1
|
Belvedere R, Novizio N, Palazzo M, Pessolano E, Petrella A. The pro-healing effects of heparan sulfate and growth factors are enhanced by the heparinase enzyme: New association for skin wound healing treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176138. [PMID: 37923158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment strategies for skin wound repair are the focus of numerous studies. New pharmacological approaches appear necessary to guarantee a correct and healthy tissue regeneration. For these reasons, we purposed to investigate the effects of the combination between heparan sulfate and growth factors further adding the heparinase enzyme. Interestingly, for the first time, we have found that this whole association retains a marked pro-healing activity when topically administered to the wound. In detail, this combination significantly enhances the motility and activation of the main cell populations involved in tissue regeneration (keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells), compared with single agents administered without heparinase. Notably, using an experimental C57BL/6 mouse model of skin wounding, we observed that the topical treatment of skin lesions with heparan sulfate + growth factors + heparinase promotes the highest closure of wounds compared to each substance mixed with the other ones in all the possible combinations. Eosin/hematoxylin staining of skin biopsies revealed that treatment with the whole combination allows the formation of a well-structured matrix with numerous new vessels. Confocal analyses for vimentin, FAP1α, CK10 and CD31 have highlighted the presence of activated fibroblasts, differentiated keratinocytes and endothelial cells at the closed region of wounds. Our results encourage defining this combined treatment as a new and appealing therapy expedient in skin wound healing, as it is able to activate cell components and promote a dynamic lesions closure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Pessolano
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Y, Li H, Peng C, Ma J, Huang S, Wang R, Wu B, Xiong Q, Peng D, Huang S, Chen J. Application of protein/polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery system: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125727. [PMID: 37429347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems have emerged as a prominent research focus in the field of drug development, offering enhanced stability and improved bioavailability. Among them, protein (silk, gelatin and whey) or polysaccharide (alginate, chitosan, cellulose, starch, pectin and carrageenan) aerogels derived from natural sources have gained increasing popularity due to their unique advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, flexible preparation, bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, despite their growing significance, there remains a lack of comprehensive information and ongoing confusion regarding the application of protein/polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery system. Hence, the objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in protein/polysaccharide aerogels for drug delivery systems from the perspective of aerogels category, synthesis strategy, drug-loading method, performance characteristic and release mechanism. Furthermore, by consolidating the existing information, we aimed to present our own perspectives and insights on the future development of protein/polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery system. In conclusion, this comprehensive review served as a valuable resource for researchers and scholars, addressing the current gaps in knowledge and clarifying the complex landscape of protein/polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hailun Li
- Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223002, PR China
| | - Can Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, PR China
| | - Jingrui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China
| | - Shaojun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China
| | - Bingmin Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qingping Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China.
| | - Daiyin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, PR China.
| | - Song Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karamikamkar S, Yalcintas EP, Haghniaz R, de Barros NR, Mecwan M, Nasiri R, Davoodi E, Nasrollahi F, Erdem A, Kang H, Lee J, Zhu Y, Ahadian S, Jucaud V, Maleki H, Dokmeci MR, Kim H, Khademhosseini A. Aerogel-Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications: From Fabrication Methods to Disease-Targeting Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204681. [PMID: 37217831 PMCID: PMC10427407 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aerogel-based biomaterials are increasingly being considered for biomedical applications due to their unique properties such as high porosity, hierarchical porous network, and large specific pore surface area. Depending on the pore size of the aerogel, biological effects such as cell adhesion, fluid absorption, oxygen permeability, and metabolite exchange can be altered. Based on the diverse potential of aerogels in biomedical applications, this paper provides a comprehensive review of fabrication processes including sol-gel, aging, drying, and self-assembly along with the materials that can be used to form aerogels. In addition to the technology utilizing aerogel itself, it also provides insight into the applicability of aerogel based on additive manufacturing technology. To this end, how microfluidic-based technologies and 3D printing can be combined with aerogel-based materials for biomedical applications is discussed. Furthermore, previously reported examples of aerogels for regenerative medicine and biomedical applications are thoroughly reviewed. A wide range of applications with aerogels including wound healing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and diagnostics are demonstrated. Finally, the prospects for aerogel-based biomedical applications are presented. The understanding of the fabrication, modification, and applicability of aerogels through this study is expected to shed light on the biomedical utilization of aerogels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | | | - Marvin Mecwan
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics EngineeringUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooONN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Fatemeh Nasrollahi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Ahmet Erdem
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringKocaeli UniversityUmuttepe CampusKocaeli41001Turkey
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Hajar Maleki
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstraße 650939CologneGermany
- Center for Molecular Medicine CologneCMMC Research CenterRobert‐Koch‐Str. 2150931CologneGermany
