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Kijima T, Fukuda S, Fukushima H, Uehara S, Yasuda Y, Yoshida S, Yokoyama M, Matsuoka Y, Saito K, Fujii Y. The role of multimodal salvage therapy in the management of recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2023; 53:436-442. [PMID: 36629278 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma is an aggressive tumor which often recurs despite apparent complete resection. This study assessed the long-term outcomes for patients with recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma after multimodal salvage therapy with chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy and surgery. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients who had a pathological diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma between 1996 and 2017. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess progression-free and cancer-specific survivals among all patients and cancer-specific survival among patients with tumor recurrence. Log-rank test was used to compare patient survivals by modality of salvage therapy (chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy plus surgery). RESULTS Of 20 patients who underwent initial surgery, recurrence occurred in 14 (70%) with a median interval of 7.5 (range 1.0-12.6) months. Salvage therapy provided was chemotherapy only (n = 7), chemoradiotherapy (n = 2) and chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy plus surgery (n = 5). Of the five patients who received salvage surgery, three underwent repeated resections. The potential benefit of multimodal salvage therapy was suggested in five patients (4 with chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy plus surgery and 1 with chemoradiotherapy) who achieved durable disease control (cancer-specific survival from initial recurrence, 22-258 months). With a median follow-up of 25 months from recurrence, the 5-year cancer-specific survival rate was 58%. cancer-specific survival after recurrence was prolonged in patients with ≤ stage 3 disease, positive response to chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy and salvage surgery. CONCLUSIONS Long-term disease control and survival could be achieved in highly selected patients with recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma using a multidisciplinary approach. Patients who had relatively limited recurrent sites and responded well to chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy may be considered for salvage surgery on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kijima
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Fukuda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Uehara
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yasuda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minato Yokoyama
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoh Matsuoka
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Saito
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujii
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kitsugi K, Kawata K, Kakizawa K, Noritake H. A Case of Adrenocortical Carcinoma With a Favorable Tumor Control by Radiofrequency Ablation for Liver Metastasis. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2023; 11:23247096231218135. [PMID: 38105189 PMCID: PMC10729623 DOI: 10.1177/23247096231218135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A 57-year-old woman was diagnosed with adrenocortical carcinoma. Following the adrenalectomy, she underwent adjuvant radiation and mitotane therapy; however, liver metastases were observed. Repeated radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was performed for liver metastases. In addition, a multidisciplinary approach combining systemic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery was used for lung and distant lymph node metastases that arose during the course of treatment. Notably, 49 months have passed since the adrenalectomy and 36 months since the recurrence of the liver metastases, and the patient remains on multidisciplinary therapy. Thus, RFA for liver metastasis of adrenocortical carcinoma may be an effective component of a multidisciplinary treatment.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Aldouri AQ, Ahmed FW, Mohiuddin MK, Alsisi GG. Non-Functioning Adrenocortical Carcinoma Presenting as Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage With Early Metastasis. Cureus 2022; 14:e31665. [PMID: 36545164 PMCID: PMC9761335 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical cancer is a rare neoplasm with varied clinical presentation and overall poor outcome. This should be managed with timely intervention at highly specialized centers. Our aim is to report this rare case presentation of large non-functional adrenocortical cancer, complicated by spontaneous rupture while awaiting workup leading to life-threatening hemorrhage. Despite successful emergency radical surgical management and achieving negative margins, the patient developed early recurrence as intra-abdominal metastasis within two months. This can likely be attributed to the aggressive nature of the tumor as indicated by the high Ki-67 index or spillage of the tumor cells following spontaneous rupture. We recommend managing these non-functioning adrenocortical cancers as early as possible at highly specialized centers with reference to published standard guidelines.
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Zhang F, Liu Z, Feng D, Tang Y, Liu S, Wu K, Zhang F, Zhu Y, Lu Y. Reoperation for Recurrent Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Population-Based Studies. Front Surg 2022; 9:781406. [PMID: 35252325 PMCID: PMC8892209 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.781406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare neoplasm with a high recurrence rate. This study aimed to assess the role of surgery in the clinical management of recurrent ACC. Methods The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched, and the hazard ratios were pooled. Results Patients who underwent resection for recurrence had significantly better OS or OS after recurrence than those who received only nonsurgical treatments (HR 0.34, p < 0.001). Prognostic factors were associated with decreased OS after recurrence, including multiple recurrence (HR 3.23, p = 0.001), shorter disease-free interval (HR 2.94, p < 0.001), stage III-IV of the original tumor (HR 6.17, p = 0.001), sex of male (HR 1.35, p = 0.04), and initial non-R0 resection (HR 2.13, p = 0.001). Prolonged OS after recurrence was observed in those who experienced incomplete resection (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.31–0.52, I2 = 53%) compared with patients who only received nonsurgical treatments. In the reoperated group, patients who underwent complete resection of recurrence had a prolonged OS after recurrence compared with those who underwent incomplete resection (HR 0.23, p = 0.004). Conclusions We confirmed the role of reoperation in the clinical management of recurrent ACC. Select patients might benefit from debulking surgery. The preoperative evaluation of the complete resection of the recurrence is the key means to decide whether patients should undergo surgery. Other prognostic factors associated with prolonged OS include single recurrence site, relatively longer disease-free interval, stage I-II of the original tumor, and female sex.
