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İLHAN AŞ, GÜNEY Ş, DİNCER S. Effects of intracerebroventricularly administered opioid peptide antagonists on tissue glycogen levels in rats after exercise. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:2185-2192. [PMID: 33862670 PMCID: PMC8569765 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2011-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Physical exercise is a state of physiological stress that requires adaptation of the organism to physical activity. Glycogen is an important and essential energy source for muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle and liver are two important glycogen stores, and the energy required to maintain exercise in rodents are provided by destruction of this glycogen depot. In this study, the effects of endogenous opioid peptide antagonism at the central nervous system level on tissue glycogen content after exhaustive exercise were investigated. Materials and methods Rats had intracerebroventricularly (icv) received nonspecific opioid peptide receptor antagonist, naloxone (50 μg/10 μL in saline) and δ-opioid receptor-selective antagonist naltrindole (50 μg/10 μL in saline) and then exercised till exhaustion. After exhaustion, skeletal muscle, heart, and liver were excised immediately. Results Both opioid peptide antagonists decreased glycogen levels in skeletal muscle. Although, in soleus muscle, this decrease was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), in gastrocnemius muscle, it was significant in the icv naloxone administered group compared with control (p < 0.05). Heart glycogen levels increased significantly in both naloxone and naltrindole groups compared to control and sham-operated groups (p < 0.05). Heart glycogen levels were higher in the naloxone group than naltrindole (p < 0.05). Liver glycogen levels were elevated significantly with icv naloxone administration compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Glycogen levels in the naloxone group was also significantly higher than the naltrindole group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings indicate that icv administered opioid peptide antagonists may play a role in glycogen metabolism in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, heart, and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Şebnem İLHAN
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Gülhane Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Şevin GÜNEY
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Sibel DİNCER
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, AnkaraTurkey
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2
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Mizushige T. Neuromodulatory peptides: Orally active anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like peptides derived from dietary plant proteins. Peptides 2021; 142:170569. [PMID: 33984426 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders are a severe health problem, and the number of patients is growing worldwide. Increased anxiety and decreased motivation due to excessive mental stress further accelerated the severity of the problem. Enzymatic digestion of food proteins produces bioactive peptides with various physiological functions, some of which exhibit neuromodulatory effects with oral administration. Recently, studies reported that some peptides produced from plant proteins such as soybeans, leaves, and grains exhibit emotional regulatory functions such as strong anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects comparable to pharmaceuticals. Conventionally, researchers investigated bioactive peptides by fractionation of protein hydrolysates and structure-activity relationship. As a novel methodology for analyzing bioactive peptides, the information obtained by peptidomics simultaneous analysis of the digested fractions of proteins using mass spectrometry has been effectively utilized. Some small-sized peptides such as dipeptides and tripeptides released food-derived proteins show emotional regulating effects. Moreover, some middle-sized peptides produced after intestinal digestion may exhibit the emotional regulating effect via the vagus nerve, and the importance of the gut-brain axis is also focused. As the central mechanism of emotional regulation, it has been found that these plant-derived peptides regulated monoamine neurotransmitter signaling and hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Mizushige
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Minemachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan.
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3
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Eggert E, Bluschke A, Takacs A, Kleimaker M, Münchau A, Roessner V, Mückschel M, Beste C. Perception-Action Integration Is Modulated by the Catecholaminergic System Depending on Learning Experience. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:592-600. [PMID: 33730752 PMCID: PMC8299823 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process underlying the integration of perception and action is a focal topic in neuroscientific research and cognitive frameworks such as the theory of event coding have been developed to explain the mechanisms of perception-action integration. The neurobiological underpinnings are poorly understood. While it has been suggested that the catecholaminergic system may play a role, there are opposing predictions regarding the effects of catecholamines on perception-action integration. METHODS Methylphenidate (MPH) is a compound commonly used to modulate the catecholaminergic system. In a double-blind, randomized crossover study design, we examined the effect of MPH (0.25 mg/kg) on perception-action integration using an established "event file coding" paradigm in a group of n = 45 healthy young adults. RESULTS The data reveal that, compared with the placebo, MPH attenuates binding effects based on the established associations between stimuli and responses, provided participants are already familiar with the task. However, without prior task experience, MPH did not modulate performance compared with the placebo. CONCLUSIONS Catecholamines and learning experience interactively modulate perception-action integration, especially when perception-action associations have to be reconfigured. The data suggest there is a gain control-based mechanism underlying the interactive effects of learning/task experience and catecholaminergic activity during perception-action integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Eggert
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Annet Bluschke
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Adam Takacs
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Veit Roessner
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
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4
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Lipman ZM, Ingrasci G, Yosipovitch G. Approach to the Patient with Chronic Pruritus. Med Clin North Am 2021; 105:699-721. [PMID: 34059246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pruritus (itch lasting ≥6 weeks) is a bothersome chief complaint that may present in a broad variety of diseases. Most itch-causing diagnoses fit into 1 of 5 categories (inflammatory, secondary to systemic disease, neuropathic, chronic pruritus of undetermined origin, and psychogenic itch) and this broad differential can be narrowed using key findings in the history and physical. In this article, we discuss which key findings are most pertinent for narrowing this differential and guiding further workup and treatment, as well as how to treat many itchy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M Lipman
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, University of Miami Hospital, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue RMSB Building, 10th Street, 2067B Miami, FL, USA
| | - Giuseppe Ingrasci
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, University of Miami Hospital, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue RMSB Building, 10th Street, 2067B Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, University of Miami Hospital, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue RMSB Building, 10th Street, 2067B Miami, FL, USA.
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5
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Szwedowski D, Szczepanek J, Paczesny Ł, Zabrzyński J, Gagat M, Mobasheri A, Jeka S. The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on the Intra-Articular Microenvironment in Knee Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5492. [PMID: 34071037 PMCID: PMC8197096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) represents a clinical challenge due to poor potential for spontaneous healing of cartilage lesions. Several treatment options are available for KOA, including oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, braces, activity modification, and finally operative treatment. Intra-articular (IA) injections are usually used when the non-operative treatment is not effective, and when the surgery is not yet indicated. More and more studies suggesting that IA injections are as or even more efficient and safe than NSAIDs. Recently, research to improve intra-articular homeostasis has focused on biologic adjuncts, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The catabolic and inflammatory intra-articular processes that exists in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) may be influenced by the administration of PRP and its derivatives. PRP can induce a regenerative response and lead to the improvement of metabolic functions of damaged structures. However, the positive effect on chondrogenesis and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is still highly controversial. Recommendations from in vitro and animal research often lead to different clinical outcomes because it is difficult to translate non-clinical study outcomes and methodology recommendations to human clinical treatment protocols. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanism of PRP action. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms related to inflammation and chondrogenesis in cartilage repair and regenerative processes after PRP administration in in vitro and animal studies. Furthermore, we review clinical trials of PRP efficiency in changing the OA biomarkers in knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Szwedowski
- Orthopedic Arthroscopic Surgery International (O.A.S.I.) Bioresearch Foundation, Gobbi N.P.O., 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Provincial Polyclinical Hospital, 87100 Torun, Poland
| | - Joanna Szczepanek
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Paczesny
- Orvit Clinic, Citomed Healthcare Center, 87100 Torun, Poland; (Ł.P.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jan Zabrzyński
- Orvit Clinic, Citomed Healthcare Center, 87100 Torun, Poland; (Ł.P.); (J.Z.)
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Sławomir Jeka
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University Hospital No. 2, Collegium Medicum UMK, 85168 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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Hymel N, Davies M. Evidence-Based Antiemetic Decision Tool for Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients at High Risk of QT Prolongation and Patients Receiving Neurotransmitter-Modulating Medications. AANA J 2020; 88:312-318. [PMID: 32718430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anesthesia providers have a myriad of medication options when developing and implementing a plan for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). However, anesthetists must be aware of the potential side effects, complications, and interactions of those medications, especially when managing high-risk populations. Although guidelines exist for the management of PONV in the general population, an evidence-based antiemetic decision support tool has not been developed for patients at risk of prolonged QT interval or for patients who are routinely receiving neurotransmitter-modulating medications. Safe practice recommendations exist but are scattered throughout the literature. The goal of this project was to develop a tool for anesthetists that concentrates the evidence and provides practice guidelines in these 2 selected populations. The methods for developing this tool were to perform a thorough literature search to gather evidence-based guidelines, organize findings in a convenient easy-to-read format, and validate guidelines by consultation with an expert panel. The product is a quickly accessible clinical tool listing guidelines for 8 commonly used antiemetic agents to assist anesthetists in PONV management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hymel
- graduated from Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut) from the DNP program in May 2019. Currently she practices clinical anesthesia at St Tammany Parish Hospital in Southeast Louisiana.
