Supercritical CO2 extraction of total flavonoids from Iberis amara assisted by ultrasound

Combination of ultrasound and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction for trigonelline production from Quisqualis indica

Trigonelline is a natural alkaloid with important nutrient benefits. A hybrid technique adopting ultrasound-assisted supercritical CO2 extraction (UASCE) was exploited for extraction of trigonelline from Quisqualis indica. Response surface methodology was used to optimize operational parameters of the UASCE process, which indicated that the highest trigonelline yield (TY), 4.22 ± 0.06 mg/g dry mass, reached at 62 °C temperature, 26 MPa pressure, 13.5 wt% co-solvent concentration, and 0.16 W/mL ultrasonic energy density. When compared to traditional supercritical CO2 extraction, UASCE yielded higher TY more quickly while using milder operational conditions and producing higher antioxidant capacity and concentrations of phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids) of the extract. Microstructural observation showed that the extensive micro-fractures formed in UASCE-processed samples may have positive effects on solutes liberation. Furthermore, a kinetic study revealed that the developed Sovová models matched with the measured results. The extraction impetus was derived primarily from convection mechanism. Ultrasound increased extraction rates and mass transfer coefficients and shortened the characteristic extraction periods. Additionally, a correlated Chrastil equation was developed for determination of solubility under varying extraction conditions. The Chrastil model reflected actual solubilities of trigonelline satisfactorily and a typical crossover solubility phenomenon was observed. Ultrasound can effectively promote the solubility of trigonelline in supercritical CO2. In conclusion, UASCE is a sustainable and high-performance procedure to produce high-quality trigonelline-rich extracts. This paper provides new work about industrial production design of trigonelline for the future. Furthermore, Quisqualis indica serves as a prospective natural source for trigonelline acquisition.

Valorization of bioactive compounds from food by-products using supercritical fluid extraction: A technological and industrial perspective

Food loss and waste (FLW) present significant challenges worldwide, affecting food supply, economic efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) offers a promising solution for valorizing food by-products, addressing challenges related to FLW through efficient extraction of bioactive compounds. This review evaluates SFE's efficacy in extracting high-value compounds, including phenolics, terpenes, terpenoids, essential fatty acids, and dietary fibers, from food by-products. In addition, recent technological advancements are explored, with a focus on optimizing processing parameters, pretreatment methods, and integrating sequential extraction techniques to improve SFE efficiency. Industrial applications and the potential for broader commercial adoption are discussed, with attention to scalability, economic feasibility, and regulatory considerations. In conclusion, SFE is presented as a sustainable approach for converting food by-products into high-value bioactives. The integration of complementary technologies and further research on scalability are crucial for overcoming current limitations.

Comprehensive Analysis on Physicochemical Properties and Characteristic Compounds of Insect-Infested Ziziphi Spinosae Semen

Objectives: Ziziphi spinosae semen (ZSS), an edible and medicinal substance, was easily infested by Plodia interpunctella (P. interpunctella) during storage. However, there was no identification method for insect-infested ZSS based on its chemical composition. Therefore, the characteristic compounds in ZSS before and after being infested by P. interpunctella were discovered based on the comparison of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), untargeted metabolomics, and other quality characters. Methods: Color, total flavonoid content (TFC), and main active compound content were measured to explore the change of physicochemical properties in ZSS after being infested by P. interpunctella. Non-targeted metabolomic techniques, including ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were used to assess molecular-level alterations. Results: The color changed significantly. The TFC and main active compounds of spinosin, jujuboside A, jujuboside B, and betulinic acid were decreased significantly. A total of nine VOCs and twenty-one metabolites were screened out that could be used to identify whether ZSS was infested. And some metabolites, such as uric acid, gluconic acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine, were discovered as characteristic compounds in ZSS after being infested by P. interpunctella. Conclusions: The study provided the basis and reference for the identification of insect-infested ZSS and offered an example for the identification of other insect-infested edible and medicinal materials.

Combination of supercritical CO2 and ultrasound for flavonoids extraction from Cosmos sulphureus: Optimization, kinetics, characterization and antioxidant capacity

A hyphenated technique using ultrasound-assisted supercritical CO2 extraction (UASCE) was developed to obtain flavonoids from Cosmos sulphureus. The highest total flavonoids content (TFC) achieved at 25 MPa pressure, 55 °C temperature, 10% cosolvent concentration, and 0.21 W/mL ultrasound energy density. UASCE improved TFC and antioxidant capacity of the extract, reduced extraction duration and extraction pressure, saved electric energy consumption and usages of CO2 and organic solvent, when compared with conventional extraction techniques. Furthermore, a high correlation between TFC and antioxidant capacity of the extract was found. HPLC analysis indicated that ultrasound effectively improved the individual concentrations of these flavonoids in extracts. Moreover, the kinetics study implied that the employed Sovová models were in good agreement with the experimental kinetic profiles. In conclusion, UASCE is a sustainable and efficient production technology in food and dietary supplement industries. Furthermore, Cosmos sulphureus can be considered as an attractive feedstock for natural flavonoids production.

A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies

The increasing focus on health and well-being has sparked a rising interest in bioactive components in the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. These components are gaining popularity due to their potential benefits for overall health. The growing interest has resulted in a continuous rise in demand for bioactive components, leading to the exploration of both edible and non-edible sources to obtain these valuable substances. Traditional extraction methods like solvent extraction, distillation, and pressing have certain drawbacks, including lower extraction efficiency, reduced yield, and the use of significant amounts of solvents or resources. Furthermore, certain extraction methods necessitate high temperatures, which can adversely affect certain bioactive components. Consequently, researchers are exploring non-thermal technologies to develop environmentally friendly and efficient extraction methods. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is recognized as an environmentally friendly and highly efficient extraction technology. The UAE has the potential to minimize or eliminate the need for organic solvents, thereby reducing its impact on the environment. Additionally, UAE has been found to significantly enhance the production of target bioactive components, making it an attractive method in the industry. The emergence of ultrasonic assisted extraction equipment (UAEE) has presented novel opportunities for research in chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, food, and other related fields. However, there is still a need for further investigation into the main components and working modes of UAEE, as current understanding in this area remains limited. Therefore, additional research and exploration are necessary to enhance our knowledge and optimize the application of UAEE. The core aim of this review is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the principles, benefits and impact on bioactive components of UAE, explore the different types of equipment used in this technique, examine the various working modes and control parameters employed in UAE, and provide a detailed overview of the blending of UAE with other emerging extraction technologies. In conclusion, the future development of UAEE is envisioned to focus on achieving increased efficiency, reduced costs, enhanced safety, and improved reliability. These key areas of advancement aim to optimize the performance and practicality of UAEE, making it a more efficient, cost-effective, and reliable extraction technology.