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Pei X, Zhang L, Liu D, Wu Y, Li X, Cao Y, Du X. Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates brain injury in rats with traumatic brain injury: Possible mediation of apoptosis via ERK1/2 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295903. [PMID: 38109303 PMCID: PMC10727368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs worldwide and is associated with high mortality and disability rate. Apoptosis induced by TBI is one of the important causes of secondary injury after TBI. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is the main phytoestrogen extracted from Panax notoginseng. Many studies have shown that NGR1 has potent neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties and is effective in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of NGR1 after TBI and explored its molecular mechanism of action. A rat model of TBI was established using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) method. The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3, and ERK1/2-related molecules in the downstream pathway were also detected by western blotting. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Nissl staining was used to clarify the morphological changes around the injury foci in rats after TBI. Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) fluorescence staining were used to detect the apoptosis of neural cells in each group of rats. The results showed that NGR1 administration reduced neurological deficits after TBI, as well as brain edema and brain tissue apoptosis. It also significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, NGR1 decreased the expression levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p-RSK1, which are phosphorylated after trauma. This study suggests that NGR1 can improve neuronal apoptosis in brain injury by inhibiting the ERK signaling pathway. NGR1 is a potential novel neuroprotective agent for the treatment of secondary brain injury after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Pei
- Department of Psychiatric, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, The First People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Psychiatric, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
| | - Yajuan Wu
- Department of Psychiatric, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Psychiatric, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Psychiatric, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Du
- Department of Psychiatric, Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Abbasloo E, Khaksari M, Sanjari M, Kobeissy F, Thomas TC. Carvacrol decreases blood-brain barrier permeability post-diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14546. [PMID: 37666857 PMCID: PMC10477335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that Satureja Khuzestanica Jamzad essential oil (SKEO) and its major component, carvacrol (CAR), 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol, has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-edematous properties after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. CAR, predominantly found in Lamiaceae family (Satureja and Oregano), is lipophilic, allowing diffusion across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These experiments test the hypothesis that acute treatment with CAR after TBI can attenuate oxidative stress and BBB permeability associated with CAR's anti-edematous traits. Rats were divided into six groups and injured using Marmarou weight drop: Sham, TBI, TBI + Vehicle, TBI + CAR (100 and 200 mg/kg) and CAR200-naive treated rats. Intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or CAR was administered thirty minutes after TBI induction. 24 h post-injury, brain edema, BBB permeability, BBB-related protein levels, and oxidative capacity were measured. Data showed CAR 200 mg/kg treatment decreased brain edema and prevented BBB permeability. CAR200 decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), indicating the mechanism of BBB protection is, in part, through antioxidant activity. Also, CAR 200 mg/kg treatment suppressed matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and increased ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 levels. These data indicate that CAR can promote antioxidant activity and decrease post-injury BBB permeability, further supporting CAR as a potential early therapeutic intervention that is inexpensive and more readily available worldwide. However, more experiments are required to determine CAR's long-term impact on TBI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Abbasloo
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Institute of Neuropharmacology, Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojgan Sanjari
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Kerman, Iran
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Child Health, Phoenix, USA
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, USA
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Abbasloo E, Amiresmaili S, Shirazpour S, Khaksari M, Kobeissy F, Thomas TC. Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil and pure carvacrol attenuate TBI-induced inflammation and apoptosis via NF-κB and caspase-3 regulation in the male rat brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4780. [PMID: 36959464 PMCID: PMC10036533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes progressive dysfunction that induces biochemical and metabolic changes that lead to cell death. Nevertheless, there is no definitive FDA-approved therapy for TBI treatment. Our previous immunohistochemical results indicated that the cost-effective natural Iranian medicine, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil (SKEO), which consists of 94.16% carvacrol (CAR), has beneficial effects such as reducing neuronal death and inflammatory markers, as well as activating astrocytes and improving neurological outcomes. However, the molecular mechanisms of these neuroprotective effects have not yet been elucidated. This study investigated the possible mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties of SKEO and CAR after TBI induction. Eighty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: Sham, TBI, TBI + Vehicle, TBI + CAR (100 and 200 mg/kg), and TBI + SKEO (200 mg/kg) groups. After establishing the "Marmarou" weight drop model, diffuse TBI was induced in the rat brain. Thirty minutes after TBI induction, SKEO & CAR were intraperitoneally injected. One day after TBI, injured rats exhibited significant brain edema, neurobehavioral dysfunctions, and neuronal apoptosis. Western blot results revealed upregulation of the levels of cleaved caspase-3, NFκB p65, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which was attenuated by CAR and SKEO (200 mg/kg). Furthermore, the ELISA results showed that CAR treatment markedly prevents the overproduction of the brain pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Moreover, the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) immunohistochemistry results revealed the protective effect of CAR and SKEO on post-TBI neuronal death. The current study revealed that the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of SKEO and CAR might be related to (at least in part) modulating NF-κB regulated inflammation and caspase-3 protein expression. It also suggested that CAR exerts more potent protective effects than SKEO against TBI. Nevertheless, the administration of SKEO and CAR may express a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate TBI-related secondary phase neuropathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Abbasloo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Sara Shirazpour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics and Biomarkers, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, USA