| | - Marianne Davies
- has a joint appointment at the Yale Cancer Center in New Haven, Connecticut. She has been an oncology nurse practitioner in thoracic medical oncology for several years
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7
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Zabihihesari A, Hilliker AJ, Rezai P. Localized microinjection of intact Drosophila melanogaster larva to investigate the effect of serotonin on heart rate. Lab Chip 2020; 20:343-355. [PMID: 31828261 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a novel hybrid microfluidic device for localized microinjection and heart monitoring of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae at different developmental stages. Drosophila heart at the larval stage has been used as a model for cardiac disorder studies. However, previous pharmacological and toxicological cardiac studies are limited to dissected (semi-intact) Drosophila larvae which cannot be used for post-treatment studies. Challenges associated with microinjection of intact larvae include delicate handling of individual larvae, proper orientation for microneedle penetration, localized microinjection with controlled amount of chemicals into the hemolymph and reversible immobilization for post-injection phenotypic studies, all addressed by our microfluidic device. Larva loading and orientation were achieved by glass capillaries integrated into the PDMS microfluidic device. Side suction channels were used for immobilization prior to heart activity recording. Localized microinjection was achieved with a one degree-of-freedom microneedle and a custom-made pressure driven reagent delivery system, without any adverse effect on heart rate and animal viability. Precision in localized injection into the body cavity close to the heart chamber or the fat body was demonstrated with our microfluidic device. A MATLAB-based heartbeat quantification technique was used to investigate the dose-dependent effect of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a neurotransmitter, on the heart rate of intact Drosophila larvae, for the first time. Injection of 40 nL serotonin with ≥0.01 mM concentration significantly increased the heart rate of 3rd instar larvae by 21 ± 7% (SEM). Injection of 5 nL serotonin with a concentration of 0.01 mM significantly increased the heart rate of 2nd instar larvae by 12 ± 3% (SEM). The proposed microfluidic injection and heartbeat monitoring technique can be used for dye angiography and hemolymph circulation studies as well as screening intravenous drugs in vivo using the whole-animal Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Zabihihesari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, BRG 433B, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | | | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, BRG 433B, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Cherait A, Maucotel J, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Vaudry D. Intranasal Administration of PACAP Is an Efficient Delivery Route to Reduce Infarct Volume and Promote Functional Recovery After Transient and Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:585082. [PMID: 33551991 PMCID: PMC7855853 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.585082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal (IN) administration appears to be a suitable route for clinical use as it allows direct delivery of bioactive molecules to the central nervous system, reducing systemic exposure and sides effects. Nevertheless, only some molecules can be transported to the brain from the nasal cavity. This led us to compare the efficiency of an IN, intravenous (IV), and intraperitoneal (IP) administration of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) after transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in C57BL/6 mice. The results show that the neuroprotective effect of PACAP is much more efficient after IN administration than IV injection while IP injection had no effect. IN administration of PACAP reduced the infarct volume when injected within 6 h after the reperfusion and improved functional recovery up to at least 1 week after the ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Cherait
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Rouen, France
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
- Laboratory of Valorization and Bioengineering of Natural Resources, University of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
- *Correspondence: David Vaudry, ; Asma Cherait,
| | - Julie Maucotel
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Rouen, France
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Rouen, France
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Rouen, France
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
| | - David Vaudry
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Rouen, France
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- *Correspondence: David Vaudry, ; Asma Cherait,
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Setya A, Nair P, Cheng SX. Gastric electrical stimulation: An emerging therapy for children with intractable gastroparesis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6880-6889. [PMID: 31908392 PMCID: PMC6938723 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i48.6880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of gastroparesis remains challenging, particularly in pediatric patients. Supportive care and pharmacological therapies for symptoms remain the mainstay treatment. Although they are effective for mild and some moderately severe cases, often time they do not work for severe gastroparesis. There are a few prokinetics available, yet the use of these drugs is limited by a lack of persistent efficacy and/or safety concerns. Currently, the only modality for adult patients with severe intractable gastroparesis is surgery, e.g., pyloroplasty and partial gastrectomy, however, this option is generally considered too radical for a growing child. Novel therapeutic approaches, particularly those which are less invasive, are needed. This article explores gastric electrical stimulation (GES), a new therapy for gastroparesis. Unlike others, it neither needs medications nor gastrectomy; rather, it treats through the use of microelectrodes to deliver high-frequency low energy electric stimulation to the pacemaker area of the stomach. Thus, it is tolerated and safe in children. Like in adult patients, GES appears to work in releasing symptoms, improving nutrition, and enhancing the quality of life; it also helps wean off medications and eliminate many needs for hospitalization. Considering the transient nature of gastroparesis in children in many occasions, GES is considered a “bridging” therapy after failed medical interventions and before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Setya
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Priyanka Nair
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Sam Xianjun Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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Mulhall JP, Klein EA, Slawin K, Henning AK, Scardino PT. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Utility of Tacrolimus (FK506) for the Prevention of Erectile Dysfunction Following Bilateral Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy. J Sex Med 2019; 15:1293-1299. [PMID: 30224019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radical prostatectomy (RP) is associated with erectile dysfunction, largely mediated through cavernous nerve injury. There are robust pre-clinical data supporting a potential role for neuromodulatory agents in this patient population. This study assessed tacrolimus in improving erectile function recovery rates after RP (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00106392). AIM To define the utility of oral tacrolimus in improving erectile function recovery after nerve sparing radical prostatectomy. METHODS A randomized, double-blind trial compared tacrolimus 2-3 mg daily and placebo in men undergoing RP. Patients had localized prostate cancer and excellent baseline erectile function, underwent bilateral nerve-sparing RP, and were followed up for at least 18 months after RP. Patients received study drug for 27 weeks and completed the International Index of Erectile Function erectile function domain (EFD) questionnaire at baseline and serially after surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES International Index of Erectile Function erectile function domain score. RESULTS Data were available for 124 patients (59 tacrolimus, 65 placebo); mean age was 54.6 ± 6.2 years. No patient experienced permanent creatinine or potassium elevation. At baseline, mean EFD scores were 28.6 ± 2.1 (tacrolimus group) and 29 ± 1.5 (placebo group). By week 5, mean EFD scores had dropped to 8 ± 9.4 (tacrolimus) and 9 ± 10.7 (placebo). At 18 months, mean EFD scores were 16.0 ± 11.3 (tacrolimus) and 20.2 ± 9.0 (placebo) (P = .09). Tacrolimus failed to meet significance (hazard ratio = 0.83; P = .50), with no difference in: (i) percentage of patients achieving normal spontaneous erectile function (EFD score ≥24), (ii) time to normalization of EFD score (≥24), (iii) percentage of patients capable of intercourse in response to phosphieserase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i), and (iv) time to achieve response to PDE5i. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Despite positive animal data, oral tacrolimus as used in this trial failed to improve erectile function after nerve sparing radical prostatectomy. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS The study is limited by a high attrition rate. The strengths include a randomized, placebo controlled design, extensive patient monitoring, use of medication diaries and a validated instrument as the primary outcome measure. CONCLUSION Despite supportive animal data, tacrolimus used in this fashion in the RP population failed to demonstrate any superiority over placebo. Mulhall JP, Klein EA, Slawin K, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Utility of Tacrolimus (FK506) for the Prevention of Erectile Dysfunction Following Bilateral Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy. J Sex Med 2018;15:1293-1299.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Mulhall
- Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Eric A Klein
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Peter T Scardino
- Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Rao S, Chen R, LaRocca AA, Christiansen MG, Senko AW, Shi CH, Chiang PH, Varnavides G, Xue J, Zhou Y, Park S, Ding R, Moon J, Feng G, Anikeeva P. Remotely controlled chemomagnetic modulation of targeted neural circuits. Nat Nanotechnol 2019; 14:967-973. [PMID: 31427746 PMCID: PMC6778020 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Connecting neural circuit output to behaviour can be facilitated by the precise chemical manipulation of specific cell populations1,2. Engineered receptors exclusively activated by designer small molecules enable manipulation of specific neural pathways3,4. However, their application to studies of behaviour has thus far been hampered by a trade-off between the low temporal resolution of systemic injection versus the invasiveness of implanted cannulae or infusion pumps2. Here, we developed a remotely controlled chemomagnetic modulation-a nanomaterials-based technique that permits the pharmacological interrogation of targeted neural populations in freely moving subjects. The heat dissipated by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in the presence of alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) triggers small-molecule release from thermally sensitive lipid vesicles with a 20 s latency. Coupled with the chemogenetic activation of engineered receptors, this technique permits the control of specific neurons with temporal and spatial precision. The delivery of chemomagnetic particles to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) allows the remote modulation of motivated behaviour in mice. Furthermore, this chemomagnetic approach activates endogenous circuits by enabling the regulated release of receptor ligands. Applied to an endogenous dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) agonist in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain area involved in mediating social interactions, chemomagnetic modulation increases sociability in mice. By offering a temporally precise control of specified ligand-receptor interactions in neurons, this approach may facilitate molecular neuroscience studies in behaving organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Rao
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Simons Center for Social Brain, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ritchie Chen
- Simons Center for Social Brain, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ava A LaRocca
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael G Christiansen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander W Senko
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cindy H Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Po-Han Chiang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Georgios Varnavides
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Xue
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seongjun Park
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruihua Ding
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Junsang Moon
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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12
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Storch EA, McGuire JF, Schneider SC, Small BJ, Murphy TK, Wilhelm S, Geller DA. Sudden gains in cognitive behavioral therapy among children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019; 64:92-98. [PMID: 30877851 PMCID: PMC6520195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study examined the occurrence of sudden gains (or reversal of gains) among children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) during the course of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), as well as the association of sudden gains with treatment response, treatment group, and pre-treatment clinical characteristics. METHODS The sample consisted of 136 youth (ages 7-17) with a primary diagnosis of OCD who were randomized in a double-blinded fashion to 10 sessions of CBT with augmentation of either d-cycloserine or placebo. Sudden gain status was determined based on clinician-rated obsessive-compulsive symptom severity, which was collected on 9 occasions across the study period. RESULTS 42.6% of youth experienced at least one sudden gain, which tended to occur either after starting exposure and response prevention or towards the end of treatment. After applying the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure for multiple comparisons, there were no significant pre-treatment predictors of sudden gains and only reduced insight predicted the reversal of gains. Individuals with at least one sudden gain had improved overall treatment outcomes, measured both by reduction in OCD symptom severity, and by global illness severity. LIMITATIONS Several clinical constructs were not examined. Symptomatology was not assessed at every treatment session. Differences in those who achieved sudden gains and those who did not may be obscured. There is the possibility that a sudden gain reflected a scoring error generated by an optimistic or inaccurate report. Finally, a relatively homogenous sample may limit the generalizability of results. CONCLUSIONS The course of CBT for pediatric OCD is variable with many children experiencing sudden gains, but a sizable percentage experience a reversal of gains which was related to reduced insight. Sudden gains tended to occur after starting exposure and response prevention and towards the end of treatment. TRIALSREGISTRATION ClinicaltrialsgovRegistry:NCT00864123. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00864123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Storch
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, USA.