| | | | - Han‐Jun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- College of PharmacyKorea UniversitySejong30019Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mottola S, Viscusi G, Iannone G, Belvedere R, Petrella A, De Marco I, Gorrasi G. Supercritical Impregnation of Mesoglycan and Lactoferrin on Polyurethane Electrospun Fibers for Wound Healing Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119269. [PMID: 37298221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrous membranes of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were fabricated through a uni-axial electrospinning process. Fibers were then separately charged with two pharmacological agents, mesoglycan (MSG) and lactoferrin (LF), by supercritical CO2 impregnation. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis proved the formation of a micrometric structure with a homogeneous distribution of mesoglycan and lactoferrin. Besides, the degree of retention is calculated in four liquid media with different pHs. At the same time, angle contact analysis proved the formation of a hydrophobic membrane loaded with MSG and a hydrophilic LF-loaded one. The impregnation kinetics demonstrated a maximum loaded amount equal to 0.18 ± 0.20% and 0.07 ± 0.05% for MSG and LT, respectively. In vitro tests were performed using a Franz diffusion cell to simulate the contact with the human skin. The release of MSG reaches a plateau after about 28 h while LF release leveled off after 15 h. The in vitro compatibility of electrospun membranes has been evaluated on HaCaT and BJ cell lines, as human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, respectively. The reported data proved the potential application of fabricated membranes for wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mottola
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Viscusi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Iannone
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Iolanda De Marco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gorrasi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Belvedere R, Novizio N, Eletto D, Porta A, Di Maio U, Petrella A. The Protecting Activity of RIPACUT ®: A New Therapeutic Approach Preserving Epithelial Health Based on the Combination of Iceland Lichen Extract, Silver Salt, and Sodium Hyaluronate. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051088. [PMID: 37240732 DOI: 10.3390/life13051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial integrity and function must be maintained in a dynamic healthy equilibrium, keeping unaltered the oxidative and inflammatory conditions and the microbiome of the cutaneous layers. Beside the skin, other mucous membranes can be injured, such as the nasal and anal ones, because of the contact with the external environment. Here, we detected the effects of RIPACUT®, a combination of Iceland lichen extract, silver salt and sodium hyaluronate that individually act in diverse biological ways. The findings we obtained on keratinocytes, nasal and intestinal epithelial cells reveal that this combination showed a marked antioxidant activity, further assessed by the DPPH assay. Additionally, by analyzing the release of the IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines, we proved the anti-inflammatory effect of RIPACUT®. In both cases, the main preserving action was due to Iceland lichen. We also observed a notable antimicrobial activity mediated by the silver compound. These data suggest that RIPACUT® could signify the basis for an attractive pharmacological approach to maintaining healthy epithelial conditions. Interestingly, this may be extended to the nasal and anal areas where it protects against oxidative, inflammatory and infectious insults. Thus, these outcomes encourage the creation of sprays or creams for which sodium hyaluronate can guarantee a surface film-forming effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Daniela Eletto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Amalia Porta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Umberto Di Maio
- Shedir Pharma Group Spa, Via Bagnulo 95, 80063 Piano di Sorrento, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodrigues CV, Sousa RO, Carvalho AC, Alves AL, Marques CF, Cerqueira MT, Reis RL, Silva TH. Potential of Atlantic Codfish ( Gadus morhua) Skin Collagen for Skincare Biomaterials. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083394. [PMID: 37110628 PMCID: PMC10146550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the major structural protein in extracellular matrix present in connective tissues, including skin, being considered a promising material for skin regeneration. Marine organisms have been attracting interest amongst the industry as an alternative collagen source. In the present work, Atlantic codfish skin collagen was analyzed, to evaluate its potential for skincare. The collagen was extracted from two different skin batches (food industry by-product) using acetic acid (ASColl), confirming the method reproducibility since no significant yield differences were observed. The extracts characterization confirmed a profile compatible with type I collagen, without significant differences between batches or with bovine skin collagen (a reference material in biomedicine). Thermal analyses suggested ASColl's native structure loss at 25 °C, and an inferior thermal stability to bovine skin collagen. No cytotoxicity was found for ASColl up to 10 mg/mL in keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). ASColl was used to develop membranes, which revealed smooth surfaces without significative morphological or biodegradability differences between batches. Their water absorption capacity and water contact angle indicated a hydrophilic feature. The metabolic activity and proliferation of HaCaT were improved by the membranes. Hence, ASColl membranes exhibited attractive characteristics to be applied in the biomedical and cosmeceutical field envisaging skincare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V Rodrigues
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rita O Sousa
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana C Carvalho
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana L Alves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Catarina F Marques
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mariana T Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tiago H Silva