- Translational Neurotrauma Research Program, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, USA
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Javed H, Fizur NMM, Jha NK, Ashraf GM, Ojha S. Neuroprotective Potential and Underlying Pharmacological Mechanism of Carvacrol for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1421-1432. [PMID: 36567278 PMCID: PMC10324337 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221223120251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytochemicals have antioxidant properties to counter the deleterious effects of oxidative stress in the central nervous system and can be a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. Among various phytochemicals, constituents of spice origin have recently received special attention for neurodegenerative diseases owing to their health benefits, therapeutic potential, edible nature, and dietary accessibility and availability. Carvacrol, a phenolic monoterpenoid, has garnered attention in treating and managing various human diseases. It possesses diverse pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are major public health concerns that place a significant financial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. The global burden of these diseases is expected to increase in the next few decades owing to increasing life expectancies. Currently, there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and PD, and the available drugs only give symptomatic relief. For a long time, oxidative stress has been recognized as a primary contributor to neurodegeneration. Carvacrol enhances memory and cognition by modulating the effects of oxidative stress, inflammation, and Aβ25-35- induced neurotoxicity in AD. Moreover, it also reduces the production of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokine levels in PD, which further prevents the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and improves motor functions. This review highlights carvacrol's potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in managing and treating AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Javed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nagoor Meeran Mohamed Fizur
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201310, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Ansari M, Kargar S, Eslami MA, Falahati R, Albenzio M, Caroprese M, Zamiri MJ, Kanani M. Potential benefits of early-life supplementation of liquid feed with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds or oregano (Origanum vulgare) leaves on growth, health, and blood metabolites in Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6639-6653. [PMID: 35787321 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine the early-life (first month of age) supplementation of liquid feed with fennel seed powder (FSP) or oregano leaf powder (OLP) on growth performance, health, and blood biochemical attributes in preweaning dairy calves. Holstein female calves (n = 57; 1 d of age; 34.1 ± 0.97 kg of BW; mean ± SE) were assigned randomly to receive liquid feed (colostrum and milk) with no added herbal plants (CON) or supplemented with FSP (3 g/d) or OLP (30 g/d) during the first month of age. The calves received pooled colostrum (4.5 kg/d on the first 2 d of life; total solids = 25.0% ± 1.24; mean ± SD) and then pooled waste milk (6 kg/d from d 3 to 44, 5 kg/d from d 45 to 46, 4 kg/d from d 47 to 48, and 3 kg/d from d 49 to 50 of the trial; total solids = 12.54% ± 0.50) to ensure they receive same mixed liquid feed daily. The calves had unlimited access to the starter feed and fresh water and remained in the study until weaning on d 51 of age. The average mean temperature-humidity index was 70.1 units (ranging between 61.9 to 78.2) during the experiment, indicating a borderline degree of environmental heat-load. The amount of starter feed offered and refused was recorded daily. The calves were weighed immediately after birth and every 10 d thereafter, before the morning feeding. Jugular blood samples were taken immediately before and 24 h after colostrum feeding, at first month of age, and at weaning to quantify serum concentrations of glucose, urea N, cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, albumin, globulin, aspartate transferase, alanine transferase, total antioxidant status, and malondialdehyde. Health checks including rectal temperature, general appearance (on a 1-5 score system), fecal score (on a 1-5 score system), and bovine respiratory disease (BRD; scored using the University of Wisconsin Calf Health Chart) were performed daily, by a veterinarian who was unaware of the calf treatment allocations, for all calves over the study period. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare growth performance and blood metabolites among treatment groups, and a logistic regression model using a binomial distribution (PROC GLIMMIX, SAS v. 9.4, SAS Institute Inc.) was used to assess the chance of elevated rectal temperature (≥39.4°C), general appearance (≥2), diarrhea (≥3), and BRD. A Poisson regression model (PROC GENMOD) was also used to test group differences in the experience of days with elevated rectal temperature and general appearance, and frequency and duration of diarrhea or BRD. Total nutrient intake (DM, CP, and ME, but not ether extract) originating from milk and starter feed was greater in OLP- (but not FSP-) supplemented calves compared with CON group, being partially associated with difference in milk refusal. Calves receiving FSP and OLP had greater average daily gain, BW gain, skeletal gain (withers height or heart girth, respectively), and feed efficiency compared with CON animals with no difference between FSP and OLP. Rectal temperature was lower in FSP- (but not OLP-) supplemented calves compared with CON animals. The CON animals had a greater chance of experiencing higher rectal temperature (≥39.4°C; odds ratio = 1.55 and confidence interval = 1.12-2.15 and odds ratio = 1.33 and confidence interval = 0.92-1.90, respectively, compared with FSP and OLP) and general appearance (≥2; odds ratio = 1.99 and confidence interval = 1.45-2.74 and odds ratio = 1.45 and confidence interval = 1.03-2.05), and diarrhea (odds ratio = 1.47 and confidence interval = 1.11-1.97 and odds ratio = 1.49 and confidence interval = 1.07-2.08) compared with those receiving FSP or OLP; with the chance of BRD being lower in FSP- (but not OLP-) supplemented versus CON animals (odds ratio = 1.59 and confidence interval = 1.13-2.23). As compared with OLP and CON groups, FSP treatment resulted in shorter days with elevated rectal temperature and general appearance. Supplementing FSP or OLP decreased the duration of diarrhea and BRD but not their frequency compared with CON. Duration of diarrhea was not different between FSP- or OLP-supplemented calves but calves supplemented with FSP had shorter days with BRD compared with OLP-supplemented calves. Of the blood constituents measured on d 30, concentration of aspartate transferase was higher in FSP- (but not CON) versus OLP-supplemented calves, indicating a transient liver tissue damage or dysfunction which was subsequently ameliorated. At weaning, blood concentration of triglycerides was higher in FSP and OLP groups compared with CON group. Supplementation of the liquid feed with FSP or OLP, especially FSP, had beneficial effects on calf growth performance and health. Further experiments are warranted for optimizing the dosage and duration of feeding FSP or OLP as feed additives for dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ansari
- Department of Animal and Poultry Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran.