| | - Joseph F McGuire
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sophie C Schneider
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Brent J Small
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, USA
| | - Tanya K Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, USA
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Daniel A Geller
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
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13
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Walton DM, Minton SD, Cook AD. The potential of transdermal nitric oxide treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:3053-3056. [PMID: 30030157 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that 29 million Americans have diabetes, and 70% of diabetic patients develop diabetic peripheral neuropathy [1,2]. Up to 27% of the direct medical cost of diabetes may be attributed to DPN [3]. A 2013 article from the American Diabetes Association reported a $176 billion direct medical cost of diabetes in 2012 [4]. DPN patients often suffer from shooting and burning pain in their distal limbs and a severe loss of sensation. Diabetic foot ulcers, infections, and amputations may follow. Currently available treatments: tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants such as gabapentin and pregabalin, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, duloxetine, topical 5% lidocaine (applied to the most painful area) can manage painful symptoms but do not address the underlying pathologies of DPN and diabetic wound ulcers. A combination of pain-reducing medications can provide relief when individual medications fail, and opioids such as tramadol and oxycodone may be administered with these medications to reduce pain [5]. Due to the prevalence of diabetes, DPN, and diabetic foot ulcers, and because of the lack of available effective treatments to directly address the pathology contributing to these conditions, novel treatments are being sought. Our hypothesis is that a deficiency of nitric oxide synthase in diabetic patients leads to a lack of vascularization of the peripheral nerves, which causes DPN; and this could be treated with vasodilators such as nitric oxide. In this paper, the mechanisms of DPN are reviewed and analyzed to elucidate the potential of a transdermal nitric oxide application for the treatment of DPN and diabetic wound ulcers by increasing vasodilation.
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14
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Gulisano W, Melone M, Ripoli C, Tropea MR, Li Puma DD, Giunta S, Cocco S, Marcotulli D, Origlia N, Palmeri A, Arancio O, Conti F, Grassi C, Puzzo D. Neuromodulatory Action of Picomolar Extracellular Aβ42 Oligomers on Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Mechanisms Underlying Synaptic Function and Memory. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5986-6000. [PMID: 31127002 PMCID: PMC6650983 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0163-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of anti-amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) therapies against Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by high amounts of the peptide in the brain, raised the question of the physiological role of Aβ released at low concentrations in the healthy brain. To address this question, we studied the presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms underlying the neuromodulatory action of picomolar amounts of oligomeric Aβ42 (oAβ42) on synaptic glutamatergic function in male and female mice. We found that 200 pm oAβ42 induces an increase of frequency of miniature EPSCs and a decrease of paired pulse facilitation, associated with an increase in docked vesicle number, indicating that it augments neurotransmitter release at presynaptic level. oAβ42 also produced postsynaptic changes as shown by an increased length of postsynaptic density, accompanied by an increased expression of plasticity-related proteins such as cAMP-responsive element binding protein phosphorylated at Ser133, calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II phosphorylated at Thr286, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, suggesting a role for Aβ in synaptic tagging. These changes resulted in the conversion of early into late long-term potentiation through the nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase G intracellular cascade consistent with a cGMP-dependent switch from short- to long-term memory observed in vivo after intrahippocampal administration of picomolar amounts of oAβ42 These effects were present upon extracellular but not intracellular application of the peptide and involved α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These observations clarified the physiological role of oAβ42 in synaptic function and memory formation providing solid fundamentals for investigating the pathological effects of high Aβ levels in the AD brains.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT High levels of oligomeric amyloid-β42 (oAβ42) induce synaptic dysfunction leading to memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, at picomolar concentrations, the peptide is needed to ensure long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory. Here, we show that extracellular 200 pm oAβ42 concentrations increase neurotransmitter release, number of docked vesicles, postsynaptic density length, and expression of plasticity-related proteins leading to the conversion of early LTP into late LTP and of short-term memory into long-term memory. These effects require α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and are mediated through the nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase G pathway. The knowledge of Aβ function in the healthy brain might be useful to understand the causes leading to its increase and detrimental effect in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Gulisano
- Department Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Marcello Melone
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura Anziani (INRCA), Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Cristian Ripoli
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Tropea
- Department Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Domenica D Li Puma
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giunta
- Department Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Sara Cocco
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Daniele Marcotulli
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Nicola Origlia
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Agostino Palmeri
- Department Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura Anziani (INRCA), Ancona 60020, Italy
- Foundation for Molecular Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy, and
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- Department Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy,
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, 94018, Italy
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Rountree CM, Troy JB, Saggere L. Investigation of Injection Depth for Subretinal Delivery of Exogenous Glutamate to Restore Vision via Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 67:464-470. [PMID: 31071013 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2915255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical neuromodulation of the retina using native neurotransmitters to biomimetically activate target retinal neurons through chemical synapses is a promising biomimetic alternative to electrical stimulation for restoring vision in blindness caused by photoreceptor degenerative diseases. Recent research has shown that subretinal chemical stimulation could be advantageous for treating photoreceptor degenerative diseases but many of the parameters for achieving efficacious chemical neuromodulation are yet to be explored. In this paper, we investigated how the depth at which neurotransmitter is injected subretinally affects the success rate, spike rate characteristics (i.e., amplitude, response latency, and time width), and spatial resolution of chemical stimulation in wild-type Long Evans and photoreceptor degenerated S334ter-3 transgenic rat retinas in vitro. We compared the responses to injections of glutamate at the subretinal surface and two subsurface depths near the outer and inner plexiform layers and found that while injections at all depths elicited robust retinal ganglion cell responses, they differed significantly in terms of the spike rate characteristics and spatial resolutions across injection depths. Shallow subsurface injections near the outer plexiform layer evoked the highest spike rate amplitudes and had the highest spatial resolution and success rates, while deep subsurface injections near the inner plexiform layer elicited the shortest latencies and narrowest time widths. Our results suggest that surface injections are suboptimal for subretinal chemical neuromodulation, while shallow subsurface and deep subsurface injections may optimize high spatial and high temporal resolution, respectively. These findings have great significance for the design and development of a potential neurotransmitter-based subretinal prosthesis.
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Sou K, Le DL, Sato H. Nanocapsules for Programmed Neurotransmitter Release: Toward Artificial Extracellular Synaptic Vesicles. Small 2019; 15:e1900132. [PMID: 30887709 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanocapsules present a promising platform for delivering chemicals and biomolecules to a site of action in a living organism. Because the biological action of the encapsulated molecules is blocked until they are released from the nanocapsules, the encapsulation structure enables triggering of the topical and timely action of the molecules at the target site. A similar mechanism seems promising for the spatiotemporal control of signal transduction triggered by the release of signal molecules in neuronal, metabolic, and immune systems. From this perspective, nanocapsules can be regarded as practical tools to apply signal molecules such as neurotransmitters to intervene in signal transduction. However, spatiotemporal control of the payload release from nanocapsules persists as a key technical issue. Stimulus-responsive nanocapsules that release payloads in response to external input of physical stimuli are promising platforms to enable programmed payload release. These programmable nanocapsules encapsulating neurotransmitters are expected to lead to new insights and perspectives related to artificial extracellular synaptic vesicles that might provide an experimental and therapeutic strategy for neuromodulation and nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Sou
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Duc Long Le
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Abstract
A growing body of literature has demonstrated the potential for ketamine in the treatment of major depression. Sub-anesthetic doses produce rapid and sustained changes in depressive behavior, both in patients and rodent models, associated with reorganization of glutamatergic synapses in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). While ketamine is known to regulate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) -type glutamate receptors (NMDARs), the full complement of downstream cellular consequences for ketamine administration are not well understood. Here, we combine electrophysiology with 2-photon imaging and glutamate uncaging in acute slices of mouse PFC to further examine how ketamine alters glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We find that four hours after ketamine treatment, glutamatergic synapses themselves are not significantly affected. However, levels of the neuromodulatory Regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS4) are dramatically reduced. This loss of RGS4 activity is associated with disruption of the normal compartmentalization of synaptic neuromodulation. Thus, under control conditions, α2 adrenergic receptors and type B γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAB) receptors selectively inhibit α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) -type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) and NMDARs, respectively. After ketamine administration and reduction in RGS4 activity, this selectivity is lost, with both modulatory systems broadly inhibiting glutamatergic transmission. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which ketamine may influence synaptic signaling and provide new avenues for the exploration of therapeutics directed at treating neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Lur
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mona Fariborzi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Higley
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Okesola MA, Ajiboye BO, Oyinloye BE, Ojo OA. Neuromodulatory effects of ethyl acetate fraction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe extract in rats with lead-induced oxidative stress. J Integr Med 2019; 17:125-131. [PMID: 30660591 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the ameliorative potential of Zingiber officinale Roscoe extract against lead-induced brain damage in rats. METHODS Thirty male rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each. Lead-acetate toxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) in Groups B-E. Group A (control) and Group B (lead-acetate) were left untreated; vitamin C (200 mg/kg b.w.) was administered to Group C; ethyl acetate fraction from Z. officinale extract (200 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) was administered to Group D and E by oral gavage once daily for 7 days. Changes in the content of some key marker enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO), epinephrine, dopamine, Na+/K+-ATPase, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were determined in serum. RESULTS Exposure to lead acetate resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the activities of BChE, AChE, Na+/K+-ATPase, SOD, CAT and GPx with a corresponding increase in the levels of MDA, xanthine oxidase, epinephrine, dopamine and MAO relative to the control group. Levels of all disrupted parameters were alleviated by co-administration of Z. officinale fraction and by the standard drug, vitamin C. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ethyl acetate fraction of Z. officinale extract attenuates lead-induced brain damage and might have therapeutic potential as a supplement that can be applied in lead poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Abiola Okesola
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ogun State 112233, Nigeria.
| | | | | | - Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
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19
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Le DL, Tnee CK, Vo Doan TT, Arai S, Suzuki M, Sou K, Sato H. Neurotransmitter-Loaded Nanocapsule Triggers On-Demand Muscle Relaxation in Living Organism. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:37812-37819. [PMID: 30372017 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the on-demand artificial muscle relaxation using a thermosensitive liposome encapsulating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory neurotransmitter. Muscle relaxation is not feasible in principle, although muscle contraction can be easily induced by electrical stimulation. Herein, thermosensitive liposomes (phase transition temperature = 40 °C) were synthesized to encapsulate GABA and were injected into a leg of a living beetle. The leg was wrapped around by a Ni-Cr wire heater integrated with a thermocouple to enable the feedback control and to manipulate the leg temperature. The injected leg was temporarily immobilized by heating it up to 45 °C. The leg did not swing even by electrically stimulating the leg muscle. Subsequently, the leg recovered to swing. The result indicates that GABA was released from liposomes and fed to the leg muscle, enabling temporal muscle relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Long Le
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Chin Kiat Tnee
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - T Thang Vo Doan
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Satoshi Arai
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Ohkubo , Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
- PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development , Tokyo 100-0004 , Japan
| | - Madoka Suzuki
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Ohkubo , Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
- Institute for Protein Research , Osaka University , 3-2 Yamadaoka , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Keitaro Sou
- Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore (WABIOS) , 11 Biopolis Way , 138667 , Singapore
- Organization for University Research Initiatives , Waseda University , 513 Waseda Tsurumaki-cho , Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041 , Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
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20
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Bar El Y, Kanner S, Barzilai A, Hanein Y. Activity changes in neuron-astrocyte networks in culture under the effect of norepinephrine. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203761. [PMID: 30332429 PMCID: PMC6192555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerted activity of neuron-glia networks is responsible for the fascinating dynamics of brain functions. Although these networks have been extensively investigated using a variety of experimental (in vivo and in vitro) and theoretical models, the manner by which neuron-glia networks interact is not fully understood. In particular, how neuromodulators influence network-level signaling between neurons and astrocytes was poorly addressed. In this work, we investigated global effects of the neuromodulator norepinephrine (NE) on neuron-astrocyte network communication in co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes and in isolated astrocyte networks. Electrical stimulation was used to activate the neuron-astrocyte glutamate-mediated pathway. Our results showed dramatic changes in network activity under applied global perturbations. Under neuromodulation, there was a marked rise in calcium signaling in astrocytes, neuronal spontaneous activity was reduced, and the communication between neuron-astrocyte networks was perturbed. Moreover, in the presence of NE, we observed two astrocyte behaviors based on their coupling to neurons. There were also morphological changes in astrocytes upon application of NE, suggesting a physical cause underlies the change in signaling. Our results shed light on the role of NE in controlling sleep-wake cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Bar El
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sivan Kanner
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Hanein
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper eyelid dermatochalasis often triggers frontalis hyperactivity in an effort to elevate the upper lids away from the visual axis. Similarly, prior neuromodulator treatment of the brow depressors may cause false elevation of the brows, diminishing the extent of preoperative brow ptosis or dermatochalasis. Studies have quantified postoperative brow ptosis and recurrent dermatochalasis following upper blepharoplasty, but a methodology to predict the postoperative brow position remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES The authors present our comprehensive perioperative protocol utilizing neuromodulators to optimize results of upper blepharoplasty and brow lift. METHODS In patients presenting with upper lid dermatochalasis and frontalis hyperactivity, who request upper blepharoplasty, the authors apply a neuromodulator treatment protocol. Patients with prior neuromodulator treatment of brow depressors wait four months after the last treatment to allow for product attrition. Two weeks prior to surgery, the authors treat the frontalis with 15 to 20 units of Botox Cosmetic. RESULTS From 2002 to 2016, the authors treated 521 patients (458 women, 63 men) with frontalis hyperactivity who presented for periorbital rejuvenation. This method has led to neither excessive resection of upper eyelid skin tissue nor lagophthalmos. Preoperatively, the authors have unveiled upper eyelid ptosis in 39 patients (31 women, 8 men) and brow ptosis in 131 patients (97 women, 34 men). CONCLUSIONS Brow position and frontalis hyperactivity should be taken into consideration during preoperative evaluation for upper blepharoplasty and brow lift. Routine preoperative treatment of the hyperactive frontalis with neuromodulator, along with attrition of prior neuromodulator in the brow depressors, reveals the true anatomic brow position to optimize surgical planning. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Hwang
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mimis Cohen
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Briguglio M, Dell'Osso B, Panzica G, Malgaroli A, Banfi G, Zanaboni Dina C, Galentino R, Porta M. Dietary Neurotransmitters: A Narrative Review on Current Knowledge. Nutrients 2018; 10:E591. [PMID: 29748506 PMCID: PMC5986471 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods are natural sources of substances that may exert crucial effects on the nervous system in humans. Some of these substances are the neurotransmitters (NTs) acetylcholine (ACh), the modified amino acids glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and the biogenic amines dopamine, serotonin (5-HT), and histamine. In neuropsychiatry, progressive integration of dietary approaches in clinical routine made it necessary to discern the more about some of these dietary NTs. Relevant books and literature from PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for data on food sources of Ach, glutamate, GABA, dopamine, 5-HT, and histamine. Different animal foods, fruits, edible plants, roots, and botanicals were reported to contain NTs. These substances can either be naturally present, as part of essential metabolic processes and ecological interactions, or derive from controlled/uncontrolled food technology processes. Ripening time, methods of preservation and cooking, and microbial activity further contributes to NTs. Moreover, gut microbiota are considerable sources of NTs. However, the significance of dietary NTs intake needs to be further investigated as there are no significant data on their bioavailability, neuronal/non neuronal effects, or clinical implications. Evidence-based interventions studies should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Briguglio
- Tourette's Syndrome and Movement Disorders Centre, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Hospital, 20161 Milan, Italy.
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, I.R.C.C.S. Ca' Granda Foundation, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Giancarlo Panzica
- Department of Neuroscience, Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Scientific Direction, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Hospital, 20161 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Zanaboni Dina
- Tourette's Syndrome and Movement Disorders Centre, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Hospital, 20161 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Galentino
- Tourette's Syndrome and Movement Disorders Centre, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Hospital, 20161 Milan, Italy.
| | - Mauro Porta
- Tourette's Syndrome and Movement Disorders Centre, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Hospital, 20161 Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) are an important tool for modulating and understanding neural circuits. Depending on the DREADD system used, DREADD-targeted neurons can be activated or repressed in vivo following a dose of the DREADD agonist clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Because DREADD experiments often involve behavioral assays, the method of CNO delivery is important. Currently, the most common delivery method is intraperitoneal (IP) injection. IP injection is both a fast and reliable technique, but it is painful and stressful particularly when many injections are required. We sought an alternative CNO delivery paradigm, which would retain the speed and reliability of IP injections without being as invasive. Here, we show that CNO can be effectively delivered topically via eye-drops. Eye-drops robustly activated DREADD-expressing neurons in the brain and peripheral tissues and does so at the same dosages as IP injection. Eye-drops provide an easier, less invasive and less stressful method for activating DREADDs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Keenan
- Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Diego C. Fernandez
- Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lukas J. Shumway
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Samer Hattar
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Ganesh CB. Influence of leucine-enkephalin on pituitary-ovary axis of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Physiol Biochem 2017; 43:1253-1264. [PMID: 28382489 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was conducted to elucidate the influence of an opioid peptide, leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), on the reproductive axis of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. In the first experiment, administration (i.p.) of 25, 100, and 300 μg L-ENK to the stripped female tilapia, for a period of 22 days, resulted in a significantly higher number of stage I follicles compared to those of initial controls and experimental controls, whereas the mean number of stage II and III follicles and serum levels of E2 did not significantly differ among different experimental groups. A significant increase in the number of stage V (fully ripened) follicles was concomitant with significant reduction in the follicular diameter in 25 or 100 μg L-ENK-treated fish compared to those of experimental controls. However, significant reduction in the mean number and diameter of these follicles was observed in 300 μg L-ENK-treated fish compared to those of experimental controls and 25 or 100 μg L-ENK-treated fish. In the second experiment, the stimulatory effect of 25 μg L-ENK on the ovary was abolished in combination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-A). In conclusion, these results suggest that L-ENK exerts stimulatory as well as inhibitory effects on the ovary in a dose-dependent manner, and that these effects are possibly mediated through the GnRH, for the first time in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Ganesh
- Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, India.
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25
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Qureshi AA, Parikh RP, Sharma K, Myckatyn TM, Tenenbaum MM. Nonsurgical Facial Rejuvenation: Outcomes and Safety of Neuromodulator and Soft-Tissue Filler Procedures Performed in a Resident Cosmetic Clinic. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2017; 41:1177-1183. [PMID: 28547293 PMCID: PMC7558437 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-017-0892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to perform nonsurgical facial rejuvenation procedures is a core competency requirement for plastic surgery residents. However, limited data exist on training models to achieve competency in nonsurgical facial rejuvenation and on outcomes of these procedures performed by residents. The purpose here is to evaluate patient-reported outcomes and safety of nonsurgical facial rejuvenation procedures performed by plastic surgery residents. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 50 patients undergoing neuromodulator and/or soft-tissue filler injections in a resident cosmetic clinic between April and August 2016. Patients completed FACE-Q modules pre-procedure, and at 1 week and 1 month post-procedure. Paired t-tests were used to calculate statistical significance of changes between pre- and post-procedure scores. Effect sizes were calculated to assess clinical improvement from pre- to post-procedure. The magnitude of change was interpreted using Cohen's arbitrary criteria (small 0.20, moderate 0.50, large 0.80). RESULTS Forty-five patients completed the study. Patients experienced significant improvements (p < 0.001) in all FACE-Q domains, including aging appearance appraisal (improved from 49.7 ± 29.4 to 70.1 ± 21.6, effect size 0.79), psychological well-being (44.0 ± 14.6-78.6 ± 20.7, effect size 1.93), social functioning (48.6 ± 16.6-75.5 ± 21.7, effect size 1.20), and satisfaction with facial appearance (50.1 ± 13.7-66.2 ± 19.7, effect size 0.95). At 1 month, overall satisfaction with outcome and decision were 75.8 ± 20.7 and 81.1 ± 20.4, respectively. No patients experienced complications. CONCLUSIONS Nonsurgical facial rejuvenation procedures performed by residents can improve patients' quality of life and provide high satisfaction without compromising safety. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Qureshi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 1020 North Mason Rd., Suite 110, Building 3, St. Louis, MO, 63141, USA
| | - Rajiv P Parikh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 1020 North Mason Rd., Suite 110, Building 3, St. Louis, MO, 63141, USA
| | - Ketan Sharma
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 1020 North Mason Rd., Suite 110, Building 3, St. Louis, MO, 63141, USA
| | - Terence M Myckatyn
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 1020 North Mason Rd., Suite 110, Building 3, St. Louis, MO, 63141, USA
| | - Marissa M Tenenbaum
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 1020 North Mason Rd., Suite 110, Building 3, St. Louis, MO, 63141, USA.