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Athamneh T, Hajnal A, Al-Najjar MAA, Alshweiat A, Obeidat R, Awad AA, Al-Alwany R, Keitel J, Wu D, Kieserling H, Rohn S, Keil C, Gurikov P. In vivo tests of a novel wound dressing based on agar aerogel. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124238. [PMID: 37003386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Aerogels, especially bio-based ones, present a promising option for wound dressing; specifically, because of their low toxicity, high stability, bio-compatibility, and good biological performance. In this study, agar aerogel was prepared and evaluated as novel wound dressing material in an in vivo rat study. Agar hydrogel was prepared by thermal gelation, after that the water inside the gel was exchanged with ethanol, and finally the alcogel was dried by supercritical CO2. The textural and rheological properties of the prepared aerogel were characterized, showing that the prepared agar aerogels possess high porosity (97-98 %), high surface area (250-330 m2g-1) as well as good mechanical properties and easiness of removal from the wound site. The results of the in vivo experiments macroscopically demonstrate the tissue compatibility of the aerogels in dorsal interscapular injured rat tissue and a shorter wound healing time comparable to that of gauze-treated animals. The histological analysis underpins the reorganisation and healing of the tissue for the injured skin of rats treated with agar aerogel wound dressing within the studied time frame.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Athamneh
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Anja Hajnal
- Laboratory for Development and Modelling of Novel Nanoporous Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Strasse 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad A A Al-Najjar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Areen Alshweiat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Rana Obeidat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Alaa Abu Awad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Ruaa Al-Alwany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Julia Keitel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dongwei Wu
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Kieserling
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Keil
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Laboratory for Development and Modelling of Novel Nanoporous Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Strasse 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vaiano V, De Marco I. Removal of Azo Dyes from Wastewater through Heterogeneous Photocatalysis and Supercritical Water Oxidation. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Azo dyes are synthetic organic dyes used in the textile, leather, and paper industries. They pose environmental problems due to their toxic and persistent nature. The toxicity is due to the presence of azo groups in the dye molecule that can break down into aromatic amines, which are highly toxic to aquatic organisms and humans. Various treatment methods have been developed to remove azo dyes from wastewater. Conventional wastewater treatments have some drawbacks, such as high operating costs, long processing times, generation of sludge, and the formation of toxic by-products. For these reasons, a valid alternative is constituted by advanced oxidation processes. Good results have been obtained using heterogeneous photocatalysis and supercritical water oxidation. In the former method, a photocatalyst is in contact with wastewater, a suitable light activates the catalyst, and generated reactive oxygen species that react with pollutants through oxidative reactions to their complete mineralization; the latter involves pressurizing and heating wastewater to supercritical conditions in a reactor vessel, adding an oxidizing agent to the supercritical water, and allowing the mixture to react. In this review paper, works in the literature that deal with processing wastewater containing azo dyes through photocatalysts immobilized on macroscopic supports (structured photocatalysts) and the supercritical water oxidation technique have been critically analyzed. In particular, advancement in the formulation of structured photocatalysts for the degradation of azo dyes has been shown, underlying different important features, such as the type of support for the photoactive phase, reactor configuration, and photocatalytic efficiency in terms of dye degradation and photocatalyst stability. In the case of supercritical water oxidation, the main results regarding COD and TOC removal from wastewater containing azo dyes have been reported, taking into account the reactor type, operating pressure, and temperature, as well as the reaction time.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bakhori NM, Ismail Z, Hassan MZ, Dolah R. Emerging Trends in Nanotechnology: Aerogel-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1063. [PMID: 36985957 PMCID: PMC10058649 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
At present, aerogel is one of the most interesting materials globally. The network of aerogel consists of pores with nanometer widths, which leads to a variety of functional properties and broad applications. Aerogel is categorized as inorganic, organic, carbon, and biopolymers, and can be modified by the addition of advanced materials and nanofillers. Herein, this review critically discusses the basic preparation of aerogel from the sol-gel reaction with derivation and modification of a standard method to produce various aerogels for diverse functionalities. In addition, the biocompatibility of various types of aerogels were elaborated. Then, biomedical applications of aerogel were focused on this review as a drug delivery carrier, wound healing agent, antioxidant, anti-toxicity, bone regenerative, cartilage tissue activities and in dental fields. The clinical status of aerogel in the biomedical sector is shown to be similarly far from adequate. Moreover, due to their remarkable properties, aerogels are found to be preferably used as tissue scaffolds and drug delivery systems. The advanced studies in areas including self-healing, additive manufacturing (AM) technology, toxicity, and fluorescent-based aerogel are crucially important and are further addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noremylia Mohd Bakhori
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Persiaran Ilmu, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Zarini Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Persiaran Ilmu, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Zaki Hassan
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rozzeta Dolah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sasmal PK, Ganguly S. Polymer in hemostasis and follow‐up wound healing. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Somenath Ganguly