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Shariq OA, McKenzie TJ. Adrenocortical carcinoma: current state of the art, ongoing controversies, and future directions in diagnosis and treatment. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2021; 12:20406223211033103. [PMID: 34349894 PMCID: PMC8295938 DOI: 10.1177/20406223211033103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, aggressive malignancy with an annual incidence of ~1 case per million population. Differentiating between ACC and benign adrenocortical tumors can be challenging in patients who present with an incidentally discovered adrenal mass, due to the limited specificity of standard diagnostic imaging. Recently, urine steroid metabolite profiling has been prospectively validated as a novel diagnostic tool for the detection of malignancy with improved accuracy over current modalities. Surgery represents the only curative treatment for ACC, although local recurrence and metastases are common, even after a margin-negative resection is performed. Unlike other intra-abdominal cancers, the role of minimally invasive surgery and lymphadenectomy in ACC is controversial. Adjuvant therapy with the adrenolytic drug mitotane is used to reduce the risk of recurrence after surgery, although evidence supporting its efficacy is limited; it is also currently unclear whether all patients or a subset with the highest risk of recurrence should receive this treatment. Large-scale pan-genomic studies have yielded insights into the pathogenesis of ACC and have defined distinct molecular signatures associated with clinical outcomes that may be used to improve prognostication. For patients with advanced ACC, palliative combination chemotherapy with mitotane is the current standard of care; however, this is associated with poor response rates (RR). Knowledge from molecular profiling studies has been used to guide the development of novel targeted therapies; however, these have shown limited efficacy in early phase trials. As a result, there is an urgent unmet need for more effective therapies for patients with this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis J McKenzie
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Adrenal Surgery for Synchronously Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Population-Based Analysis. World J Surg 2021; 45:1457-1465. [PMID: 33481081 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-021-05957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis, with limited treatment options. The survival benefit of adrenal surgery in patients with synchronous metastatic disease has not been well explored. METHODS Patients with ACC with synchronous metastases were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2010-2016). The effect of adrenal surgery on different patterns of distant metastases was assessed. The overall survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors associated with survival outcome. RESULTS A total of 202 patients with synchronous metastatic ACC were identified from the SEER database, 76 (37.6%) patients underwent adrenal surgery. Compared to nonsurgical patients, patients who underwent adrenal surgery had a better survival (median overall survival: 4 vs. 13 months, P < 0.001). In sub-analyses, except for patients with liver metastases (P = 0.670), adrenalectomy could consistently confer a significant survival benefit in patients with lung metastases (P = 0.003), bone metastases (P = 0.020), and multiple metastases (P = 0.002). Cox regression analysis revealed that in addition to adrenalectomy [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45-0.92; P = 0.017], metastasectomy (HR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.86; P = 0.013), and chemotherapy (HR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.42-0.82; P = 0.002) were also associated with improved survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the view that adrenal surgery may be associated with improved survival in patients with synchronous metastatic ACC (except for patients with liver metastases), and the metastatic sites have significant prognostic implications on survival outcomes with adrenal surgery.
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Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, Bancos I, Hamrahian A, Habra M, Vaidya A, Levine AC, Else T. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Disease State Clinical Review on the Evaluation and Management of Adrenocortical Carcinoma in an Adult: a Practical Approach. Endocr Pract 2020; 26:1366-1383. [PMID: 33875173 DOI: 10.4158/dscr-2020-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this Disease State Clinical Review is to provide a practical approach to patients with newly diagnosed adrenocortical carcinoma, as well as to follow-up and management of patients with persistent or recurrent disease. METHODS This is a case-based clinical review. The provided recommendations are based on evidence available from randomized prospective clinical studies, cohort studies, cross-sectional and case-based studies, and expert opinions. RESULTS Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignancy, often with poor outcomes. For any patient with an adrenal mass suspicious for adrenocortical carcinoma, the approach should include prompt evaluation with detailed history and physical exam, imaging, and biochemical adrenal hormone assessment. In addition to adrenal-focused imaging, patients should be evaluated with chest-abdomen-pelvis cross-sectional imaging to define the initial therapy plan. Patients with potentially resectable disease limited to the adrenal gland should undergo en bloc open surgery by an expert surgeon. For patients presenting with advanced or recurrent disease, a multidisciplinary approach considering curative repeat surgery, local control with surgery, radiation therapy or radiofrequency ablation, or systemic therapy with mitotane and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy is recommended. CONCLUSION As most health care providers will rarely encounter a patient with adrenocortical carcinoma, we recommend that patients with suspected adrenocortical carcinoma be evaluated by an expert multidisciplinary team which includes clinicians with expertise in adrenal tumors, including endocrinologists, oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, pathologists, geneticists, and radiologists. We recommend that patients in remote locations be followed by the local health care provider in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team at an expert adrenal tumor program. ABBREVIATIONS ACC = adrenocortical carcinoma; ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone; BRACC = borderline resectable adrenocortical carcinoma; CT = computed tomography; DHEAS = dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; EDP = etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin; FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose; FNA = fine-needle aspiration; HU = Hounsfield units; IVC = inferior vena cava; LFS = Li-Fraumeni syndrome; MEN1 = multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; OAC = oncocytic adrenocortical carcinoma; PC = palliative care; PET = positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine at Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amir Hamrahian
- Division of Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - MouhammedAmir Habra
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alice C Levine
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Zhang F, Liu Z, Liang J, Tang Y, Liu S, Zhou C, Zhang F, Wu K, Lu Y, Wang X. Operative intervention for recurrence of adrenocortical carcinoma: A single-center experience. Surgery 2020; 169:1131-1138. [PMID: 33279225 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare endocrine malignancy with a high recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of surgery for patients with local or distant recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma and to attempt to identify prognostic features related to survival benefit in patients undergoing resection of recurrence. METHODS The data of 47 patients with recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma in West China Hospital, Sichuan, China, between 2009 and 2019 were retrospectively collected. These patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether resection of recurrence was performed. The correlation between overall survival after recurrence and reoperation was evaluated. Kaplan-Meier and univariate/multivariate Cox regression methods were used to identify any prognostic factors. RESULTS Included in our study were 21 patients who underwent reoperation and 26 patients who underwent nonoperative treatments were. The operation group had a better median overall survival after recurrence than the nonoperation group (19 months versus 6.5 months; P = .007). In the operated group, disease-free interval >12 months (P = .002), complete resection of recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma (P = .041), and R0 resection of the primary tumor (P = .005) were associated with prolonged survival after recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Reoperation plays an important role in the management of selected patients with recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma. Disease-free interval, preoperative evaluation for complete resection, and R0 resection of the primary tumor are important prognostic characteristics for the resection of recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma. The overall survival after recurrence was significantly improved for patients who had a disease-free interval >12 months, and initial R0 resection or complete resection of recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayu Liang
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongquan Tang
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shenzhuo Liu
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fuxun Zhang
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kan Wu
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiping Lu
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianding Wang
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) as Possible Prognostic Markers for Patients Undergoing Resection of Adrenocortical Carcinoma. World J Surg 2020; 45:754-764. [PMID: 33221947 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare disease with a poor outcome, and robust prognostic factors remain unclear. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as markers of host inflammation have been found to be associated with decreased long-term outcomes in several tumour types, but have been scarcely analysed in ACC. METHODS Patients who underwent resection of their ACC between 2000 and 2020 were identified; therapeutic, operative and outcome data were analysed. Pre-operative NLR and PLR were calculated by division of neutrophils and platelets by lymphocytes measured in peripheral blood. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients (30F:27 M) with an overall median age of 53 years [range: 18-86] presented with tumours of median size 11.5 cm [range: 3.0-22.0], of whom 26 (46%) were hormonally active. Majority of patients underwent an open resection (n = 48; 84%); more than half (n = 30; 53%) underwent multi-organ excision. Median NLR was 4.63 and median PLR was 186.21; these values were used for median split analyses (low vs. high). There were no differences with regard to age, sex or tumour characteristics and peri-operative data between the two groups (all p > 0.05). Overall, median recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 26 months (3-year: 45%) on Kaplan-Meier analysis. On univariate analyses, a high NLR did not influence RFS [HR = 1.57 (95%-CI: 0.73-2.38); p = 0.25], but patients with a high PLR had an increased risk of developing recurrence [HR = 2.39 (95%-CI: 1.08-5.31); p = 0.03]. The median overall survival (OS) was 33 months (3 years: 79%) on Kaplan-Meier analysis. Both a high NLR [HR = 2.24 (95%-CI: 1.07-4.70); p = 0.03] and a high PLR [HR = 4.02 (95%-CI: 1.80-8.98); p = 0.001] were strongly associated with a shorter OS on unadjusted analyses. CONCLUSION Elevated pre-operative NLR and PLR are associated with shorter OS, while higher PLR was also associated with a shorter RFS for patients undergoing curative intent resection of ACC.