| | - S Kargar
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran.
| | - M A Eslami
- Dam Gostaran-e-Kavir Dairy Farm, Yazd 89941-61796, Iran
| | - R Falahati
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Guilan University, Rasht 41996-13776, Iran
| | - M Albenzio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - M Caroprese
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - M J Zamiri
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - M Kanani
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
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Nematicidal Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds from Microorganisms and Plants on Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061201. [PMID: 35744719 PMCID: PMC9228967 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are one of the most destructive plant pathogens worldwide, and controlling them is extremely challenging. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which naturally exist in plants and microorganisms, play an important role in the biological control of PPNs and are considered potential substances for the development of commercial nematicides. This paper summarizes the VOCs produced by microorganisms and plants as well as their toxic effects on PPNs. VOCs from 26 microbial strains and 51 plants that are active against nematodes from over the last decade were reviewed. Furthermore, the mechanisms of toxicity of some VOCs against PPNs are also illustrated.
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The Developmental Toxicity of Thymus schimperi Essential Oil in Rat Embryos and Fetuses. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:4091839. [PMID: 35450157 PMCID: PMC9017522 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4091839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopian traditional medicine, the aerial parts of Thymus schimperi are widely used to treat diseases such as gonorrhea, cough, liver disease, kidney disease, hypertension, stomach pain, and fungal skin infections. In addition, they have been used as vegetables to flavor a broad variety of food products. However, there is an insufficient investigation of the toxic effect of Thymus schimperi essential oil. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the developmental toxicity of the essential oil of Thymus schimperi leaves on developing rat embryos and fetuses. Methods Essential oil of the aerial parts of Thymus schimperi was extracted by hydrodistillation. Pregnant Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups. The doses 65 mg/kg, 130 mg/kg, and 260 mg/kg of the essential of Thymus schimperi were administered by force feeding to the III–V groups, respectively. Groups I and II were negative and ad libitum control groups. The embryos and fetuses were revealed on days 12 and 20 of gestations, respectively. The embryos were examined for developmental delays or growth retardation. Gross external, skeletal, and visceral anomalies in the fetuses were examined. Results In this study, the developmental scores of the number of implantation sites, crown-rump length, the number of somites, and morphological scores were significantly lower while the score of fetal resorptions was increased in a 12-day-old rat embryos treated with 260 mg/kg of the Thymus schimperi essential oil. There was also a significant delay in the development of the otic system, olfactory system, and a reduction in the number of branchial bars in 12-day-old embryos treated with 130 mg/kg and 260 mg/kg of the essential oil. However, external morphological examinations of rat fetuses revealed no detectable structural abnormalities. The fetal skull, vertebrae, hyoid, forelimb, and hindlimb ossification centers did not differ significantly across all the groups. Furthermore, there were no skeletal or soft-tissue malformations as a result of the essential oil treatment. Although the difference was not statistically significant, fetuses of the high-dose treatment group had a reduced number of ossification centers in the caudal vertebrae and hind limp phalanges. Conclusion The essential oil of Thymus schimperi at high doses has a detrimental effect on the development of rat embryos and fetuses. Its developmental toxicity is evidenced by significant delays in fetal and embryonic development, a decrease in the number of implantation sites, and an increase in fetal resorption. Furthermore, administration of the essential oil in higher doses resulted in a significant decrease in placenta weight and litter weight. In addition, the present study provided evidence that using the Thymus schimperi essential oil in a high dose could affect the developing embryo and fetus. Thus, it is recommended to discourage the use of Thymus schimperi essential oil in high doses.