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Supercritical CO2-assisted Impregnation/Deposition of Polymeric Materials With Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical, and Biomedical Applications: A Review (2015-2021). J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Liparoti S, Mottola S, Viscusi G, Belvedere R, Petrella A, Gorrasi G, Pantani R, De Marco I. Production of Mesoglycan/PCL Based Composites through Supercritical Impregnation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185800. [PMID: 36144536 PMCID: PMC9506172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of targeted therapies for wound repair is knowing a growing interest due to the increasing aging of the population and the incidence of chronic pathologies, mainly pressure ulcers. Among molecules recruiting cell populations and promoting the formation of new vital tissue, sodium mesoglycan (MSG) has been proven to be effective in wound healing. In this work, MSG impregnation of polymer matrices has been attempted by a supercritical carbon dioxide-based process. Polymeric matrices are composed of polycaprolactone blends, where water-soluble polymers, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gelatin, and thermoplastic starch, have been employed to modulate the MSG release, making the devices potentially suitable for topical administrations. Two different techniques have been used to obtain the films: the first one is compression molding, producing compact and continuous structures, and the second one is electrospinning, producing membrane-like designs. A higher amount of MSG can be loaded into the polymeric matrix in the membrane-like structures since, in these films, the impregnation process is faster than in the case of compression molded films, where the carbon dioxide has firstly diffused and then released the active molecule. The type of water-soluble polymer influences the drug release rate: the blend polycaprolactone-gelatin gives a prolonged release potentially suitable for topical administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Liparoti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Stefania Mottola
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gianluca Viscusi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gorrasi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Iolanda De Marco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-089-964066
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Marco I. Supercritical Fluids and Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1449. [PMID: 36144072 PMCID: PMC9503529 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. Among the many techniques used to obtain nanoparticles, those based on supercritical fluids ensure reduced dimensions, narrow particle size distributions, and a very low or zero solvent residue in the powders. This review focuses on using supercritical carbon dioxide-based processes to obtain the nanoparticles of compounds used for the treatment or prevention of cancer. The scientific literature papers have been classified into two groups: nanoparticles consisting of a single active principle ingredient (API) and carrier/API nanopowders. Various supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) based techniques for obtaining the nanoparticles were considered, along with the operating conditions and advantages and disadvantages of each process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda De Marco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy;
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ferraro G, Belvedere R, Petrella A, Tosco A, Stork B, Salamone S, Minassi A, Pollastro F, Morretta E, Monti MC. Drug affinity-responsive target stability unveils filamins as biological targets for artemetin, an anti-cancer flavonoid. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:964295. [PMID: 36090055 PMCID: PMC9452882 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.964295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemetin is a valuable 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone present in many different medicinal plants with very good oral bioavailability and drug-likeness values, owing to numerous bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer ones. Here, a multi-disciplinary plan has been settled and applied for identifying the artemetin target(s) to inspect its mechanism of action, based on drug affinity-responsive target stability and targeted limited proteolysis. Both approaches point to the disclosure of filamins A and B as direct artemetin targets in HeLa cell lysates, also giving detailed insights into the ligand/protein-binding sites. Interestingly, also 8-prenyl-artemetin, which is an artemetin more permeable semisynthetic analog, directly interacts with filamins A and B. Both compounds alter filamin conformation in living HeLa cells with an effect on cytoskeleton disassembly and on the disorganization of the F-actin filaments. Both the natural compound and its derivative are able to block cell migration, expectantly acting on tumor metastasis occurrence and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Ferraro
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Björn Stork
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem Srls, Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem Srls, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem Srls, Novara, Italy
| | - Elva Morretta
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Chiara Monti,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fabrication and Preliminary In Vitro Evaluation of 3D-Printed Alginate Films with Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabigerol (CBG) Nanoparticles for Potential Wound-Healing Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081637. [PMID: 36015263 PMCID: PMC9416381 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, drug carrier nanoparticles comprised of Pluronic-F127 and cannabidiol (CBD) or cannabigerol (CBG) were developed, and their wound healing action was studied. They were further incorporated in 3D printed films based on sodium alginate. The prepared films were characterized morphologically and physicochemically and used to evaluate the drug release profiles of the nanoparticles. Additional studies on their water loss rate, water retention capacity, and 3D-printing shape fidelity were performed. Nanoparticles were characterized physicochemically and for their drug loading performance. They were further assessed for their cytotoxicity (MTT Assay) and wound healing action (Cell Scratch Assay). The in vitro wound-healing study showed that the nanoparticles successfully enhanced wound healing in the first 6 h of application, but in the following 6 h they had an adverse effect. MTT assay studies revealed that in the first 24 h, a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL nanoparticles resulted in satisfactory cell viability, whereas CBG nanoparticles were safe even at 48 h. However, in higher concentrations and after a threshold of 24 h, the cell viability was significantly decreased. The results also presented mono-disperse nano-sized particles with diameters smaller than 200 nm with excellent release profiles and enhanced thermal stability. Their entrapment efficiency and drug loading properties were higher than 97%. The release profiles of the active pharmaceutical ingredients from the films revealed a complete release within 24 h. The fabricated 3D-printed films hold promise for wound healing applications; however, more studies are needed to further elucidate their mechanism of action.