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10
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Abstract
Incidentally discovered adrenal alterations should be separated into those without any clinical importance and adrenal diseases that have to be surgically or conservatively treated. Before operative treatment, in addition to the possible different functional activity of tumors, a differentiation must be made between sporadically arising singular or multiple adrenal tumors or nodular adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal tumors as part of a familial syndrome and metastases of other primary malignant tumors into the adrenal glands. Benign hormonally active adrenal tumors as well as questionable malignant tumors of the adrenal cortex are resected by minimally invasive techniques. For large malignant tumors infiltrating into surrounding tissues and tumors with proven lymph node metastases, the primarily open approach is indicated. Patients with adrenal diseases should always undergo an interdisciplinary assessment and in cases with clear indications for surgery, sometimes transferred to a center with experience in surgery and postoperative management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schimmack
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - P Knoell
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - L Kihm
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Stoffwechsel und Klinische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - O Strobel
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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Tiberio GAM, Ferrari V, Ballarini Z, Casole G, Laganà M, Gritti M, Arici E, Grisanti S, Nascimbeni R, Sigala S, Berruti A, Coniglio A. Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Primary or Recurrent Adrenocortical Carcinoma. A Single Center Study. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E969. [PMID: 32295220 PMCID: PMC7226100 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores the impact of Hypertermic Intra PEritoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) on adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) management through a safety analysis completed by a preliminary evaluation of survival performances. METHODS Retrospective chart review of 27 patients submitted to surgical treatment completed by HIPEC for primary (SP, 13 patients) or recurrent (SR, 14 patients, 17 treatments) ACC. Safety was evaluated by means of procedural morbidity and mortality. Survival performances included multiple end points: local/peritoneal disease-free survival (l/pDFS), overall progression-free survival (OPFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS In the SP group, mortality was nil and morbidity was 46% (major 23%). At a median follow-up of 25 months, the median value for all the different survival measures had not been reached. Mortality was also nil in the SR group. However, morbidity was 77% (major 18%). Median l/pDFS and OPFS were 12 ± 4 and 8 ± 2 months, respectively. At a median follow-up of 30 months, median OS had not been reached. CONCLUSION Surgery and HIPEC is an invasive procedure. Its employment in the surgery for primary setting deserves attention as it may affect oncologic outcomes positively. Its value in the management of recurrences seems less appreciable, albeit it may find its place in the multimodal management of a rare disease for which multiple therapeutic options do not yet exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Alberto Massimo Tiberio
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (Z.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Vittorio Ferrari
- Clinical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.F.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Zeno Ballarini
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (Z.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Giovanni Casole
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (Z.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Laganà
- Clinical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.F.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Michele Gritti
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (Z.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Elisa Arici
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (Z.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Salvatore Grisanti
- Clinical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.F.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Riccardo Nascimbeni
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (Z.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Sandra Sigala
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Clinical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.F.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Arianna Coniglio
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (Z.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.N.); (A.C.)
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Gaitanidis A, Wiseman D, El Lakis M, Nilubol N, Kebebew E, Patel D. Preoperative systemic inflammatory markers are prognostic indicators in recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2019; 120:1450-1455. [PMID: 31733070 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has a poor prognosis with minimal clinical and biochemical factors to guide management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of systemic inflammatory response in patients with recurrent ACC. METHODS Patients who underwent resection for recurrent ACC were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and mean platelet volume were calculated. RESULTS Twenty-five patients (age at operation 52.2 ± 9.5 years) were identified. We observed a statistically significant shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) in patients with LMR less than 4 (41 ± 7.4 months vs 71 ± 12.3, P = .023) and male sex (26.6 ± 4.2 months vs 57.6 ± 9.5 months, P = .079), while time-to-recurrence (TTR) less than 12 months (40 ± 7.7 months vs 70.3 ± 13.1 months, P = .059) had a trend on univariate analysis for worse DSS. On multivariable analysis, LMR < 4 (hazard ratio [HR] 4.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-14.76; P = .027) and TTR less than 12 months (HR 2.77 95% CI: 1-7.62; P = .049) were found to be significantly associated with worse DSS. CONCLUSION Preoperative LMR greater than 4 and TTR greater than 12 months are associated with longer DSS. Patients with LMR greater than 4 and TTR greater than 12 months may benefit from a more aggressive therapeutic approach and may require less frequent surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Gaitanidis
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace Medical School, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Douglas Wiseman
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mustapha El Lakis
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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13
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Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are rare and aggressive neoplasms. Due to their high rate of local recurrence and distant metastases (up to 85%) they are associated with a poor survival. The 5‑year survival in ACC patients with lymph node metastasis or local infiltration is 50% and with distant metastasis less than 15%. An R0 resection with locoregional and para-aortic/paracaval lymphadenectomy is the only curative option and reasonable treatment possibility. The treatment of these patients should therefore be planned and carried out in centers. Local recurrences and distant metastases should also be treated with R0 resection when feasible, combined with neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation. In the case of an asymptomatic non-resectable ACC, debulking operations cannot be recommended. The primary operation can also be done in a minimally invasive procedure if principles of oncological surgery are followed (radical resection, no damage of the tumor capsule, lymphadenectomy), since survival after open and minimally invasive laparoscopic resection was comparable. Palliative resections are only indicated in symptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schimmack
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral und Transplantationschirurgie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - O Strobel
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral und Transplantationschirurgie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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14
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15
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Pérez-Ardila MA, Naranjo-Millán J, Giral H, Mugnier J, Altamar H. Late recurrence of adrenocortical carcinoma and metastatic disease. Case report. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v67n3.70507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a malignancy with an annual incidence of 0.72 cases per million people. It is a rare tumor that is associated with high mortality in late stages, as well as with a 5-year survival of 13% in stage IV patients, and 61% in stage II lesions. Nevertheless, tumor recurrence occurs in up to 54% at 23 months with predominance of locoregional involvement, being striking the late presentation of tumor recurrence with extensive involvement.Case presentation: This is the case of a 52-year-old male patient with a history of resection of an ACC of 6cm five years earlier, who was admitted for decompensated heart failure. A chest x-ray was taken suggesting metastasis. After conducting biochemical studies and CT scan of the abdomen, ACC with metastases to liver and lung was diagnosed. The patient decided not to receive palliative chemotherapy.Conclusion: This unfortunate outcome is related to the lack of follow-up after the initial procedure. Clinical, hormonal, and imaging evaluation is recommended every 3 months for 2 years, and then at least every 6 months.