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Fatima K, Luqman S, Meena A. Carvacrol Arrests the Proliferation of Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells by Suppressing Ornithine Decarboxylase and Hyaluronidase Activities. Front Nutr 2022; 9:857256. [PMID: 35464036 PMCID: PMC9028219 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.857256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol, a monoterpene known for its pharmacological activities, is present in the essential oil of Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, and Lippia graveolens. It is used in food as a flavoring and preservative agent in cosmetics and medicines because of its useful bioactivities in clinical practice. However, carvacrol was not much explored for its anticancer potential. Targeting enzymes involved in carcinogenesis, such as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase-5 (LOX-5), and hyaluronidase (HYAL) by monoterpenes are amongst the efficient approaches for cancer prevention and treatment. In this study, the efficacy of carvacrol was investigated against deregulated cancer biomarkers/targets in organ-specific human cancer cell lines (FaDu, K562, and A549) utilizing in vitro, in silico, and in vivo approaches. The efficacy of carvacrol was evaluated on human cancer cell lines using neutral red uptake (NRU), sulpho rhodamine B (SRB), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. The mechanistic study was carried out in cell-based test systems. Further, the potency of carvacrol was confirmed by the quantitative real-time PCR analysis and molecular docking studies. The in vivo anti-tumor potential of carvacrol was performed on mice S-180 model, and the toxicity examination was accomplished through in silico approach. Carvacrol significantly impeded the growth of FaDu, K562, and A549 cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 9.61 ± 0.05 to 81.32 ± 11.83 μM. Further, the efficacy of carvacrol was explored against different cancer targets in FaDu, K562, and A549 cell lines. Carvacrol inhibits the ODC, COX-2, LOX-5, and HYAL activities in FaDu cell line and ODC, COX-2, and HYAL activities in K562 cell line. The results were validated by expression analysis revealing the downregulation of the targeted gene with a significant change in the transcript level of ODC and HYAL in FaDu cell line with a fold change of 1.56 and 1.61, respectively. A non-significant effect of carvacrol was observed on the downstream signaling pathway of PI3K and HIF-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in FaDu cells. The cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) experiments demonstrate that carvacrol induces apoptosis of FaDu cells. Further, the potency of carvacrol was also evaluated in vivo on mice S-180 tumor model, wherein it inhibits tumor growth (72%) at 75 mg/kg body weight (bw). ADMET studies predicted carvacrol as a safe molecule. Overall, carvacrol delayed the growth of FaDu, K562, and A549 cell lines by targeting enzymes involved in the carcinogenesis process. The existence of one hydroxyl group at the para position of carvacrol could be responsible for the anti-proliferative activity. Thus, carvacrol could be used as a pharmacophore to develop a safe and effective multi-targeted anti-cancer medicament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaneez Fatima
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- *Correspondence: Suaib Luqman
| | - Abha Meena
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Behavior of Holstein and Holstein-Gyr lactating cows supplemented with oregano and green tea extracts: Plant extracts for lactating cows. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Changes in dendritic arborization related to the estrous cycle in pyramidal neurons of layer V of the motor cortex. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 119:102042. [PMID: 34800658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many studies on neuronal plasticity have been conducted in the hippocampus and sensory cortices. In female rats in the estrus phase, when there is a low concentration of estradiol in the blood, there is a reduction in the dendritic spine density of CA1 neurons, while an increase in dendritic spines has been observed during metestrus, when progesterone levels are high. In comparison with the hippocampus, less information is known about dendritic remodeling of the motor cortex. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the neuronal morphology of pyramidal cells of layer V of the motor cortex in each phase of the estrous cycle. For this, we used Long-Evans strain rats and formed 4 experimental groups according to the phase of the estrous cycle at the moment of sacrifice: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, or diestrus. All animals were gently monitored regarding the expression of one estrous cycle in order to determine the regularity of the cycle. We obtained the brains in order to evaluate the neuronal morphology of neurons of layer V of the primary motor cortex following the Golgi-Cox method and Sholl analysis. Our results show that the dendritic arborization of neurons of rats sacrificed in the metestrus phase is reduced compared to the other phases of the estrous cycle. However, we did not find changes in dendritic spine density between experimental groups. When comparing our results with previous data, we can suggest that estrogens and progesterone differentially promote plasticity events in pyramidal neurons between different brain regions.
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Ovarian activity and antioxidant indices during estrous cycle of Barki ewes under effect of thyme, celery and salinomycin as feed additives. ZYGOTE 2020; 29:155-160. [PMID: 33228827 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199420000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to examine the effects of thyme, celery and salinomycin on ovarian sex hormones, reproductive traits and antioxidant status during the estrous cycle. Seventy-five mature Barki ewes aged 2-3 years with an average weight of 40 ± 1.5 kg were assigned randomly into five groups (15 head/group). Group 1 was kept as the control; groups 2 and 3 received 20 g/head/day thyme (T) and celery (C) as dried herbs, respectively. Group 4 (T×C) received 10 g thyme + 10 g celery/head/day, and group 5 was treated with salinomycin 1 g/head/day. Blood samples were collected during follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle. Thyme and celery and the mixture of T×C increased (P < 0.01) estradiol-17β (E2) during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle, while only the celery group showed a marked (P < 0.001) increase in progesterone (P4) during the luteal phase compared with the control. Salinomycin supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) E2 concentrations during the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle. Supplementation with thyme and celery enhanced (P < 0.001) antioxidant capacity in the luteal phase compared with the follicular stage. The salinomycin group showed increased (P < 0.01) levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared with the control group throughout luteal phase. For the interaction between estrous phases and treatments, thyme, celery, and T×C supplementation revealed an increase (P < 0.05) in superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH, and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels compared with the control group during the follicular and luteal phases. Thyme and celery supplementation improved the number of services per conception and fertilization from 1st and 2nd inseminations, respectively. In conclusion, the applied treatment had significant effects on reproductive performance and antioxidant status in ewes throughout the estrous cycle.