Collapse
|
16
|
Preparation of ROS-responsive drug-loaded hydrogels applied in wound dressings using supercritical solvent impregnation. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
17
|
Belvedere R, Novizio N, Morello S, Petrella A. The combination of mesoglycan and VEGF promotes skin wound repair by enhancing the activation of endothelial cells and fibroblasts and their cross-talk. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11041. [PMID: 35773320 PMCID: PMC9247059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing requires accurate therapeutic topical managements to accelerate tissue regeneration. Here, for the first time, we found that the association mesoglycan/VEGF has a strong pro-healing activity. In detail, this combination induces angiogenesis in human endothelial cells promoting in turn fibroblasts recruitment. These ones acquire a notable ability to invade the matrigel coating and to secrete an active form of metalloproteinase 2 in presence of endothelial cells treated with mesoglycan/VEGF. Next, by creating intrascapular lesions on the back of C57Bl6 mice, we observed that the topical treatments with the mesoglycan/VEGF promotes the closure of wounds more than the single substances beside the control represented by a saline solution. As revealed by eosin/hematoxylin staining of mice skin biopsies, treatment with the combination mesoglycan/VEGF allows the formation of a well-structured matrix with a significant number of new vessels. Immunofluorescence analyses have revealed the presence of endothelial cells at the closed region of wounds, as evaluated by CD31, VE-cadherin and fibronectin staining and of activated fibroblasts assessed by vimentin, col1A and FAP1α. These results encourage defining the association mesoglycan/VEGF to activate endothelial and fibroblast cell components in skin wound healing promoting the creation of new vessels and the deposition of granulation tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Silvana Morello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Falua KJ, Pokharel A, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Ai Y, Acharya B. Valorization of Starch to Biobased Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112215. [PMID: 35683888 PMCID: PMC9183024 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many concerns are being expressed about the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and long-term viability of polymer-based substances. This prompted the quest for an alternative source of material that could be utilized for various purposes. Starch is widely used as a thickener, emulsifier, and binder in many food and non-food sectors, but research focuses on increasing its application beyond these areas. Due to its biodegradability, low cost, renewability, and abundance, starch is considered a "green path" raw material for generating porous substances such as aerogels, biofoams, and bioplastics, which have sparked an academic interest. Existing research has focused on strategies for developing biomaterials from organic polymers (e.g., cellulose), but there has been little research on its polysaccharide counterpart (starch). This review paper highlighted the structure of starch, the context of amylose and amylopectin, and the extraction and modification of starch with their processes and limitations. Moreover, this paper describes nanofillers, intelligent pH-sensitive films, biofoams, aerogels of various types, bioplastics, and their precursors, including drying and manufacturing. The perspectives reveal the great potential of starch-based biomaterials in food, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and non-food applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin PMB 1515, Nigeria
| | - Anamol Pokharel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rizal S, Yahya EB, Abdul Khalil HPS, Abdullah CK, Marwan M, Ikramullah I, Muksin U. Preparation and Characterization of Nanocellulose/Chitosan Aerogel Scaffolds Using Chemical-Free Approach. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040246. [PMID: 34940306 PMCID: PMC8701007 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer-based aerogels are open three-dimensional porous materials that are characterized by outstanding properties, such as a low density, high porosity and high surface area, in addition to their biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity. Here we fabricated pure and binary blended aerogels from cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and chitosan (CS), using a chemical-free approach that consists of high-pressure homogenization and freeze-drying. The prepared aerogels showed a different porosity and density, depending on the material and mixing ratio. The porosity and density of the aerogels ranged from 99.1 to 90.8% and from 0.0081 to 0.141 g/cm3, respectively. Pure CNFs aerogel had the highest porosity and lightest density, but it showed poor mechanical properties and a high water absorption capacity. Mixing CS with CNFs significantly enhance the mechanical properties and reduce its water uptake. The two investigated ratios of aerogel blends had superior mechanical and thermal properties over the single-material aerogels, in addition to reduced water uptake and 2-log antibacterial activity. This green fabrication and chemical-free approach could have great potential in the preparation of biopolymeric scaffolds for different biomedical applications, such as tissue-engineering scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samsul Rizal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (E.B.Y.); (A.K.H.P.S.)