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16
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A phase II study of the orally administered negative enantiomer of gossypol (AT-101), a BH3 mimetic, in patients with advanced adrenal cortical carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2019; 37:755-762. [PMID: 31172443 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer with treatment options of limited efficacy, and poor prognosis if metastatic. AT-101 is a more potent inhibitor of B cell lymphoma 2 family apoptosis-related proteins than its racemic form, gossypol, which showed preliminary clinical activity in ACC. We thus evaluated the efficacy of AT-101 in patients with advanced ACC. Methods Patients with histologically confirmed metastatic, recurrent, or primarily unresectable ACC were treated with AT-101 (20 mg/day orally, 21 days out of 28-day cycles) until disease progression and/or prohibitive toxicity. The primary endpoint was objective response rate, wherein a Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) partial response rate of 25% would be considered promising and 10% not, with a Type I error of 10% and 90% power. In a 2-stage design, 2 responses were required of the first 21 assessable subjects to warrant complete accrual of 44 patients. Secondary endpoints included safety, progression-free survival and overall survival. Results This study accrued 29 patients between 2009 and 2011; median number of cycles was 2. Seven percent experienced grade 4 toxicity including cardiac troponin elevations and hypokalemia. None of the first 21 patients attained RECIST partial response; accordingly, study therapy was deemed ineffective and the trial was permanently closed. Conclusions AT-101 had no meaningful clinical activity in this study in patients with advanced ACC, but demonstrated feasibility of prospective therapeutic clinical trials in this rare cancer.
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17
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Hughes MS, Lo WM, Beresnev T, Merino M, Shutack Y, Ripley RT, Hernandez JM, Davis JL. A Phase II Trial of Cytoreduction and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Recurrent Adrenocortical Carcinoma. J Surg Res 2019; 232:383-388. [PMID: 30463745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive disease with few options offering durable survival benefit. Despite metastasectomy, recurrence is common. Cytoreduction and intraperitoneal chemotherapy have offered improved survival in other advanced cancers. We sought to evaluate the use of cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for the treatment of recurrent intraperitoneal ACC. METHODS A phase II, single institution clinical trial was approved for patients with radiographic evidence of resectable ACC limited to the peritoneum. Patients underwent treatment if optimal cytoreduction was deemed possible at exploratory laparotomy. Primary outcome was intraperitoneal progression-free survival. Secondary outcomes were treatment-related morbidities and overall survival. RESULTS Sixty-three patients were evaluated, of whom 11 met eligibility criteria. Nine patients underwent cytoreduction and HIPEC, including one patient who recurred and was re-treated (n = 10 treatments). One patient could not be optimally cytoreduced for HIPEC and therefore did not receive intraperitoneal chemotherapy. There was no perioperative mortality; perioperative comorbidities were limited to Clavien-Dindo grade 2 or 3 and included hematologic, infectious, and neurologic complications. Seven patients experienced disease recurrence and two patients died of disease during follow-up (median 24 mo). Intraperitoneal progression-free survival was 19 mo, and median overall survival has not yet been reached. CONCLUSIONS Cytoreduction and HIPEC can be performed safely in selected patients. Patients with recurrent ACC confined to the peritoneal cavity can be considered for regional therapy in experienced hands. However, disease recurrence is common, and other treatment options should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth S Hughes
- Department of Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Winifred M Lo
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tatiana Beresnev
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria Merino
- Translational Surgical Pathology Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yvonne Shutack
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R Taylor Ripley
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan M Hernandez
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeremy L Davis
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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18
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Lorenz K, Langer P, Niederle B, Alesina P, Holzer K, Nies C, Musholt T, Goretzki PE, Rayes N, Quinkler M, Waldmann J, Simon D, Trupka A, Ladurner R, Hallfeldt K, Zielke A, Saeger D, Pöppel T, Kukuk G, Hötker A, Schabram P, Schopf S, Dotzenrath C, Riss P, Steinmüller T, Kopp I, Vorländer C, Walz MK, Bartsch DK. Surgical therapy of adrenal tumors: guidelines from the German Association of Endocrine Surgeons (CAEK). Langenbecks Arch Surg 2019; 404:385-401. [PMID: 30937523 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-019-01768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous guidelines addressing surgery of adrenal tumors required actualization in adaption of developments in the area. The present guideline aims to provide practical and qualified recommendations on an evidence-based level reviewing the prevalent literature for the surgical therapy of adrenal tumors referring to patients of all age groups in operative medicine who require adrenal surgery. It primarily addresses general and visceral surgeons but offers information for all medical doctors related to conservative, ambulatory or inpatient care, rehabilitation, and general practice as well as pediatrics. It extends to interested patients to improve the knowledge and participation in the decision-making process regarding indications and methods of management of adrenal tumors. Furthermore, it provides effective medical options for the surgical treatment of adrenal lesions and balances positive and negative effects. Specific clinical questions addressed refer to indication, diagnostic procedures, effective therapeutic alternatives to surgery, type and extent of surgery, and postoperative management and follow-up regime. METHODS A PubMed research using specific key words identified literature to be considered and was evaluated for evidence previous to a formal Delphi decision process that finalized consented recommendations in a multidisciplinary setting. RESULTS Overall, 12 general and 52 specific recommendations regarding surgery for adrenal tumors were generated and complementary comments provided. CONCLUSION Effective and balanced medical options for the surgical treatment of adrenal tumors are provided on evidence-base. Specific clinical questions regarding indication, diagnostic procedures, alternatives to and type as well as extent of surgery for adrenal tumors including postoperative management are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lorenz
- Universitätsklinikum Halle, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | | | - B Niederle
- Ordination Siebenbrunnenstrasse, Wien, Austria
| | - P Alesina
- Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - K Holzer
- Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ch Nies
- Marienhospital Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Th Musholt
- Universitatsklinikum Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - P E Goretzki
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Rayes
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Quinkler
- Endokrinologiepraxis Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Waldmann
- MIVENDO Klinik Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Simon
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus BETHESDA Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - A Trupka
- Klinikum Starnberg, Klinikum Starnberg, Germany
| | - R Ladurner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - K Hallfeldt
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - A Zielke
- Diakonie-Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D Saeger
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Th Pöppel
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G Kukuk
- Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Hötker
- Universitätsklinikum Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Schabram
- RAE Ratacjzak und Partner, Sindelfingen, Germany
| | - S Schopf
- Krankenhaus Agatharied, Hausham, Germany
| | - C Dotzenrath
- HELIOS Universitätsklinikum Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P Riss
- Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Th Steinmüller
- Deutsches Rotes Kreuz Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Kopp
- AWMF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Vorländer
- Bürgerhospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M K Walz
- Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - D K Bartsch
- Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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19
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Kwok GTY, Zhao JT, Glover AR, Ip JCY, Sywak M, Clifton-Bligh R, Clarke S, Robinson B, Sidhu SB. Treatment and management of adrenal cancer in a specialized Australian endocrine surgical unit: approaches, outcomes and lessons learnt. ANZ J Surg 2019; 89:48-52. [PMID: 30710432 DOI: 10.1111/ans.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare and heterogeneous malignancy with poor outcomes. Recent research has suggested that outcomes may be improved by centralization of care in specialist centres. We review our evolving 21-year experience in managing adrenocortical carcinoma with a view towards outcomes and lessons learnt. METHODS A retrospective study of patients treated in our specialist endocrine surgical unit over 21 years was undertaken. RESULTS Thirty-five patients were treated from diagnosis, 29 forming a primary study cohort. Additionally, seven patients were referred to us for quaternary care, forming a secondary study cohort. The European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumours (ENSAT) stage and immunohistochemical marker Ki-67 index were strong prognostic indicators for survival. CONCLUSIONS Early stage, complete resection and Ki-67 <10% are the best prognosticators for survival. Aggressive surgical resection at index operation and of recurrent oligometastatic disease along with multimodal adjuvant treatment has led to long-term survivors of patients with Stage 4 disease in our aggregate cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace T Y Kwok
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jing-Ting Zhao
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony R Glover
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney Endocrine Surgery Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian C Y Ip
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney Endocrine Surgery Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Sywak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney Endocrine Surgery Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Clarke
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Robinson
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stan B Sidhu
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney Endocrine Surgery Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Lo WM, Kariya CM, Hernandez JM. Operative Management of Recurrent and Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Am Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481908500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is associated with a poor 5-year survival rate and high rate of recurrence. Outcomes after resection for patients with limited disease remain poorly described. We conducted a PubMed search for articles published between 1950 and 2017 using the terms “ACC,” “recurrence,” and “surgery.” Patients with metastatic ACC at any anatomic site who had undergone surgical resection were included. Thirteen studies met the criteria. Patients were grouped according to the recurrence site. Pulmonary metastasectomy was reported in 50 patients with moderate complications and without perioperative mortality. Disease recurrence rates range from 25 to 42 per cent, with median overall survival of 40 to 50 months. Hepatic metastasectomy was reported in 108 patients with a single perioperative mortality. Disease recurrence rates range from 65 to 100 per cent, with median disease-free survival (DFS) and OS of five to nine months and 22 to 76 months. Peritoneal cytoreduction and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy have been reported for 10 patients with minimal morbidity and without perioperative mortality. The disease recurrence rate was 70 per cent, with DFS of 19 months. For selected patients with recurrent ACC in the lungs, liver, or peritoneum, metastasectomy is safe and can be associated with prolonged survival. However, subsequent disease recurrence is common, and patients should be counseled accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred M. Lo
- From the Thoracic and Surgical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christine M. Kariya
- From the Thoracic and Surgical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan M. Hernandez
- From the Thoracic and Surgical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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21
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Glenn JA, Else T, Hughes DT, Cohen MS, Jolly S, Giordano TJ, Worden FP, Gauger PG, Hammer GD, Miller BS. Longitudinal patterns of recurrence in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Surgery 2019; 165:186-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Dickson PV, Kim L, Yen TWF, Yang A, Grubbs EG, Patel D, Solórzano CC. Evaluation, Staging, and Surgical Management for Adrenocortical Carcinoma: An Update from the SSO Endocrine and Head and Neck Disease Site Working Group. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:3460-3468. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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23
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Fassnacht M, Dekkers O, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, Haak H, Mihai R, Assie G, Terzolo M. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:G1-G46. [PMID: 30299884 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and in most cases steroid hormone-producing tumor with variable prognosis. The purpose of these guidelines is to provide clinicians with best possible evidence-based recommendations for clinical management of patients with ACC based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. We predefined four main clinical questions, which we judged as particularly important for the management of ACC patients and performed systematic literature searches: (A) What is needed to diagnose an ACC by histopathology? (B) Which are the best prognostic markers in ACC? (C) Is adjuvant therapy able to prevent recurrent disease or reduce mortality after radical resection? (D) What is the best treatment option for macroscopically incompletely resected, recurrent or metastatic disease? Other relevant questions were discussed within the group. Selected Recommendations: (i) We recommend that all patients with suspected and proven ACC are discussed in a multidisciplinary expert team meeting. (ii) We recommend that every patient with (suspected) ACC should undergo careful clinical assessment, detailed endocrine work-up to identify autonomous hormone excess and adrenal-focused imaging. (iii) We recommend that adrenal surgery for (suspected) ACC should be performed only by surgeons experienced in adrenal and oncological surgery aiming at a complete en bloc resection (including resection of oligo-metastatic disease). (iv) We suggest that all suspected ACC should be reviewed by an expert adrenal pathologist using the Weiss score and providing Ki67 index. (v) We suggest adjuvant mitotane treatment in patients after radical surgery that have a perceived high risk of recurrence (ENSAT stage III, or R1 resection, or Ki67 >10%). (vi) For advanced ACC not amenable to complete surgical resection, local therapeutic measures (e.g. radiation therapy, radiofrequency ablation, chemoembolization) are of particular value. However, we suggest against the routine use of adrenal surgery in case of widespread metastatic disease. In these patients, we recommend either mitotane monotherapy or mitotane, etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin depending on prognostic parameters. In selected patients with a good response, surgery may be subsequently considered. (vii) In patients with recurrent disease and a disease-free interval of at least 12 months, in whom a complete resection/ablation seems feasible, we recommend surgery or alternatively other local therapies. Furthermore, we offer detailed recommendations about the management of mitotane treatment and other supportive therapies. Finally, we suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric Baudin
- Endocrine Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- INSERM UMR 1185, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ronald de Krijger
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harm Haak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima Medical Centre, Eindhoven/Veldhoven, the Netherlands
- Maastricht University, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Ageing and Long-Term Care, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Radu Mihai
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Churchill Cancer Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Guillaume Assie
- Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Reference Center dor Rare Adrenal Cancers, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
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24
