that ranged from 6 s to 26 s. The conversion of PCP was monitored by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) on the liquid effluent samples. The initial TOC concentrations of PCP were varied from 0.74 mmol/L to 2.91 mmol/L and the oxygen concentrations were varied from 0.46 mmol/L to 3.52 mmol/L. By taking into account the dependence of the oxidant and TOC concentration on the reaction rate, a global PCP oxidation rate was regressed from the data of 48 experiments, to a 95% confidence level. The resulting activation energy was determined to be 43.56 +/- 1.47 kJ/mol, and the pre-exponential factor was (1.92 +/- 0.46) x 10(2) L(1.16) mmol(-0.16) s(-1). The reaction orders for the PCP (based on TOC) and the oxidant were 0.74 +/- 0.02 and 0.42 +/- 0.05, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Han
- Supercritical Fluid Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
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Kawasaki SI, Oe T, Itoh S, Suzuki A, Sue K, Arai K. Flow characteristics of aqueous salt solutions for applications in supercritical water oxidation. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Prabowo B, Veriansyah B, Kim JD. Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol in subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide addition. J Environ Sci (China) 2007; 19:663-666. [PMID: 17969637 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol (PCP, C6HCl5O), as the probable human carcinogen, was investigated in a tubular reactor under subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) addition. The experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 300-420 degrees C and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, with a residence time that ranged from 10 s to 70 s. Under the reaction conditions, the initial PCP concentrations were varied from 0.25 to 1.39 mmol/L and the NaOH concentrations were varied from 2.5 to 25 times of the concentrations of PCP. The result of this study showed that PCP conversion in supercritical water was highly dependent on the reaction temperature, residence time, and NaOH concentration. PCP conversion in subcritical water is, however, only dependent on reaction temperature. NaOH concentration and residence times were found to have little effect on PCP conversion in subcritical condition. It was found that NaOH concentration affected the dechlorinations of PCP in the supercritical water. The intermediates detected were proposed to be tetrachlorophenol and trichlorophenol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedictus Prabowo
- Supercritical Fluid Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Green Process and System Engineering, University of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
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Veriansyah B, Kim JD. Supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of toxic organic wastewaters: a review. J Environ Sci (China) 2007; 19:513-522. [PMID: 17915678 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The destruction of toxic organic wastewaters from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical clearly becomes an overwhelming problem if left to conventional treatment processes. Two options, incineration and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), exist for the complete destruction of toxic organic wastewaters. Incinerator has associated problems such as very high cost and public resentment; on the other hand, SCWO has proved to be a very promising method for the treatment of many different wastewaters with extremely efficient organic waste destruction 99.99% with none of the emissions associated with incineration. In this review, the concepts of SCWO, result and present perspectives of application, and industrial status of SCWO are critically examined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bambang Veriansyah
- Supercritical Fluid Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)-Department of Green Process and System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Bambang Veriansyah
- Supercritical Fluid Research Laboratory, Clean Technology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Department of Green Process and System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea, and Agency for Defense Development (ADD), P.O. Box 35-1, Yuseong, Daejon, Korea
| | - Jae-Duck Kim
- Supercritical Fluid Research Laboratory, Clean Technology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Department of Green Process and System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea, and Agency for Defense Development (ADD), P.O. Box 35-1, Yuseong, Daejon, Korea
| | - Jong-Chol Lee
- Supercritical Fluid Research Laboratory, Clean Technology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Department of Green Process and System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea, and Agency for Defense Development (ADD), P.O. Box 35-1, Yuseong, Daejon, Korea
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