| | - Esam Bashir Yahya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (E.B.Y.); (A.K.H.P.S.)
| | - H. P. S. Abdul Khalil
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (E.B.Y.); (A.K.H.P.S.)
| | - C. K. Abdullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Marwan Marwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
| | - Ikramullah Ikramullah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
| | - Umar Muksin
- Department of Physics, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Valor D, Montes A, García-Casas I, Pereyra C, Martínez de la Ossa E. Supercritical solvent impregnation of alginate wound dressings with mango leaves extract. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
21
|
Fitzpatrick DP, Kealey C, Brady D, Gately N. Application of biomaterials for complex anal fistulae. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1999955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Fitzpatrick
- Material Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
- Department of Life and Physical Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Carmel Kealey
- Department of Life and Physical Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Damien Brady
- Department of Life and Physical Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Noel Gately
- Material Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway Centre, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Marioane CA, Bunoiu M, Mateescu M, Sfîrloagă P, Vlase G, Vlase T. Preliminary Study for the Preparation of Transmucosal or Transdermal Patches with Acyclovir and Lidocaine. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203596. [PMID: 34685355 PMCID: PMC8538249 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to prepare and evaluate patches for the controlled release of lidocaine/acyclovir and the binary mixture between lidocaine: acyclovir in the oral cavity. Mucoside adhesive patches containing 12.5 mg/cm2 lidocaine/acyclovir or binary mixture base were developed by a solvent casting method using sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), glycerol (Gly), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and Span 80 (S). Binary mixtures between all components were prepared before the patches' formulation in order to be able to check the substance compatibility. All formulated patches were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis analysis, thermogravimetry (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FT-IR and TGA analyses were also used to check compatibility between binary mixtures. The study establishes which membranes are indicated in the controlled release of lidocaine/acyclovir and those membranes that contain both active principles. Membranes based on alginate, PVP, and PVA can be used to release the active substance. Simultaneously, membranes with SPAN used as a gelling agent were excluded due to the interaction with the active substance. The following membranes composition have been chosen for lidocaine release: Alginate:Gly and Alginate:Gly:PVP. At the same time, the following membrane compositions were chosen for acyclovir membranes: Alginate:Gly:PVP and Alginate:PVA:Gly. Both active substances could be included to obtain a homogeneous distribution only in the membrane based on alginate, PVA, and Gly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina-Adela Marioane
- Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-A.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Mădălin Bunoiu
- Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, V. Parvan Ave., No. 4, 300223 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Mădălina Mateescu
- Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-A.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Paula Sfîrloagă
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu Street, No. 144, 300569 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Vlase
- Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-A.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-2-56592627
| | - Titus Vlase
- Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-A.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Development of functionalized alginate dressing with mango polyphenols by supercritical technique to be employed as an antidiabetic transdermal system. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
24
|
Bernardes BG, Del Gaudio P, Alves P, Costa R, García-Gonzaléz CA, Oliveira AL. Bioaerogels: Promising Nanostructured Materials in Fluid Management, Healing and Regeneration of Wounds. Molecules 2021; 26:3834. [PMID: 34201789 PMCID: PMC8270285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wounds affect one's quality of life and should be managed on a patient-specific approach, based on the particular healing phase and wound condition. During wound healing, exudate is produced as a natural response towards healing. However, excessive production can be detrimental, representing a challenge for wound management. The design and development of new healing devices and therapeutics with improved performance is a constant demand from the healthcare services. Aerogels can combine high porosity and low density with the adequate fluid interaction and drug loading capacity, to establish hemostasis and promote the healing and regeneration of exudative and chronic wounds. Bio-based aerogels, i.e., those produced from natural polymers, are particularly attractive since they encompass their intrinsic chemical properties and the physical features of their nanostructure. In this work, the emerging research on aerogels for wound treatment is reviewed for the first time. The current scenario and the opportunities provided by aerogels in the form of films, membranes and particles are identified to face current unmet demands in fluid managing and wound healing and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz G. Bernardes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pasquale Del Gaudio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Paulo Alves