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Goldfinger M, Zeile WL, Corado CR, O'Neill CA, Tsuruda LS, Laipis PJ, Cooper JD. Partial rescue of neuropathology in the murine model of PKU following administration of recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pegvaliase). Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122:33-35. [PMID: 28506393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pegylated recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pegvaliase) is an enzyme substitution therapy being evaluated for the treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is characterized by elevated plasma phenylalanine, which is thought to lead to a deficiency in monoamine neurotransmitters and ultimately, neurocognitive dysfunction. A natural history evaluation in a mouse model of PKU demonstrated a profound decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in several brain regions, beginning at 4weeks of age. Following treatment with pegvaliase, the number of TH positive neurons was increased in several brain regions compared to placebo treated ENU2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Goldfinger
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | | | - Carley R Corado
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Charles A O'Neill
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Laurie S Tsuruda
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | | | - Jonathan D Cooper
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK.
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27
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Abstract
Itch, or pruritus, is a hallmark feature of atopic dermatitis (AD). The impact of AD-related pruritus can range from mildly distressing or distracting to completely disabling. Traditionally, management of itch in AD patients has focused on restoring the altered skin barrier with topical emollients and/or reducing inflammation. A growing emphasis has been placed on directly targeting the neural transmission pathways that mediate itch signaling. Off-label use of neuromodulatory agents has helped reduce this aggravating symptom in atopic patients. This article reviews the current literature on the use of neuromodulatory agents and nonpharmacologic alternative therapies used to treat AD-related pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina B Elmariah
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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28
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Kipshidze N, Sievert H, Wholey MH, Kipiani K, Kipiani V, Mukhuradze T, Wholey M, Stein E, Venkateswara Rao KT. First Clinical Experience With Targeted REnal Nerve Demodulation (TREND-1) Using a Neurotropic Agent for the Treatment of Sympathetic Hypertension. J Invasive Cardiol 2017; 29:97-103. [PMID: 28089998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the feasibility and safety of a novel targeted neuromodulatory treatment for sympathetic hypertension involving a one-time local injection of neurotropic agents near renal nerves. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven patients suffering from uncontrolled hypertension per ESH-ESC guidelines were treated using a single dose of NW2013, a neurotropic Na+/K+ ATPase antagonist. A microneedle catheter was used to administer 1.2 mL of NW2013 (0.6 mL per artery) to the perivascular space surrounding renal arteries using percutaneous endovascular procedures under fluoroscopic guidance. All patients were successfully treated without any procedural complications. Patients were followed for 12 months post procedure, and office and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements were made. Both office and ambulatory blood pressures were lower at 24 hours, 1 month, and 3 months after treatment. The decrease in office blood pressure was greater than the decrease in ambulatory blood pressure. A reduction in medication regimen was also observed in 2 patients. One patient suffered a cerebrovascular event after 6-month follow-up and died from stroke, unrelated to the treatment. Overall, the reduction in office and ambulatory blood pressure was sustained over the course of 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of hypertension using local administration of NW2013 near renal nerves appears to be feasible and safe. Large, controlled, randomized, and blinded clinical studies with monitoring of patient compliance to daily oral medication are recommended to further establish the efficacy of this novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kipshidze
- Molecular and Endoluminal Coronary Interventions, Interventional Cardiology, 130 E. 77th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA.
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29
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Cumberland AL, Palliser HK, Crombie GK, Walker DW, Hirst JJ. Increased anxiety-like phenotype in female guinea pigs following reduced neurosteroid exposure in utero. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 58:50-58. [PMID: 28192175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurosteroids are essential for aiding proper fetal neurodevelopment. Pregnancy compromises such as preterm birth, prenatal stress and intrauterine growth restriction are associated with an increased risk of developing behavioural and mood disorders, particularly during adolescence. These pathologies involve the premature loss or alteration of trophic steroid hormones reaching the fetus leading to impaired neurodevelopment. While the specific programming mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated, in adult life, dysfunctions of allopregnanolone action are prevalent in individuals with depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders. The objective of this study was to assess if changes in concentrations of the neurosteroid, allopregnanolone, may be a fetal programming factor in priming the brain towards a negative behavioural phenotype during the childhood to adolescent period using a guinea pig model. Pregnant guinea pigs received either vehicle (45% (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin) or the 5α-reductase inhibitor, finasteride (25mg/kg maternal weight) from gestational age 60 until spontaneous delivery (∼71days gestation). Male and female offspring from vehicle and finasteride treated dams were tested at postnatal day 20 (juvenile-equivalence) in an open field arena, and hippocampus and amygdala subsequently assessed for neurological changes in markers of development and GABA production pathways 24h later. Females with reduced allopregnanolone exposure in utero displayed increased neophobic-like responses to a change in their environment compared to female controls. There were no differences in the neurodevelopmental markers assessed; MAP2, NeuN, MBP, GFAP or GAD67 between intrauterine finasteride or vehicle exposure, in either the hippocampus or amygdala whereas GAT1 staining was decreased. This study indicates that an intrauterine reduction in the supply of allopregnanolone programs vulnerability of female offspring to anxiety-like disorders in juvenility without impacting long term allopregnanolone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Cumberland
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle 2305, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Hannah K Palliser
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabrielle K Crombie
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle 2305, New South Wales, Australia
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30
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Airan RD, Meyer RA, Ellens NPK, Rhodes KR, Farahani K, Pomper MG, Kadam SD, Green JJ. Noninvasive Targeted Transcranial Neuromodulation via Focused Ultrasound Gated Drug Release from Nanoemulsions. Nano Lett 2017; 17:652-659. [PMID: 28094959 PMCID: PMC5362146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeted, noninvasive neuromodulation of the brain of an otherwise awake subject could revolutionize both basic and clinical neuroscience. Toward this goal, we have developed nanoparticles that allow noninvasive uncaging of a neuromodulatory drug, in this case the small molecule anesthetic propofol, upon the application of focused ultrasound. These nanoparticles are composed of biodegradable and biocompatible constituents and are activated using sonication parameters that are readily achievable by current clinical transcranial focused ultrasound systems. These particles are potent enough that their activation can silence seizures in an acute rat seizure model. Notably, there is no evidence of brain parenchymal damage or blood-brain barrier opening with their use. Further development of these particles promises noninvasive, focal, and image-guided clinical neuromodulation along a variety of pharmacological axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raag D. Airan
- Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering
Center, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United
States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Randall A. Meyer
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering
Center, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United
States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Nicholas P. K. Ellens
- Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Kelly R. Rhodes
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering
Center, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United
States
| | - Keyvan Farahani
- Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- National
Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Department
of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United
States
| | - Shilpa D. Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department
of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering
Center, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United
States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Department
of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United
States
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Ophthalmology, and Materials Science
and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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31
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Cohen D, Perry A, Gilam G, Mayseless N, Gonen T, Hendler T, Shamay-Tsoory SG. The role of oxytocin in modulating interpersonal space: A pharmacological fMRI study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 76:77-83. [PMID: 27889465 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal space is a nonverbal indicator of affiliation and closeness. In this study we investigated the effects of oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide known for its social role in humans, on interpersonal space. In a double blind placebo controlled study we measured the effect of intranasal OT on the personal distance preferences of different familiar (friend) and unfamiliar (stranger) protagonists. Behavioral results showed that participants preferred to be closer to a friend than to a stranger. Intranasal OT was associated with an overall distancing effect, but this effect was significant for the stranger and not for the friend. The imaging results showed interactions between treatment (OT, placebo) and protagonist (friend, stranger) in regions that mediate social behavior including the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), a region associated with the mentalizing system. Specifically, OT increased activity in the dmPFC when a friend approached the participants but not when a stranger approached. The results indicate that the effect of OT on interpersonal space greatly depends on the participant's relationship with the protagonist. This supports the social salience theory, according to which OT increases the salience of social cues depending on the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cohen
- University of Haifa, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Anat Perry
- University of Haifa, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Gadi Gilam
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Naama Mayseless
- University of Haifa, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Tal Gonen
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
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32
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Donahue RJ, Venkataraman A, Carroll FI, Meloni EG, Carlezon WA. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Disrupts Motivation, Social Interaction, and Attention in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:955-964. [PMID: 26229039 PMCID: PMC4684793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe or prolonged stress can trigger psychiatric illnesses including mood and anxiety disorders. Recent work indicates that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) plays an important role in regulating stress effects. In rodents, exogenous PACAP administration can produce persistent elevations in the acoustic startle response, which may reflect anxiety-like signs including hypervigilance. We investigated whether PACAP causes acute or persistent alterations in behaviors that reflect other core features of mood and anxiety disorders (motivation, social interaction, and attention). METHODS Using male Sprague Dawley rats, we examined if PACAP (.25-1.0 µg, intracerebroventricular infusion) affects motivation as measured in the intracranial self-stimulation test. We also examined if PACAP alters interactions with a conspecific in the social interaction test. Finally, we examined if PACAP affects performance in the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which quantifies attention and error processing. RESULTS Dose-dependent disruptions in motivation, social interaction, and attention were produced by PACAP, as reflected by increases in reward thresholds, decreases in social behaviors, and decreases in correct responses and alterations in posterror accuracy. Behavior normalized quickly in the intracranial self-stimulation and 5-choice serial reaction time task tests but remained dysregulated in the social interaction test. Effects on attention were attenuated by the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 antagonist antalarmin but not the κ opioid receptor antagonist JDTic. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PACAP affects numerous domains often dysregulated in mood and anxiety disorders, but that individual signs depend on brain substrates that are at least partially independent. This work may help to devise therapeutics that mitigate specific signs of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Donahue
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Archana Venkataraman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Edward G Meloni
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - William A Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
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Anand C. Facial Contouring With Fillers, Neuromodulators, and Lipolysis to Achieve a Natural Look in Patients With Facial Fullness. J Drugs Dermatol 2016; 15:1536-1542. [PMID: 28095576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The desire for and use of nonsurgical injectable esthetic facial treatments is on a rise in Asia. Recent advances, including more versatile facial fillers, refined injection techniques, and adoption of a global facial approach, have in turn contributed to improved patient outcomes and increased patient satisfaction. The sought after nonsurgical treatments include the use of botulinum toxin, con- touring of the face with soft tissue fillers, and thinning of the face with injection lipolysis. AIM To achieve a leaner, oval face shape with smooth contours. METHODS A combination technique was applied, whereby narrowing of face was achieved with use of botulinum toxin, contouring with soft tissue llers, and thinning the face with injection lipolysis. Treatments were applied on 15 women aged between 25 and 40 years and observed with follow up for 12 weeks. Hyaluronic acid (HA)-based dermal fillers (Perlane, Voluma, and Juvederm), botulinum toxin type A (Botox), and a lipolytic solution of phosphatidylcholine with deoxycholate (Dermastabilion, Aesthetic Dermal, Spain) were used to achieve a natural look in these patients with a fuller appearance of the face. The procedure was performed to reduce the facial width using botulinum toxin type A and the reduction of submental and cheek fat by injecting lipolysis injection. RESULTS All the women (n = 15) had edema for up to 2 weeks after undergoing lipolysis; however, two patients had edema for 3 weeks. After injecting the patient with botulinum toxin type A, no adverse event was observed; however, after using HA-based filler, one patient was observed to have bruising on the chin. CONCLUSION Use of HA-based fillers, neuromodulators (botulinum toxin), and injectable lipolytics are well-tolerated and are effective nonsurgical modalities to achieve facial recontouring for slimming of the face. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(12):1536-1542.