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Kuai R, Subramanian C, White PT, Timmermann BN, Moon JJ, Cohen MS, Schwendeman A. Synthetic high-density lipoprotein nanodisks for targeted withalongolide delivery to adrenocortical carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6581-6594. [PMID: 28919755 PMCID: PMC5593402 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s140591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy and has a 5-year survival rate of <35%. ACC cells require cholesterol for steroid hormone production, and this requirement is met via expression on the cell surface of a high level of SRB1, responsible for the uptake of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), which carry and transport cholesterol in vivo. Here, we describe how this natural lipid carrier function of SRB1 can be utilized to improve the tumor-targeted delivery of a novel natural product derivative - withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate (WGA-TA) - which has shown potent antitumor efficacy, but poor aqueous solubility. Our strategy was to use synthetic HDL (sHDL) nanodisks, which are effective in tumor-targeted delivery due to their smallness, long circulation half-life, documented safety, and ability to bind to SRB1. In this study, we prepared sHDL nanodisks using an optimized phospholipid composition combined with ApoA1 mimetic peptide (22A), which has previously been tested in clinical trials, to load WGA-TA. Following optimization, WGA-TA nanodisks showed drug encapsulation efficiency of 78%, a narrow particle size distribution (9.81±0.41 nm), discoid shape, and sustained drug release in phosphate buffered saline. WGA-TA-sHDL nanodisks exhibited higher cytotoxicity in the ACC cell line H295R half maximal inhibitory concentration ([IC50] 0.26±0.045 μM) than free WGA-TA (IC50 0.492±0.115 μM, P<0.05). Fluorescent dye-loaded sHDL nanodisks efficiently accumulated in H295R adrenal carcinoma xenografts 24 hours following dosing. Moreover, daily intraperitoneal administration of 7 mg/kg WGA-TA-loaded sHDL nanodisks significantly inhibited tumor growth during 21-day administration to H295R xenograft-bearing mice compared to placebo (P<0.01). Collectively, these results suggest that WGA-TA-loaded nanodisks may represent a novel and beneficial therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kuai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan
| | | | - Peter T White
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Mark S Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To present an update on the management of and future directions in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). RECENT FINDINGS ACC is a rare malignancy with high morbidity and mortality. Surgery remains the mainstay treatment for localized disease, but it is often not feasible in more advanced cases. There is an ongoing controversy about the routine use of adjuvant treatments after surgery. Hormonal overproduction can complicate the management and worsen the prognosis of the disease. Systemic therapy with multiple cytotoxic drugs is often combined with the adrenolytic agent mitotane. Genomic analyses of ACC revealed numerous signal transduction pathway aberrations (insulin-like growth factor 2 overexpression, TP53 mutations and Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation), but so far, there has been no clinically meaningful breakthrough in targeting these genes. Immunotherapy offers hope for altering the orthodox management of cancer, and its role in ACC is being explored in multiple ongoing trials. SUMMARY Surgery by experienced team is the key treatment for localized ACC, whereas currently used chemotherapy has limited efficacy in advanced ACC. The improved understanding of the molecular pathways involved in ACC has not been translated into effective therapy. The development of new therapies requires collaborative effort to fight this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeena Varghese
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Taffurelli G, Ricci C, Casadei R, Selva S, Minni F. Open adrenalectomy in the era of laparoscopic surgery: a review. Updates Surg 2017; 69:135-143. [DOI: 10.1007/s13304-017-0440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gaujoux S, Mihai R. European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES) and European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumours (ENSAT) recommendations for the surgical management of adrenocortical carcinoma. Br J Surg 2017; 104:358-376. [PMID: 28199015 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radical surgery provides the best chance of cure for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), but perioperative surgical care for these patients is yet to be standardized. METHODS A working group appointed jointly by ENSAT and ESES used Delphi methodology to produce evidence-based recommendations for the perioperative surgical care of patients with ACC. Papers were retrieved from electronic databases. Evidence and recommendations were classified according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system, and were discussed until consensus was reached within the group. RESULTS Twenty-five recommendations for the perioperative surgical care of patients with ACC were formulated. The quality of evidence is low owing to the rarity of the disease and the lack of prospective surgical trials. Multi-institutional prospective cohort studies and prospective RCTs are urgently needed and should be strongly encouraged. CONCLUSION The present evidence-based recommendations provide comprehensive advice on the optimal perioperative care for patients undergoing surgery for ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gaujoux
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - R Mihai
- Churchill Cancer Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Tran TB, Postlewait LM, Maithel SK, Prescott JD, Wang TS, Glenn J, Phay JE, Keplinger K, Fields RC, Jin LX, Weber SM, Salem A, Sicklick JK, Gad S, Yopp AC, Mansour JC, Duh QY, Seiser N, Solorzano CC, Kiernan CM, Votanopoulos KI, Levine EA, Hatzaras I, Shenoy R, Pawlik TM, Norton JA, Poultsides GA. Actual 10-year survivors following resection of adrenocortical carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2016; 114:971-976. [PMID: 27633419 PMCID: PMC5278771 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options beyond surgical resection. The characteristics of actual long-term survivors following surgical resection for ACC have not been previously reported. METHOD Patients who underwent resection for ACC at one of 13 academic institutions participating in the US Adrenocortical Carcinoma Group from 1993 to 2014 were analyzed. Patients were stratified into four groups: early mortality (died within 2 years), late mortality (died within 2-5 years), actual 5-year survivor (survived at least 5 years), and actual 10-year survivor (survived at least 10 years). Patients with less than 5 years of follow-up were excluded. RESULTS Among the 180 patients available for analysis, there were 49 actual 5-year survivors (27%) and 12 actual 10-year survivors (7%). Patients who experienced early mortality had higher rates of cortisol-secreting tumors, nodal metastasis, synchronous distant metastasis, and R1 or R2 resections (all P < 0.05). The need for multi-visceral resection, perioperative blood transfusion, and adjuvant therapy correlated with early mortality. However, nodal involvement, distant metastasis, and R1 resection did not preclude patients from becoming actual 10-year survivors. Ten of twelve actual 10-year survivors were women, and of the seven 10-year survivors who experienced disease recurrence, five had undergone repeat surgery to resect the recurrence. CONCLUSION Surgery for ACC can offer a 1 in 4 chance of actual 5-year survival and a 1 in 15 chance of actual 10-year survival. Long-term survival was often achieved with repeat resection for local or distant recurrence, further underscoring the important role of surgery in managing patients with ACC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:971-976. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy B. Tran
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Jason D. Prescott
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tracy S. Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jason Glenn
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John E. Phay
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kara Keplinger
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ryan C. Fields
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Linda X. Jin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sharon M. Weber
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ahmed Salem
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jason K. Sicklick
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Shady Gad
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Adam C. Yopp
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John C. Mansour
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Quan-Yang Duh
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Natalie Seiser
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Edward A. Levine
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ioannis Hatzaras
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rivfka Shenoy