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Raquel Costa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. García-Gonzaléz
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Leite Oliveira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Belvedere R, Pessolano E, Novizio N, Tosco A, Eletto D, Porta A, Filippelli A, Petrella F, Petrella A. The promising pro-healing role of the association of mesoglycan and lactoferrin on skin lesions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 163:105886. [PMID: 34022411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin wound repair represents an important topic for the therapeutic challenges. Many molecules are commonly used as active principles of topical devices to induce the correct tissue regeneration. Among these molecules, mesoglycan, a mixture of glycosaminoglycans, and the lactoferrin have recently aroused interest. Here, for the first time, we used mesoglycan/lactoferrin to treat the cell populations mainly involved in wound healing. We showed that human keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells migrate and invade more rapidly when treated with the association. Moreover, we found that mesoglycan/lactoferrin, are able to trigger the differentiation process of keratinocytes, the switch of the fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype for the endothelial cells which, in this way, start to form the capillary-like structures. Additionally, we proved that the well known antimicrobial behavior of lactoferrin encourages the inhibition of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilm formation by the whole association, providing an appealing feature for this formulation. Finally, by the in vivo analysis, we showed that the mesoglycan/lactoferrin favors the closure of skin wounds performed on the mice back. Beside the decrease of the lesion diameters, by a confocal analysis of mice biopsies we found that the use of the association strongly promote cell activation underlying the correct tissue regeneration. These results encourage to further investigation aiming the development of a new topical patch that includes this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Alessandra Tosco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Daniela Eletto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Amalia Porta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Francesco Petrella
- Primary Care - Wound Care Service, Health Local Agency Naples 3 South, Via Libertà 42, 80055 Portici (Napoli), Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Guastaferro M, Reverchon E, Baldino L. Polysaccharide-Based Aerogel Production for Biomedical Applications: A Comparative Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1631. [PMID: 33810582 PMCID: PMC8037187 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A comparative analysis concerning bio-based gels production, to be used for tissue regeneration, has been performed in this review. These gels are generally applied as scaffolds in the biomedical field, thanks to their morphology, low cytotoxicity, and high biocompatibility. Focusing on the time interval 2015-2020, the production of 3D scaffolds of alginate, chitosan and agarose, for skin and bone regeneration, has mainly been investigated. Traditional techniques are critically reviewed to understand their limitations and how supercritical CO2-assisted processes could overcome these drawbacks. In particular, even if freeze-drying represents the most widespread drying technique used to produce polysaccharide-based cryogels, supercritical CO2-assisted drying effectively allows preservation of the nanoporous aerogel structure and removes the organic solvent used for gel preparation. These characteristics are essential for cell adhesion and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucia Baldino
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (M.G.); (E.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Athamneh T, Amin A, Benke E, Ambrus R, Gurikov P, Smirnova I, Leopold CS. Pulmonary drug delivery with aerogels: engineering of alginate and alginate-hyaluronic acid microspheres. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:509-521. [PMID: 33593203 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1888979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the aerogel technology was used to prepare pulmonary drug carriers consisting of alginate and alginate-hyaluronic acid by an emulsion gelation technique and supercritical CO2 drying. During the preparation process, the emulsification rate and inner phase viscosity were varied to control the diameter of aerogel microspheres. Results showed that the aerogel microspheres were highly porous (porosity > 98%) with low densities in the range between 0.0087 and 0.0634 g/cm3 as well as high surface areas between 354 and 759 m2/g. The obtained microspheres showed aerodynamic diameter below 5 µm making them suitable for pulmonary drug delivery. An in vitro drug release study with the model drug sodium naproxen was conducted and a non-Fickian drug release mechanism was observed, with no significant difference between the release profiles of alginate and alginate-hyaluronic acid microspheres. During the emulsion gelation step, the feasibility of using the capillary number to estimate the largest stable droplet size in the emulsions was also studied and it was found that using this number, the droplet size in the emulsions may well be predicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Athamneh
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adil Amin
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edit Benke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Laboratory for Development and Modelling of Novel Nanoporous Materials, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irina Smirnova