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34
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Skorupskaite K, George JT, Veldhuis JD, Millar RP, Anderson RA. Interactions Between Neurokinin B and Kisspeptin in Mediating Estrogen Feedback in Healthy Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4628-4636. [PMID: 27636018 PMCID: PMC5155690 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) are obligate for normal gonadotropin secretion, but their hierarchy is unexplored in normal women. OBJECTIVE To investigate the interaction between kisspeptin and NKB on estrogen-regulated LH secretion. DESIGN Women were treated with neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) antagonist followed by transdermal estradiol to induce LH secretion 48 hours later, with kisspeptin-10 or vehicle infusion during estrogen administration in a 2-way crossover study. SETTING Clinical research facility. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Healthy females with regular menses. INTERVENTION(S) NK3R antagonist AZD4901 40 mg twice daily orally was taken from cycle day 4-6 for 6 days (n = 10, with 10 no treatment controls). Transdermal estradiol patches (200 μg/d) were applied after 5 days of NK3R antagonist treatment. At 24-hour estradiol treatment, women were randomized to 7-hour kisspeptin-10 (4 μg/kg/h) or vehicle iv infusion, with the alternate infusion in a subsequent cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Plasma gonadotropin and estradiol secretion. RESULTS After an initial suppression, LH secretion was increased 48 hours after estradiol treatment. Kisspeptin-10 increased LH secretion during the inhibitory phase, and LH remained elevated beyond the discontinuation of kisspeptin-10 infusion. NK3R antagonist decreased LH pulse frequency (0.5 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 0.2 pulses/h, P < .05) and stimulated FSH response to kisspeptin-10 infusion (10.7 ± 11.0 vs 5.0 ± 3.6 IU/L, P < .05) with a nonsignificant rise in LH. The duration of LH response was blunted, with LH being lower at 48 hours (7.5 ± 4.8 vs 15.0 ± 11.4 IU/L, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that NKB signaling regulates GnRH/LH secretion in normal women, and is predominantly proximal to kisspeptin in mediating estrogenic positive and negative feedback on LH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skorupskaite
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., J.T.G., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and Mammal Research Unit and Centre for Neuroendocrinology (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa and MRC Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Jyothis T George
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., J.T.G., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and Mammal Research Unit and Centre for Neuroendocrinology (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa and MRC Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., J.T.G., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and Mammal Research Unit and Centre for Neuroendocrinology (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa and MRC Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., J.T.G., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and Mammal Research Unit and Centre for Neuroendocrinology (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa and MRC Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., J.T.G., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and Mammal Research Unit and Centre for Neuroendocrinology (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa and MRC Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibromyalgia (FM) is a common, complex chronic widespread pain condition is characterized by fatigue, sleep disturbance and cognitive dysfunction. Treatment of FM is difficult, requiring both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, with an empiric approach to drug therapy focused toward individual symptoms, particularly pain. The effectiveness of current medications is limited with many patients discontinuing use. AREAS COVERED A systemic database search has identified 26 molecular entities as potential emerging drug therapies. Advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of FM provides clues to targets for new medications. Investigation of bioamine modulation and α2δ ligands and novel targets such as dopamine receptors, NMDA receptors, cannabinoid receptors, melatonin receptors and potassium channels has identified potential drug therapies. EXPERT OPINION Modest improvement of health status in patients with FM has been observed with drugs targeting a diverse range of molecular mechanisms. No single drug, however, offered substantial efficacy against all the symptoms characteristic of FM. Identification of new and improved therapies for FM needs to address the heterogeneity of the condition, which suggests existence of patient subgroups, the relationship of central and peripheral aspects of the pathophysiology and a requirement of combination therapy with drugs targeting multiple molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lawson
- a Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing , Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield , UK
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Narayanaswamy S, Prague JK, Jayasena CN, Papadopoulou DA, Mizamtsidi M, Shah AJ, Bassett P, Comninos AN, Abbara A, Bloom SR, Veldhuis JD, Dhillo WS. Investigating the KNDy Hypothesis in Humans by Coadministration of Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B, and Naltrexone in Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3429-36. [PMID: 27379743 PMCID: PMC5010567 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A subpopulation of hypothalamic neurons colocalize three neuropeptides, namely kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin, collectively termed KNDy neurons. Animal studies suggest they interact to affect pulsatile GnRH release (KNDy hypothesis); kisspeptin stimulates, NKB modulates, and dynorphin (an opioid) inhibits. OBJECTIVE To investigate the KNDy hypothesis in humans, we assessed for the first time the effects of the coadministration of kisspeptin-54, NKB, and an opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone, on LH pulsatility (surrogate marker for GnRH pulsatility) and gonadotropin release. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was an ethically approved prospective, single-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Healthy male volunteers (n = 5/group) attended our research facility for eight study visits. INTERVENTION AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE After 1 hour of baseline blood sampling, participants received a different intervention at each visit: oral 50 mg naltrexone, 8-hour iv infusions of vehicle, 2.56 nmol/kg · h NKB, 0.1 nmol/kg · h kissspeptin-54 (KP) alone and in combination. Frequent blood sampling to measure plasma gonadotropins and sex steroids was conducted and LH pulsatility was determined using blinded deconvolution analysis. RESULTS All kisspeptin and naltrexone containing groups potently increased LH and LH pulsatility (P < .001 vs vehicle). NKB alone did not affect gonadotropins. NKB+KP had significantly lower increases in gonadotropins compared with kisspeptin alone (P < .01). Naltrexone+KP was the only group to significantly increase LH pulse amplitude (P < .001 vs vehicle). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest significant interactions between the KNDy neuropeptides on LH pulsatility and gonadotropin release in humans. This has important implications for improving our understanding of GnRH pulse generation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakunthala Narayanaswamy
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Julia K Prague
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Deborah A Papadopoulou
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Maria Mizamtsidi
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Amar J Shah
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Paul Bassett
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine (S.N., J.K.P., C.N.J., D.A.P., M.M., A.J.S., A.N.C., A.A., S.R.B., W.S.D.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom; Statsconsultancy Ltd (P.B.), Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9EN, United Kingdom; and Endocrine Research Unit (J.D.V.), Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Meng Z, Rowlett JK. Self-administration of progesterone and synthetic neuroactive steroids by male rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 165:265-9. [PMID: 27302854 PMCID: PMC4939097 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progesterone-derived neuroactive steroids have shown promise clinically (e.g., anti-seizure medications) but, as with other GABAA receptor modulators (e.g., benzodiazepines), may have the potential for abuse. METHODS We evaluated the reinforcing effects of progesterone, a steroid precursor of endogenous neuroactive steroids, with and without pretreatments with the neuroactive steroid synthesis inhibitor, finasteride, in rhesus monkeys trained under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of i.v. midazolam injection. We also assessed reinforcing effects of the short-acting neuroactive steroid alphaxolone and the long-acting neuroactive steroid ganaxolone in comparison with the short-acting benzodiazepine triazolam and the long-acting benzodiazepine clonazepam. RESULTS At least one dose of progesterone, alphaxolone, and ganaxolone was self-administered significantly above vehicle levels in all monkeys tested (n=4 for progesterone, n=3 for alphaxolone and ganaxolone). The 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride attenuated progesterone self-administration, consistent with the reinforcing effects of progesterone being mediated by the in vivo synthesis of neuroactive steroids. The comparison drugs, triazolam and clonazepam, were self-administered significantly above vehicle by all monkeys. Although the maximum number of injections/session maintained by the neuroactive steroids was below that maintained by the midazolam training dose, analysis of break points (i.e., highest response requirement achieved) suggested modest differences in relative reinforcing effectiveness for neuroactive steroids compared with benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with endogenous and synthetic neuroactive steroids having reinforcing effects similar to that of benzodiazepines, with reinforcing effectiveness possibly lower for the neuroactive steroids compared with benzodiazepines based on some measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Meng
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - James K Rowlett