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Timothy M. Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey A. Norton
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - George A. Poultsides
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Simon G, Pattou F, Mirallié E, Lifante JC, Nominé C, Arnault V, de Calan L, Caillard C, Carnaille B, Brunaud L, Laplace N, Caiazzo R, Blanchard C. Surgery for recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective study. Surgery 2016; 161:249-256. [PMID: 27855966 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare neoplasm with a high rate of recurrence. We studied the impact of surgery on the survival in recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma patients. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of patients with recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma, managed in 5 French University Hospitals between 1980 and 2014. We compared surgery and medical management for ACC recurrence. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients were included, 46 of whom had an initial R0 resection. Twenty-nine patients underwent reoperation for recurrence, while 30 had nonoperative treatments. Operated patients had a greater median overall survival after recurrence than nonoperated patients (91 vs 15 months; P < .001). Patients operated on for local or distant recurrence had similar overall survival (110 vs 91 months; P = .81). In nonoperated patients, types of medical managements did not impact survival. Surgery for recurrence (P = .037) and a disease-free interval between initial resection and recurrence >12 months (P = .059) were both prognostic factors for improved survival, whereas age, stage, and tumor size (P ≥ .2 each) were not. A Ki67 <25% tended to be associated with better overall survival (P = .051). CONCLUSION Both surgery for recurrence and disease-free interval between the initial resection of an adrenocortical carcinoma and recurrence >12 months are associated with better overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guénolé Simon
- Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne (CCDE), Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes-Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - François Pattou
- Chirurgie Générale et Endocrinienne, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eric Mirallié
- Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne (CCDE), Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes-Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | | | - Claire Nominé
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hépatobiliaire, Pancréatique, Endocrinienne et Cancérologique, CHU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Arnault
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive Endocrinienne et Bariatrique, et Transplantation hépatique, CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Loïc de Calan
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive Endocrinienne et Bariatrique, et Transplantation hépatique, CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Cécile Caillard
- Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne (CCDE), Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes-Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Carnaille
- Chirurgie Générale et Endocrinienne, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Brunaud
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hépatobiliaire, Pancréatique, Endocrinienne et Cancérologique, CHU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Nathalie Laplace
- Service de Chirurgie Endocrinienne et Générale, CHU Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Robert Caiazzo
- Chirurgie Générale et Endocrinienne, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Claire Blanchard
- Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne (CCDE), Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes-Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France.
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30
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Tran TB, Maithel SK, Pawlik TM, Wang TS, Hatzaras I, Phay JE, Fields RC, Weber SM, Sicklick JK, Yopp AC, Duh QY, Solorzano CC, Votanopoulos KI, Poultsides GA. Clinical Score Predicting Long-Term Survival after Repeat Resection for Recurrent Adrenocortical Carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2016; 223:794-803. [PMID: 27618748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.08.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive malignancy typically resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Surgery, even in the setting of locally recurrent or metastatic disease, remains the only potentially curative option. However, the subset of patients who will benefit from repeat resection in this setting remains ill defined. The objective of this study was to propose a prognostic clinical score that facilitates selection of patients for repeat resection of recurrent ACC. STUDY DESIGN Patients who underwent curative-intent repeat resection for recurrent ACC at 1 of 13 academic medical centers participating in the US ACC Study Group were identified. End points included morbidity, mortality, and overall survival. RESULTS Fifty-six patients underwent repeat curative-intent resection for recurrent ACC (representing 21% of 265 patients who underwent resection for primary ACC) from 1997 to 2014. Median age was 52 years. Sites of resected recurrence included locoregional only (54%), lung only (14%), liver only (12%), combined locoregional and lung (4%), combined liver and lung (4%), and other distant sites (12%). Thirty-day morbidity and mortality rates were 40% and 5.4%, respectively. Cox regression analysis revealed that the presence of multifocal recurrence, disease-free interval <12 months, and extrapulmonary distant metastases were independent predictors of poor survival. A clinical score consisting of 1-point each for the 3 variables demonstrated good discrimination in predicting survival after repeat resection (5-year: 72% for 0 points, 32% for 1 point, 0% for 2 or 3 points; p = 0.0006, area under the curve = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS Long-term survival after repeat resection for recurrent ACC is feasible when 2 of the following factors are present: solitary tumor, disease-free interval >12 months, and locoregional or pulmonary recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy B Tran
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tracy S Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - John E Phay
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Ryan C Fields
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Sharon M Weber
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Adam C Yopp
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX
| | - Quan-Yang Duh
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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McDuffie LA, Aufforth RD. Adrenocortical carcinoma: modern management and evolving treatment strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2016; 3:161-174. [PMID: 27213037 DOI: 10.2217/ije-2015-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis. Unlike many other cancers, there has been little improvement in patient outcome over the past several decades. However, as scientific advancements are made and our understanding of the molecular genetics involved in ACC improve then progress may be achieved in this devastating disease. This review focuses on recent literature published in the field of ACC from 2010 to 2015 with an emphasis on improving diagnosis, staging and treatment for ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A McDuffie
- Thoracic & Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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The aurora kinase inhibitor VX-680 shows anti-cancer effects in primary metastatic cells and the SW13 cell line. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:531-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Recent developments in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) include diagnostic and prognostic risk stratification algorithms, increasing evidence of the impact of historical therapies on overall survival, and emerging targets from integrated epigenomic and genomic analyses. Advances include proper clinical and molecular characterization of all patients with ACC, standardization of proliferative index analyses, referral of these patients to large cancer referral centers at the time of first surgery, and development of new trials in patients with well-characterized ACC. Networking and progress in the molecular characterization of ACC constitute the basis for significant future therapeutic breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Baudin
- Département de Médecine, Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, Paris South University, Villejuif Cedex 94805, France; Département de Nucléaire et de Cancérologie Endocrinienne, Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, Paris South University, Villejuif Cedex 94805, France; Faculté de Médecine, INSERM UMR 1185, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France.