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia S Leopold
- Institute of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cao D, Jin J, Wang Q, Song X, Hao X, Iritani E, Katagiri N. Ultrafiltration recovery of alginate: Membrane fouling mitigation by multivalent metal ions and properties of recycled materials. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
29
|
Lansoprazole loading of polymers by supercritical carbon dioxide impregnation: Impacts of process parameters. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
30
|
Yahya EB, Jummaat F, Amirul AA, Adnan AS, Olaiya NG, Abdullah CK, Rizal S, Mohamad Haafiz MK, Khalil HPSA. A Review on Revolutionary Natural Biopolymer-Based Aerogels for Antibacterial Delivery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E648. [PMID: 32998197 PMCID: PMC7601537 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A biopolymer-based aerogel has been developed to become one of the most potentially utilized materials in different biomedical applications. The biopolymer-based aerogel has unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties and these properties are used in tissue engineering, biosensing, diagnostic, medical implant and drug delivery applications. Biocompatible and non-toxic biopolymers such as chitosan, cellulose and alginates have been used to deliver antibiotics, plants extract, essential oils and metallic nanoparticles. Antibacterial aerogels have been used in superficial and chronic wound healing as dressing sheets. This review critically analyses the utilization of biopolymer-based aerogels in antibacterial delivery. The analysis shows the relationship between their properties and their applications in the wound healing process. Furthermore, highlights of the potentials, challenges and proposition of the application of biopolymer-based aerogels is explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esam Bashir Yahya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (E.B.Y.); (N.G.O.); (C.K.A.); (M.K.M.H.)
| | - Fauziah Jummaat
- Management Science University Medical Centre, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13, Shah Alam, Selangor 40100, Malaysia;
| | - A. A. Amirul
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - A. S. Adnan
- Management Science University Medical Centre, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13, Shah Alam, Selangor 40100, Malaysia;
| | - N. G. Olaiya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (E.B.Y.); (N.G.O.); (C.K.A.); (M.K.M.H.)
| | - C. K. Abdullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (E.B.Y.); (N.G.O.); (C.K.A.); (M.K.M.H.)
| | - Samsul Rizal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
| | - M. K. Mohamad Haafiz
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (E.B.Y.); (N.G.O.); (C.K.A.); (M.K.M.H.)
| | - H. P. S. Abdul Khalil
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (E.B.Y.); (N.G.O.); (C.K.A.); (M.K.M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lebedev A, Lovskaya D, Menshutina N. Experimental Investigation and CFD Modeling of Supercritical Adsorption Process. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091957. [PMID: 32872406 PMCID: PMC7565664 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of the supercritical adsorption process was experimentally studied by the example of ”ibuprofen-silica aerogel” composition obtainment at various parameters: Pressure 120–200 bar and temperature 40–60 °C. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the supercritical adsorption process in a high-pressure apparatus based on the provisions of continuum mechanics is proposed. Using supercritical adsorption process kinetics experimental data, the dependences of the effective diffusion coefficient of active substance in the aerogel, and the maximum amount of the adsorbed active substance into the aerogel on temperature and pressure are revealed. Adequacy of the proposed model is confirmed. The proposed mathematical model allows predicting the behavior of system (fields of velocity, temperature, pressure, composition, density, etc.) at each point of the studied medium. It makes possible to predict mass transport rate of the active substance inside the porous body depending on the geometry of the apparatus, structure of flow, temperature, and pressure.
Collapse
|
32
|
New Trends in Bio-Based Aerogels. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050449. [PMID: 32414217 PMCID: PMC7284463 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The fascinating properties of currently synthesized aerogels associated with the flexible approach of sol-gel chemistry play an important role in the emergence of special biomedical applications. Although it is increasingly known and mentioned, the potential of aerogels in the medical field is not sufficiently explored. Interest in aerogels has increased greatly in recent decades due to their special properties, such as high surface area, excellent thermal and acoustic properties, low density and thermal conductivity, high porosity, flame resistance and humidity, and low refractive index and dielectric constant. On the other hand, high manufacturing costs and poor mechanical strength limit the growth of the market. (2) Results: In this paper, we analyze more than 180 articles from recent literature studies focused on the dynamics of aerogels research to summarize the technologies used in manufacturing and the properties of materials based on natural polymers from renewable sources. Biomedical applications of these bio-based materials are also introduced. (3) Conclusions: Due to their complementary functionalities (bioactivity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and unique chemistry), bio-based materials provide a vast capability for utilization in the field of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary scientific research.
Collapse
|