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D’Addabbo T, Argentieri MP, Laquale S, Candido V, Avato P. Relationship between Chemical Composition and Nematicidal Activity of Different Essential Oils. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111546. [PMID: 33187378 PMCID: PMC7697172 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the relationship between nematicidal activity and chemical composition of ten essential oils (EOs) from different plant species was investigated both in in vitro assays on juveniles (J2) and eggs of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and in experiments on tomato in soil infested by M. incognita. Nematode J2 were exposed for 4, 8 or 24 h to 0.78-100 μg mL-1 concentrations of each EO, whereas 24, 48 or 96 h exposures to 250, 500 and 1000 μg mL-1 solutions were tested on M. incognita egg masses. Treatments with 50, 100 or 200 μg kg soil rates of each EO were applied in the experiment on potted tomato. The highest nematicidal potential resulted for the C. verum EO, as highly toxic to both M. incognitaJ2 and eggs and strongly suppressive on nematode multiplication on tomato roots. The infestation of M. incognita on tomato roots was also strongly reduced by the EOs from E. citriodora and S. aromaticum, both highly toxic to M. incognitaJ2 but less active on nematode eggs. Adversely, R. graveolens EO strongly inhibited the egg hatch but was limitedly toxic to the infective J2. Chemical composition of the EOs was determined by GC-FID and GC-MS. The ten EOs showed a very different chemical composition in terms of major phytochemicals, with one or two dominant components totally amounting up to 85%. The structure-activity relationship based on the main phytochemicals identified in the assayed EOs and their nematicidal effects on M. incognita was also discussed. Results from this study confirmed that the selection of suitable EO raw materials can lead to the formulation on new effective nematicidal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trifone D’Addabbo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Pia Argentieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.P.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Sebastiano Laquale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Candido
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Pinarosa Avato
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.P.A.); (P.A.)
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Jeong JH, Lee SH, Kho AR, Hong DK, Kang DH, Kang BS, Park MK, Choi BY, Choi HC, Lim MS, Suh SW. The Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) Inhibitors Suppress Seizure-Induced Neuron Death by Inhibiting Zinc Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217897. [PMID: 33114331 PMCID: PMC7663745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is an ion channel that mediates monovalent cations out of cells, as well as the entry of divalent cations, such as zinc, magnesium, and calcium, into the cell. It has been reported that inhibitors of TRPM7 are neuroprotective in various neurological diseases. Previous studies in our lab suggested that seizure-induced neuronal death may be caused by the excessive release of vesicular zinc and the subsequent accumulation of zinc in the neurons. However, no studies have evaluated the effects of carvacrol and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), both inhibitors of TRPM7, on the accumulation of intracellular zinc in dying neurons following seizure. Here, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of carvacrol and 2-APB against pilocarpine-induced seizure. Carvacrol (50 mg/kg) was injected once per day for 3 or 7 days after seizure. 2-APB (2 mg/kg) was also injected once per day for 3 days after seizure. We found that inhibitors of TRPM7 reduced seizure-induced TRPM7 overexpression, intracellular zinc accumulation, and reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, there was a suppression of oxidative stress, glial activation, and the blood–brain barrier breakdown. In addition, inhibitors of TRPM7 remarkably decreased apoptotic neuron death following seizure. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that TRPM7-mediated zinc translocation is involved in neuron death after seizure. The present study suggests that inhibitors of TRPM7 may have high therapeutic potential to reduce seizure-induced neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dong Hyeon Kang
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Man-Sup Lim
- Department of Medical Education, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
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Bosco Stivanin SC, Vizzotto EF, de Paris M, Zanela MB, Passos LT, Veber Angelo ID, Fischer V. Addition of oregano or green tea extracts into the diet for Jersey cows in transition period. Feeding and social behavior, intake and health status. Plant extracts for cows in the transition period. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Evaluation of urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine level in experimental Alzheimer’s disease: Impact of carvacrol nanoparticles. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4517-4527. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Oral administration of carvacrol/β-cyclodextrin complex protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic denervation. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:27-35. [PMID: 30849398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CARV) presents valuable biological properties such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, pharmacological uses of CARV are largely limited due to disadvantages related to solubility, bioavailability, preparation and storage processes. The complexation of monoterpenes with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) increases their stability, solubility and oral bioavailability. Here, the protective effect of oral treatment with CARV/β-CD complex (25 μg/kg/day) against dopaminergic (DA) denervation induced by unilateral intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA - 10 μg per rat) was analyzed, in order to evaluate a putative application in the development of neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). Pretreatment with CARV/β-CD for 15 days prevented the loss of DA neurons induced by 6-OHDA in adult Wistar rats. This effect may occur through CARV anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as the pretreatment with CARV/β-CD inhibited the release of IL-1β and TNF-α; besides, CARV prevented the increase of mitochondrial superoxide production induced by 6-OHDA in cultured SH-SY5Y cells. Importantly, hepatotoxicity or alterations in blood cell profile were not observed with oral administration of CARV/β-CD. Therefore, this study showed a potential pharmacological application of CARV/β-CD in PD using a non-invasive route of drug delivery, i.e., oral administration.