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35
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Mihai R. Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of adrenocortical cancer. Br J Surg 2015; 102:291-306. [PMID: 25689291 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare disease with a dismal prognosis. The majority of patients are diagnosed with advanced disease and raise difficult management challenges. METHODS All references identified in PubMed, published between 2004 and 2014, using the keywords 'adrenocortical cancer' or 'adrenal surgery' or both, were uploaded into a database. The database was interrogated using keywords specific for each field studied. RESULTS In all, 2049 publications were identified. There is ongoing debate about the feasibility and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for small ACCs, and data derived from institutional case series have failed to provide an evidence level above expert opinion. The use of mitotane (1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane) in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic disease has been assessed in an international randomized trial (FIRM-ACT trial) involving patients with ACC. Based on this trial, mitotane plus etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin is now the established first-line cytotoxic therapy owing to a higher response rate and longer median progression-free survival than achieved with streptozocin-mitotane. For patients with tumours smaller than 5 cm and with no signs of lymph node or distant metastases, survival is favourable with a median exceeding 10 years. However, the overall 5-year survival rate for all patients with ACC is only 30 per cent. CONCLUSION Open and potentially laparoscopic adrenalectomy for selected patients is the main treatment for non-metastatic ACC, but the overall 5-year survival rate remains low.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mihai
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
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36
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Adjuvant radiation therapy improves local control after surgical resection in patients with localized adrenocortical carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 92:252-9. [PMID: 25754631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy known for high rates of local recurrence, though the benefit of postoperative radiation therapy (RT) has not been established. In this study of grossly resected ACC, we compare local control of patients treated with surgery followed by adjuvant RT to a matched cohort treated with surgery alone. METHODS AND MATERIALS We retrospectively identified patients with localized disease who underwent R0 or R1 resection followed by adjuvant RT. Only patients treated with RT at our institution were included. Matching to surgical controls was on the basis of stage, surgical margin status, tumor grade, and adjuvant mitotane. RESULTS From 1991 to 2011, 360 ACC patients were evaluated for ACC at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI). Twenty patients with localized disease received postoperative adjuvant RT. These were matched to 20 controls. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with regard to stage, margins, grade, or mitotane. Median RT dose was 55 Gy (range, 45-60 Gy). Median follow-up was 34 months. Local recurrence occurred in 1 patient treated with RT, compared with 12 patients not treated with RT (P=.0005; hazard ratio [HR] 12.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62-97.88). However, recurrence-free survival was no different between the groups (P=.17; HR 1.52; 95% CI 0.67-3.45). Overall survival was also not significantly different (P=.13; HR 1.97; 95% CI 0.57-6.77), with 4 deaths in the RT group compared with 9 in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative RT significantly improved local control compared with the use of surgery alone in this case-matched cohort analysis of grossly resected ACC patients. Although this retrospective series represents the largest study to date on adjuvant RT for ACC, its findings need to be prospectively confirmed.
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Livhits M, Li N, Yeh MW, Harari A. Surgery is associated with improved survival for adrenocortical cancer, even in metastatic disease. Surgery 2014; 156:1531-40; discussion 1540-1. [PMID: 25456949 PMCID: PMC5031479 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but lethal tumor. Predictors of survival include earlier stage at presentation and complete operative resection. We assessed effect of treatment and demographic variables on survival. METHODS ACC cases were abstracted from the California Cancer Registry and Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (1999-2008). Predictors included patient demographics, comorbidities, tumor size, stage, and treatment (none, surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation [CRT], and surgery plus CRT). RESULTS We studied 367 patients with median tumor size of 10 cm. At presentation, 37% had localized, 17% had regional, and 46% had metastatic disease. Median survival was 1.7 years (7.4 years local, 2.6 years regional, and 0.3 years metastatic, P < .0001). One-year and 5-year survival was: 92%/62% (local); 73%/39% (regional); and 24%/7% (metastatic). Increased age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.16) and Cushing's syndrome (HR 1.66) worsened survival (P < .05). Low socioeconomic status worsened survival in local and regional disease (P < .05). In multivariable regression, both surgery (regional HR 0.13; metastatic HR 0.52) and surgery plus CRT (regional HR 0.15; metastatic HR 0.31) improved survival compared with no treatment (P < .02). CONCLUSION In ACC, surgery is associated with improved survival, even in metastatic disease. Surgery should be considered for select patients as part of multimodality treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Livhits
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael W Yeh
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Avital Harari
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
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Patel D, Ellis R, Howard B, Boufraqech M, Gara SK, Zhang L, Quezado MM, Nilubol N, Kebebew E. Analysis of IGF and IGFBP as Prognostic Serum Biomarkers for Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:3541-7. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
The surgical treatment of adrenal tumours has evolved over the past century, as has our understanding of which hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands and what these hormones do. This article reviews the preoperative evaluation of patients with adrenal tumours that could be benign or malignant, including metastases. The biochemical evaluation of excess levels of hormones is discussed, as are imaging characteristics that differentiate benign tumours from malignant tumours. The options for surgical management are outlined, including the advantages and disadvantages of various open and laparoscopic approaches. The surgical management of adrenocortical carcinoma is specifically reviewed, including controversies in operative approaches as well as surgical management of invasive or recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbra S Miller
- University of Michigan Health System, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, 2920F Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5331, USA
| | - Gerard M Doherty
- Department of Surgery, Boston University, 75 East Newton Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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