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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Lieberman JA, Davis RE, Correll CU, Goff DC, Kane JM, Tamminga CA, Mates S, Vanover KE. ITI-007 for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A 4-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:952-61. [PMID: 26444072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An urgent need exists for new treatments of schizophrenia that are effective against a broad range of symptoms and free of limiting safety issues. ITI-007 is a new molecular entity with a pharmacologic profile that combines dose-related monoamine modulation with phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins. METHODS A phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and active-controlled trial was conducted at eight sites in the United States with randomization of 335 acutely psychotic adults with schizophrenia. ITI-007 (60 mg and 120 mg), placebo, and risperidone, included for assay sensitivity, were evaluated as monotherapy for 4 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score, with secondary analyses conducted on symptom subscales. RESULTS ITI-007 60 mg (p = .017, effect size = .4) and risperidone (p = .013, effect size = .4) demonstrated antipsychotic efficacy superiority over placebo on the primary end point. The results of secondary analyses reflected improvements in negative and depressive symptoms by ITI-007 60 mg. ITI-007 120 mg did not separate from placebo. However, both doses of ITI-007 were well tolerated in this patient population, as evidenced by low discontinuation and adverse event rates, and were associated with a benign metabolic profile as evidenced by significantly lower levels of prolactin, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides than risperidone. CONCLUSIONS The mechanistically novel investigational drug ITI-007 was effective for the treatment of schizophrenia and comparable with placebo on safety measures in this trial. Secondary analyses indicated that ITI-007 improved negative and depression symptoms and might have expanded therapeutic efficacy in comparison with current antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Robert E Davis
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, New York; 3-D Pharmaceutical Consultants, San Diego, California
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead; Zucker Hillside Hospital Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Donald C Goff
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - John M Kane
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead; Zucker Hillside Hospital Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sharon Mates
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, New York
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Solish N. The Aging Face: Global Approach With Fillers and Neuromodulators. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2016; 35:S120-S121. [PMID: 27537350 DOI: 10.12788/j.sder.2016.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of treating the aging face is to restore facial balance and modify shadows. A facial evaluation should focus on areas of volume loss and opportunities to use neuromodulators (eg, botulinum toxin A) and the use of fillers. A thorough understanding of facial anatomy, including muscles, nerves, bone, and fat pads, is essential for effective and safe treatment. Semin Cutan Med Surg 35(supp6):S120-S121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowell Solish
- Assistant Professor University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Caplan SL, Zheng B, Dawson-Scully K, White CA, West LM. Pseudopterosin A: Protection of Synaptic Function and Potential as a Neuromodulatory Agent. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14030055. [PMID: 26978375 PMCID: PMC4820309 DOI: 10.3390/md14030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products have provided an invaluable source of inspiration in the drug discovery pipeline. The oceans are a vast source of biological and chemical diversity. Recently, this untapped resource has been gaining attention in the search for novel structures and development of new classes of therapeutic agents. Pseudopterosins are group of marine diterpene glycosides that possess an array of potent biological activities in several therapeutic areas. Few studies have examined pseudopterosin effects during cellular stress and, to our knowledge, no studies have explored their ability to protect synaptic function. The present study probes pseudopterosin A (PsA) for its neuromodulatory properties during oxidative stress using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that oxidative stress rapidly reduces neuronal activity, resulting in the loss of neurotransmission at a well-characterized invertebrate synapse. PsA mitigates this effect and promotes functional tolerance during oxidative stress by prolonging synaptic transmission in a mechanism that differs from scavenging activity. Furthermore, the distribution of PsA within mammalian biological tissues following single intravenous injection was investigated using a validated bioanalytical method. Comparable exposure of PsA in the mouse brain and plasma indicated good distribution of PsA in the brain, suggesting its potential as a novel neuromodulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacee Lee Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | - Catherine A White
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Lyndon M West
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
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Zhao YZ, Jin RR, Yang W, Xiang Q, Yu WZ, Lin Q, Tian FR, Mao KL, Lv CZ, Wáng YXJ, Lu CT. Using Gelatin Nanoparticle Mediated Intranasal Delivery of Neuropeptide Substance P to Enhance Neuro-Recovery in Hemiparkinsonian Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148848. [PMID: 26894626 PMCID: PMC4760767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intranasal administration of phospholipid-based gelatin nanoparticles (GNP) was prepared to investigate the neuro-recovery effects of neuropeptide Substance P (SP) on hemiparkinsonian rats. Methods The SP-loaded gelatin nanoparticles (SP-GNP) were prepared by a water-in-water emulsion method and possessed high stability, encapsulating efficiency and loading capacity. PC-12 cells were used to examine the growth enhancement of SP-GNP in vitro by MTT assays and flow cytometry (FCM). The therapeutic effects of SP-GNP on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced hemiparkinsonian rats were assessed by quantifying rotational behavior and the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), phosphorylated c-Jun protein (p-c-Jun) and Caspase-3 (Cas-3) expressed in substantia nigra (SN) region of hemiparkinsonian rats. Results PC-12 cells under SP-GNP treatment showed better cell viability and lower degree of apoptosis than those under SP solution treatment. Hemiparkinsonian rats under intranasal SP-GNP administration demonstrated better behavioral improvement, higher level of TH in SN along with much lower extent of p-c-Jun and Cas-3 than those under intranasal SP solution administration and intravenous SP-GNP administration. Conclusions With the advantages of GNP and nose-to-brain pathway, SP can be effectively delivered into the damaged SN region and exhibit its neuro-recovery function through the inhibition on JNK pathway and dopaminergic neuron apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zheng Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, China
| | - Rong-Rong Jin
- Taizhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Wen-Ze Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qian Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Fu-Rong Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Kai-Li Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chuan-Zhu Lv
- Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, China
| | - Yi-Xiáng J. Wáng
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SA
- * E-mail: (YXW); (CTL)
| | - Cui-Tao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- * E-mail: (YXW); (CTL)
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Bengtsson SKS, Johansson M, Bäckström T. Long-term continuous allopregnanolone elevation causes memory decline and hippocampus shrinkage, in female wild-type B6 mice. Horm Behav 2016; 78:160-7. [PMID: 26497250 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress in various forms increases the risk for cognitive dysfunction, dementia and Alzheimer's disease. While the pathogenesis behind these findings is unknown, growing evidence suggests that chronic increase in neurosteroid levels, such as allopregnanolone, is part of the mechanism. We treated wild-type C57BL/6J mice with allopregnanolone for 5months, using osmotic pumps. This treatment led to moderately increased levels of allopregnanolone, equivalent to that of mild chronic stress. After an interval of no treatment for 1month, female mice showed impaired learning and memory function in the Morris water maze (MWM) in combination with diminished hippocampus weight and increased cerebellum weight, both correlating to MWM performance. Male mice showed a minor reduction in memory function and no differences in brain structure. We conclude that chronic allopregnanolone elevation can lead to cognitive dysfunction and negative brain alterations. We suggest that allopregnanolone could play a key role in the pathogenesis of stress-induced cognitive disturbances and perhaps dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K S Bengtsson
- Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Umeå University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Maja Johansson
- Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Umeå University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå, Sweden; Umecrine Cognition AB, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Bäckström
- Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Umeå University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Sato H, Castrillon EE, Cairns BE, Bendixen KH, Wang K, Nakagawa T, Wajima K, Svensson P. Intramuscular temperature modulates glutamate-evoked masseter muscle pain intensity in humans. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2015; 29:158-67. [PMID: 25905534 DOI: 10.11607/ofph.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether glutamate-evoked jaw muscle pain is altered by the temperature of the solution injected. METHODS Sixteen healthy volunteers participated and received injections of hot (48°C), neutral (36°C), or cold (3°C) solutions (0.5 mL) of glutamate or isotonic saline into the masseter muscle. Pain intensity was assessed with an electronic visual analog scale (eVAS). Numeric rating scale (NRS) scores of unpleasantness and temperature perception, pain-drawing areas, and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were also measured. Participants filled out the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). Two-way or three-way repeated measures ANOVA were used for data analyses. RESULTS Injection of hot glutamate and cold glutamate solutions significantly increased and decreased, respectively, the peak pain intensity compared with injection of neutral glutamate solution. The duration of glutamate-evoked pain was significantly longer when hot glutamate was injected than when cold glutamate was injected. No significant effect of temperature on pain intensity was observed when isotonic saline was injected. No effect of solution temperature was detected on unpleasantness, heat perception, cold perception, area of pain drawings, or PPTs. There was a significantly greater use of the "numb" term in the MPQ to describe the injection of cold solutions compared to the injection of both neutral and hot solutions. CONCLUSION Glutamate-evoked jaw muscle pain was significantly altered by the temperature of the injection solution. Although temperature perception in the jaw muscle is poor, pain intensity is increased when the muscle tissue temperature is elevated.