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Kiyama R. Estrogenic terpenes and terpenoids: Pathways, functions and applications. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:405-415. [PMID: 28970013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Terpenes are made of the isoprene unit (C5), and along with their derivatives, terpenoids, they are widely distributed in plants as active ingredients involved in anti-inflammation, anti-carcinogenesis and neuroprotection. Estrogenic terpenes and terpenoids are an important category of phytoestrogens and have been used as traditional medicines. The comprehensive list of estrogenic terpenes and terpenoids includes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, di-, tri-, tetra- and polyterpenes, their derivatives, and meroterpenes, along with the signaling pathways and cellular functions on which their estrogenicity is exerted. Signaling pathways are further classified as bidirectional or unidirectional, the latter being further divided into two types depending upon the presence of both ligands, or the absence of one or both ligands. Although estrogenic activity of terpenes and terpenoids was evaluated by ligand-binding assays, yeast two-hybrid assays, reporter-gene assays, transcription assays, protein assays, cell assays and animal testing, the mechanism of estrogenic activity is still not fully understood. Applications of estrogenic terpenes and terpenoids are categorized into cancer treatment and prevention, cardioprotection, endocrine toxicity/reproductive dysfunction, food/supplement/traditional medicine, immunology/inflammation, menopausal syndromes and neuroprotection, where their benefits are discussed based on their availability, stability and variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoiti Kiyama
- Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Oregano Extract Added into the Diet of Dairy Heifers Changes Feeding Behavior and Concentrate Intake. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2016:8917817. [PMID: 28116344 PMCID: PMC5223031 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8917817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to describe the effects of Oregano extract (OE) inclusion into the concentrate fed to dairy heifers on physiological parameters, feeding behavior, intake, and performance. Thirty-two Holstein heifers were randomly distributed into four treatments: C = control, without addition of OE; OE2.5 = 2.5 g; OE5.0 = 5.0 g and OE7.5 = 7.5 g of Oregano extract per heifer/day. Feeding behavior and concentrate intake were assessed individually every day and total dry matter intake (DMI) was determined on the last week of the trial. Compared to control group, OE7.5 reduced by 32% the latency time to approach the feed bunk but increased by 6% the time spent eating the concentrate. Each inclusion of 2.5 grams of OE into the concentrate increased the occurrence of postingestive licking the feed bunk with abundant saliva production 1.2 times (P < 0.01) and tended to increase the occurrence of sneeze events 1.2 times (P < 0.10). No statistical difference was detected between treatments for total DMI, but concentrate DMI was 9% lower for OE7.5 when compared to control and OE2.5. The inclusion of 7.5 grams/day of OE causes small but negative effects in feeding behavior and concentrate intake, without change on total dry matter intake.
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The anti-inflammatory properties of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil attenuate the effects of traumatic brain injuries in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31866. [PMID: 27535591 PMCID: PMC4989136 DOI: 10.1038/srep31866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern affecting the general public as well as military personnel. However, there is no FDA-approved therapy for the treatment of TBIs. In this work, we investigated the neurotherapeutic effects of the well-known natural Iranian medicine Satureja Khuzistanica Jamzad (SKJ) essential oil (SKEO) on the outcomes of diffused experimental TBI, with particular attention paid to its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Male Wistar rats were treated with doses of 50, 100 and 200 (mg/kg, i.p) SKEO after induction of diffused TBIs. The results showed that injecting SKEO (200 mg/kg) 30 minutes after TBI significantly reduced brain oedema and damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and limited the post-TBI increase in intracranial pressure. The veterinary coma scale (VCS) scores significantly improved in the treatment group. Also, inflammatory marker assays showed reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and increased IL-10 in the treated groups. Moreover, the immunohistochemical results indicated that SKEO not only reduced neuronal death and BBB permeability but also affected astrocytic activation. Overall, our data indicate potential clinical neurological applications for SKEO.
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Argentieri MP, De Lucia B, Cristiano G, Avato P. Compositional Analysis of Lavandula pinnataEssential Oils. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Lavandula includes about thirty species plus a number of intraspecific taxa and hybrids, which are distributed in the Mediterranean area. The traditional use of lavender both as perfume or medicinal plant is known since antiquity. Nowadays several species are extensively cultivated for the extraction of their essential oils (EOs) which are used in manufactured products like cosmetics and perfumes or in phytotherapy. Lavandula pinnata L. f. (syn L. pinnata Lundmark) is a rare species native to the Canary Islands used in folk medicine as relaxant and also a valuable remedy against bites. To the best of our knowledge, EOs from L. pinnata have been very little studied. The present paper reports on the quali- and quantitative compositional profile of the EOs distilled (by a Spring type apparatus) from the aerial parts (flowers and leaves) of this species cultivated in soilless conditions. Chemical analyses by means of GC and GC-MS techniques have indicated that oxygenated monoterpenes are the main constituents of both the flowers (68.30%) and the leaves (83.65%). Carvacrol is the main compound which characterizes the EOs of this species. In addition, discrete amounts of spathulenol (12.22%) and caryophyllene oxide (14.62%) have been detected in flowers EOs, while leaves EOs contained small amounts of carvacrol methyl ether (2.52%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Argentieri
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmacia, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Barbara De Lucia
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-ambientali e Territoriali, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cristiano
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-ambientali e Territoriali, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pinarosa Avato
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmacia, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Morgese MG, Colaianna M, Mhillaj E, Zotti M, Schiavone S, D'Antonio P, Harkin A, Gigliucci V, Campolongo P, Trezza V, De Stradis A, Tucci P, Cuomo V, Trabace L. Soluble beta amyloid evokes alteration in brain norepinephrine levels: role of nitric oxide and interleukin-1. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:428. [PMID: 26594145 PMCID: PMC4633524 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence showed neurotoxic properties of beta amyloid (Aβ) and its pivotal role in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Beside, experimental data suggest that Aβ may have physiological roles considering that such soluble peptide is produced and secreted during normal cellular activity. There is now suggestive evidence that neurodegenerative conditions, like AD, involve nitric oxide (NO) in their pathogenesis. Nitric oxide also possess potent neuromodulatory actions in brain regions, such as prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HIPP), and nucleus accumbens (NAC). In the present study, we evaluated the effect of acute Aβ injection on norepinephrine (NE) content before and after pharmacological manipulations of nitrergic system in above mentioned areas. Moreover, effects of the peptide on NOS activity were evaluated. Our data showed that 2 h after i.c.v. soluble Aβ administration, NE concentrations were significantly increased in the considered areas along with increased iNOS activity. Pre-treatment with NOS inhibitors, 7-Nitroindazole (7-NI), and N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine-dihydrochloride (L-NIL), reversed Aβ-induced changes. Ultimately, pharmacological block of interleukin1 (IL-1) receptors prevented NE increase in all brain regions. Taken together our findings suggest that NO and IL-1 are critically involved in regional noradrenergic alterations induced by soluble Aβ injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Marilena Colaianna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy ; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Mhillaj
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza, University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Zotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Palma D'Antonio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Valentina Gigliucci
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza, University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Science, University "Roma Tre," Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo De Stradis
- Department of Bio Agro-Food Sciences, The Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza, University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
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Trabace L, Tucci P, Ciuffreda L, Matteo M, Fortunato F, Campolongo P, Trezza V, Cuomo V. "Natural" relief of pregnancy-related symptoms and neonatal outcomes: above all do no harm. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 174:396-402. [PMID: 26325431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the South of Italy the use of herbal remedies to alleviate pregnancy-related symptoms is very common. OBJECTIVES To investigate the proportion, prevalence of use, attitude and knowledge base in a sample of Italian pregnant women in the South of Italy. To explore the possible influence and risks of herbal consumption on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted during the study period November 2010-September 2013. Six hundred and thirty expectant mothers were interviewed within three days after childbirth in a public Hospital in the South of Italy. RESULTS Due to a lack of data, a total of six hundred interviews were considered. Four hundred and eighty six women (81%) reported to have constantly used at least one herbal product throughout the pregnancy period. The study enrolled mostly women between 31 and 40 years of age, with a middle-high level of education, married and employed. The most commonly used herbal products, taken by oral route and for the entire period of pregnancy, were chamomile, fennel, propolis, cranberry, lemon balm, ginger, valerian and mallow. The most relevant source of information for the majority of participants was the doctor (95%), and most of the women (72%) informed their doctors about their use of herbal remedies. CONCLUSIONS The regular chamomile consumption resulted in a higher risk of pre-term delivery, lower birth weight and lower length of the newborn. Also a regular use of fennel resulted in a shorter gestational age. Finally, ginger intake resulted in a shorter gestational age and in a smaller circumference of the newborn's skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71100, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71100, Italy
| | - Lucia Ciuffreda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71100, Italy
| | - Maria Matteo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71100, Italy
| | - Francesca Fortunato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71100, Italy
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University 'Roma Tre', Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