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Kresyun NV. The influence of deltalycyn and transcranial cerebellar stimulation upon recovery of retina after photo stress in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 2014; 118:1068-1073. [PMID: 25581971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The characteristics of visual evoked potentials (VEP) have been studied in diabetic patients with and without diabetic retinopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Magnetic impulses (2.0 T1 at the height of impulse) have been delivered to the cerebellar surface transcranially using the "Neuro-MS/D", (Russia Federation). Delta- sleep inducing peptide ("Deltalycyn", "Biopharma", Russia Federation) was intranasally delivered in 30 min before photostress. Afterwards VEP have been registered every 20 s from the moment of photo stress during one minute. RESULTS An increase of the latency period and a reduction of the VEP amplitude have been recorded in the period following photo stress exposure of the macular part of the retina. The VEP characteristics restored to the initial level in 73.5 +/- 3.3 s from the photo stress moment in the control group; while in diabetic patients with retinopathy this index was 137.2 +/- 11.3 s. In the. presence of cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulations (2.0 T1, 20 impulses) the VEP amplitude depression was less pro- nounced, and the restoration period of the VEP characteristics shortened to 110.3+ 12.7 s, while in deltalycyn treated patients restoration was observed in 95.1+ 6.8 s. Under condition of combined usage of deltalycyn and TMS period of restoration of VEP was shortened up to 82.5 +/- 6.5 s. CONCLUSIONS Retinopathy development is linked to prolonged VEP latency period (P100), lowering of the N75-P100 amplitude, as well as to enlargement of the recovery period of the retina's functional capacity in patients suffering from the diabetes mellitus in the presence of photo stress. Superlatively administered deltalycyn and cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation facilitates a faster recovery of the retina's functional capacity in response to photo stress in diabetic patients with retinopathy. 3. Combined usage of deltalycyn and cerebellar transcranial stimulation caused the potentiated shortening of post-photo stress recovering of VEP in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
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Saxton A, Fahy K, Hastie C. Effects of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding at birth on the incidence of PPH: A physiologically based theory. Women Birth 2014; 27:250-3. [PMID: 25113818 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of optimising maternal/baby psychophysiology has been integrated into contemporary midwifery theories but not in the detail required to really understand the underpinning biological basis. METHOD The functioning of the autonomic nervous system, as it relates to the uterus is reviewed. The physiology of myometrial cell contraction and relaxation is outlined. The main focus is on the factors that affect the availability and uptake of oxytocin and adrenaline/noradrenaline in the myometrial cells. These are the two key neuro-hormones, active in the 3rd and 4th stages of labour, that affect uterine contraction and retraction and therefore determine whether the woman will have an atonic PPH or not. DISCUSSION The discussion explains and predicts the physiological functioning of the uterus during the 3rd and 4th stages of labour when skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding occurs and when it does not. CONCLUSION This biologically based theory hypothesises that to achieve and maintain eutony and eulochia, midwives and birthing women should ensure early, prolonged and undisturbed skin-to-skin contact for mother and baby at birth including easy access for spontaneous breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Saxton
- Southern Cross University, Coolangatta, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathleen Fahy
- Southern Cross University, Coolangatta, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Carolyn Hastie
- Southern Cross University, Coolangatta, Queensland, Australia
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Zhang YB, Wang L, Jia S, Du ZJ, Zhao YH, Liu YP, Lei DL. Local injection of substance P increases bony formation during mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rats. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 52:697-702. [PMID: 25069690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance P is a neuropeptide that is distributed in those sensory nerve fibres that innervate the medullary tissues of bone. It is a potent accelerator of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro. However, its capacity for promoting repair of mandibular defects is not known. We have investigated the osteogenic effects of local injections of substance P during mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rats. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n = 10 in each): substance P 10(-7) mmol/l in normal saline 0.2ml was injected into the experimental group, and saline alone into the controls. The mandibular distraction rate was 0.2mm every 12hours for 10 days. Daily injections of substance P or saline were given during the distraction period. Regeneration of bone was assessed quantitatively on days 15 and 29 using microcomputed tomography (microCT), and histological analysis. The rate of bony union in the group treated with substance P was significantly higher than that in the saline alone group on day 29 (p=0.001) The microCT images and quantitation showed more callus and more mature cortical bone when substance P was given than with control. Histological examination showed that cartilaginous tissues had formed in the middle of the distraction gaps in both groups. Bony bridges were seen only in the substance P group at the final time point (day 29). Injection of substance P into the gap of a rat mandible during mandibular distraction improved formation of good-quality bone and accelerated bony union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Stomatology, No.425 Hospital of PLA, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Sen Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhao-jie Du
- Department of Stomatology, No.425 Hospital of PLA, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Ying-hua Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yan-pu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - De-lin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Palotai M, Telegdy G, Jászberényi M. Orexin A-induced anxiety-like behavior is mediated through GABA-ergic, α- and β-adrenergic neurotransmissions in mice. Peptides 2014; 57:129-34. [PMID: 24874709 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides, which are involved in several physiological functions of the central nervous system, including anxiety and stress. Several studies provide biochemical and behavioral evidence about the anxiogenic action of orexin A. However, we have little evidence about the underlying neuromodulation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of neurotransmitters in the orexin A-induced anxiety-like behavior in elevated plus maze (EPM) test in mice. Accordingly, mice were pretreated with a non-selective muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, atropine; a γ-aminobutyric acid subunit A (GABA-A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline; a D2, D3, D4 dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol; a non-specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, nitro-l-arginine; a nonselective α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine and a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol 30min prior to the intracerebroventricular administration of orexin A. The EPM test started 30min after the i.c.v. injection of the neuropeptide. Our results show that orexin A decreases significantly the time spent in the arms (open/open+closed) and this action is reversed by bicuculline, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol, but not by atropine, haloperidol or nitro-l-arginine. Our results provide evidence for the first time that the orexin A-induced anxiety-like behavior is mediated through GABA-A-ergic, α- and β-adrenergic neurotransmissions, whereas muscarinic cholinergic, dopaminergic and nitrergic neurotransmissions may not be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Palotai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Telegdy
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary; Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Jászberényi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
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Kim YR, Kim CH, Park JH, Pyo J, Treasure J. The impact of intranasal oxytocin on attention to social emotional stimuli in patients with anorexia nervosa: a double blind within-subject cross-over experiment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90721. [PMID: 24603863 PMCID: PMC3946210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Social factors may be of importance causally and act as maintenance factors in patients with anorexia nervosa. Oxytocin is a neuromodulatory hormone involved in social emotional processing associated with attentional processes. This study aimed to examine the impact of oxytocin on attentional processes to social faces representing anger, disgust, and happiness in patients with anorexia nervosa. Method A double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design was used. Intranasal oxytocin or placebo followed by a visual probe detection task with faces depicting anger, disgust, and happiness was administered to 64 female subjects: 31 patients with anorexia nervosa and 33 control students. Results Attentional bias to the disgust stimuli was observed in both groups under the placebo condition. The attentional bias to disgust was reduced under the oxytocin condition (a moderate effect in the patient group). Avoidance of angry faces was observed in the patient group under the placebo condition and vigilance was observed in the healthy comparison group; both of these information processing responses were moderated by oxytocin producing an increase in vigilance in the patients. Happy/smiling faces did not elicit an attentional response in controls or the patients under either the placebo or oxytocin conditions. Conclusion Oxytocin attenuated attentional vigilance to disgust in patients with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. On the other hand, oxytocin changed the response to angry faces from avoidance to vigilance in patients but reduced vigilance to anger in healthy controls. We conclude that patients with anorexia nervosa appear to use different strategies/circuits to emotionally process anger from their healthy counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youl-Ri Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Chan-Hyung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Severance Mental Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea
| | - Jin Hong Park
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychology, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jimin Pyo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
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Penney CC, Volkoff H. Peripheral injections of cholecystokinin, apelin, ghrelin and orexin in cavefish (Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus): effects on feeding and on the brain expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, mechanistic target of rapamycin and appetite-related hormones. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 196:34-40. [PMID: 24287340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intraperitoneal injections of cholecystokinin (CCK), apelin, ghrelin, and orexin on food intake were examined in the blind cavefish Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus. CCK (50ng/g) induced a decrease in food intake whereas apelin (100ng/g), orexin (100ng/g), and ghrelin (100ng/g) induced an increase in food intake as compared to saline-injected control fish. In order to better understand the central mechanism by which these hormones act, we examined the effects of injections on the brain mRNA expression of two metabolic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and of appetite-regulating peptides, CCK, orexin, apelin and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART). CCK injections induced a decrease in brain apelin injections, apelin injections induced an increase in TH, mTOR, and orexin brain expressions, orexin treatment increased brain TH expression and ghrelin injections induced an increase in mTOR and orexin brain expressions. CART expression was not affected by any of the injection treatments. Our results suggest that the enzymes TH and mTOR and the hormones CCK, apelin, orexin, and ghrelin all regulate food intake in cavefish through a complex network of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C Penney
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Hélène Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Tambovtseva OV, Platonova IS, Vankova SN, Ushkov EV, Vorozheĭkina NG, Turkina TA. [The experience with the use of neuromedin preparations for the treatment of sensorineural impairment of hearing]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2014:63-65. [PMID: 25588490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of neuromedin for the treatment of sensorineural loss of hearing of different etiology. A total of 230 patients at the age varying from 20 to 60 years presenting with sensorineural impairment of hearing were available for the observation. Neuromedin was administered intramuscularly at 15 mg/day (1.5% solution at a dose of 1.0 ml) for 10 day; thereafter, the patients took 20 mg neuromedin tablets thrice daily during one month. The majority of the patients reported an improvement of hearing and speech intelligibility. Complete restoration of hearing was documented in certain patients presenting with acute sensorineural impairment of hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Tambovtseva
- Samarskaia oblastnaia klinicheskaia bol'nitsa im. M.I. Kalinina, Samara, Rossiia, 443095
| | - I S Platonova
- Samarskaia oblastnaia klinicheskaia bol'nitsa im. M.I. Kalinina, Samara, Rossiia, 443095
| | - S N Vankova
- Samarskaia oblastnaia klinicheskaia bol'nitsa im. M.I. Kalinina, Samara, Rossiia, 443095
| | - E V Ushkov
- Samarskaia oblastnaia klinicheskaia bol'nitsa im. M.I. Kalinina, Samara, Rossiia, 443095
| | - N G Vorozheĭkina
- Samarskaia oblastnaia klinicheskaia bol'nitsa im. M.I. Kalinina, Samara, Rossiia, 443095
| | - T A Turkina
- Samarskaia oblastnaia klinicheskaia bol'nitsa im. M.I. Kalinina, Samara, Rossiia, 443095
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