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Zhong Z, Wang B, Dai M, Sun Y, Sun Q, Yang G, Bian L. Carvacrol alleviates cerebral edema by modulating AQP4 expression after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:24-9. [PMID: 24051341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol is a natural compound extracted from many plants of the family Lamiaceae. Previous studies have demonstrated that carvacrol has potential neuroprotective effects in central nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia. In this study, we investigated the preclinical effect of carvacrol on cerebral edema after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) using a bacterial collagenase-induced ICH mouse model. Mice were randomly divided into sham (n=43), vehicle-treated (n=51), and carvacrol-treated groups (n=101). In carvacrol-treated group, carvacrol was administrated to mice at 0h, 1h, or 3h after ICH induction. Carvacrol was injected intraperitoneally with single doses of 10, 25, 50, or 100mg/kg. Neurologic dysfunctions, brain water content, aquaporins (AQPs) mRNAs level and AQP4 protein expression in the perihematomal area were evaluated post ICH. Our results showed that carvacrol administration improved neurological deficits after day 3 following ICH (p<0.05). Carvacrol reduced cerebral edema and Evans Blue leakage at day 3 (p<0.05). We also found that carvacrol treatment decreased AQP4 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner at 24h. Furthermore, AQP4 protein expression in the perihematomal area was reduced by carvacrol significantly at day 3 after ICH (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that carvacrol may exert its protective effect on ICH injury by ameliorating AQP4-mediated cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Zotti M, Colaianna M, Morgese MG, Tucci P, Schiavone S, Avato P, Trabace L. Carvacrol: from ancient flavoring to neuromodulatory agent. Molecules 2013; 18:6161-72. [PMID: 23708230 PMCID: PMC6270539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18066161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oregano and thyme essential oils are used for therapeutic, aromatic and gastronomic purposes due to their richness in active substances, like carvacrol; however, the effects of the latter on the central nervous system have been poorly investigated. The aim of our study was to define the effects of carvacrol on brain neurochemistry and behavioural outcome in rats. Biogenic amine content in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after chronic or acute oral carvacrol administration was measured. Animals were assessed by a forced swimming test. Carvacrol, administered for seven consecutive days (12.5 mg/kg p.o.), was able to increase dopamine and serotonin levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. When single doses were used (150 and 450 mg/kg p.o.), dopamine content was increased in the prefrontal cortex at both dose levels. On the contrary, a significant dopamine reduction in hippocampus of animals treated with 450 mg/kg of carvacrol was found. Acute carvacrol administration only significantly reduced serotonin content in either the prefrontal cortex or in the hippocampus at the highest dose. Moreover, acute carvacrol was ineffective in producing changes in the forced swimming test. Our data suggest that carvacrol is a brain-active molecule that clearly influences neuronal activity through modulation of neurotransmitters. If regularly ingested in low concentrations, it might determine feelings of well-being and could possibly have positive reinforcer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Zotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71121, Italy; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (M.C.); (M.G.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Marilena Colaianna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71121, Italy; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (M.C.); (M.G.M.); (P.T.)
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71121, Italy; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (M.C.); (M.G.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71121, Italy; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (M.C.); (M.G.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; E-Mail:
| | - Pinarosa Avato
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, “A. Moro”, Bari 70125, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71121, Italy; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (M.C.); (M.G.M.); (P.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-0881-588056; Fax: +39-0881-588037
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Yu H, Zhang ZL, Chen J, Pei A, Hua F, Qian X, He J, Liu CF, Xu X. Carvacrol, a food-additive, provides neuroprotection on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33584. [PMID: 22438954 PMCID: PMC3306416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol (CAR), a naturally occurring monoterpenic phenol and food additive, has been shown to have antimicrobials, antitumor, and antidepressant-like activities. A previous study demonstrated that CAR has the ability to protect liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of CAR on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in a middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model. We found that CAR (50 mg/kg) significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurological deficits after 75 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion. This neuroprotection was in a dose-dependent manner. Post-treatment with CAR still provided protection on infarct volume when it was administered intraperitoneally at 2 h after reperfusion; however, intracerebroventricular post-treatment reduced infarct volume even when the mice were treated with CAR at 6 h after reperfusion. These findings indicated that CAR has an extended therapeutic window, but delivery strategies may affect the protective effects of CAR. Further, we found that CAR significantly decreased the level of cleaved caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis, suggesting the anti-apoptotic activity of CAR. Finally, our data indicated that CAR treatment increased the level of phosphorylated Akt and the neuroprotection of CAR was reversed by a PI3K inhibitor LY-294002, demonstrating the involvement of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the anti-apoptotic mechanisms of CAR. Due to its safety and wide use in the food industry, CAR is a promising agent to be translated into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Li Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijie Pei
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xuanchen Qian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiang He
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XX); (LCF)
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XX); (LCF)
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Post-weaning social isolation of female rats, anxiety-related behavior, and serotonergic systems. Brain Res 2012; 1443:1-17. [PMID: 22297173 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that post-weaning social isolation of male rats leads to sensitization of serotonergic systems and increases in anxiety-like behavior in adulthood. Although studies in humans suggest that females have an increased sensitivity to stress and risk for the development of neuropsychiatric illnesses, most studies involving laboratory rats have focused on males while females have been insufficiently studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of post-weaning social isolation on subsequent responses of an anxiety-related dorsal raphe nucleus (DR)-basolateral amygdala system to pharmacological challenge with the anxiogenic drug, N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142; a partial inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine allosteric site on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptor). Juvenile female rats were reared in isolation or in groups of three for a 3-week period from weaning to mid-adolescence, after which all rats were group-reared for an additional 2 weeks. We then used dual immunohistochemical staining for c-Fos and tryptophan hydroxylase in the DR or single immunohistochemical staining for c-Fos in the basolateral amygdala. Isolation-reared rats, but not group-reared rats, injected with FG-7142 had increased c-Fos expression within the basolateral amygdala and in serotonergic neurons in the dorsal, ventrolateral, caudal and interfascicular parts of the DR relative to appropriate vehicle-injected control groups. These data suggest that post-weaning social isolation of female rats sensitizes a DR-basolateral amygdala system to stress-related stimuli, which may lead to an increased sensitivity to stress- and anxiety-related responses in adulthood.
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