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Tairova Z, Strand J, Bossi R, Larsen MM, Förlin L, Bignert A, Hedman J, Gercken J, Lang T, Fricke NF, Asmund G, Long M, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Persistent organic pollutants and related biological responses measured in coastal fish using chemical and biological screening methods. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:862-880. [PMID: 28910589 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1372870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution, levels of dioxin-like compounds (DLC), and biological responses in two fish species. The viviparous eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) was collected from various locations in the Baltic Sea and in fjords of Kattegat and Skagerrak, while shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) was obtained at the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) polluted site in North West Greenland. Significant differences were detected both in contaminant levels and relative contributions from either polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) or polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF or furans) and mono-ortho- and non-ortho (coplanar) polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB). Fish from the eastern Baltic Sea generally displayed higher contributions from PCDD/F compared to dl-PCB, whereas dl-PCB were generally predominated in fish from Danish, Swedish, and German sites. Levels of dl-PCB in muscle tissues were above OSPAR environmental assessment criteria (EAC) for PCB118, indicating a potential risk of adverse biological effects in the ecosystem, whereas levels of the total WHO-TEQs were below threshold for sea food suggesting limited risks for humans. No significant relationships between levels of DLC (expressed as WHO-TEQ), and biological responses such as the induction of CYP1A enzymatic activity and fry reproductive disorders were observed in eelpout. No marked relationship between WHO-TEQ and combined biological aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated transactivity (expressed as AhR-TEQ) was noted. However, there was a positive correlation between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites and induction of CYP1A activity, suggesting that PAH exhibited greater potential than DLC to produce biological effects in eelpout from the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Tairova
- a Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark
- g Centre for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jakob Strand
- a Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- b Department of Environmental Science , Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Martin M Larsen
- a Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Lars Förlin
- c Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Anders Bignert
- d Swedish Museum of Natural History , Department of Contaminant Research , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jenny Hedman
- d Swedish Museum of Natural History , Department of Contaminant Research , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jens Gercken
- e Institute for Applied Ecology Ltd ., Neu Broderstorf , Germany
| | - Thomas Lang
- f Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology , Cuxhaven , Germany
| | | | - Gert Asmund
- a Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Manhai Long
- g Centre for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- g Centre for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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Ghorbanzadeh M, van Ede KI, Larsson M, van Duursen MBM, Poellinger L, Lücke-Johansson S, Machala M, Pěnčíková K, Vondráček J, van den Berg M, Denison MS, Ringsted T, Andersson PL. In Vitro and in Silico Derived Relative Effect Potencies of Ah-Receptor-Mediated Effects by PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Rat, Mouse, and Guinea Pig CALUX Cell Lines. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1120-32. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin I. van Ede
- Endocrine Toxicology Group, Institute for Risk Assessment
Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malin Larsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Majorie B. M. van Duursen
- Endocrine Toxicology Group, Institute for Risk Assessment
Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenz Poellinger
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lücke-Johansson
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry
and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Chemistry
and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Chemistry
and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Endocrine Toxicology Group, Institute for Risk Assessment
Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tine Ringsted
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Huerta Buitrago B, Ferrer Muñoz P, Ribé V, Larsson M, Engwall M, Wojciechowska E, Waara S. Hazard assessment of sediments from a wetland system for treatment of landfill leachate using bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 97:255-262. [PMID: 24011859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Four bioassays were used in this study for the hazard assessment of sediments from sediment traps and several ponds in a treatment wetland for landfill leachate at Atleverket, Sweden. In the 6-day solid phase microbiotest with the sediment-dwelling crustacean Heterocypris incongruens both acute and chronic effects were observed with a gradual decrease and loss of toxicity with treatment in the wetland system. Some samples showed a low toxicity in porewater and only one sample was weakly toxic in the whole sediment test when assessed with Aliivibrio fischeri (Vibro fischeri). No genotoxicity was detected in the umu test. The toxicity response in the H4IIE- luc test evaluating the presence of dioxin-like compounds was considerably higher in the samples from the sediment traps. The hazard of the sediment therefore appears to be highest in the sediment traps and pond 1 with the methods employed. The result indicates that the wetland system has a design supporting the concentration and sequestration of toxic substances in the first part of the wetland. Based upon the results we suggest that hazard assessment of sediments from other treatment wetlands for landfill leachate should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Huerta Buitrago
- School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Mälardalen University, Box 883, SE-721 23 Västerås, Sweden.
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Evaluation of the use of CALUX results for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs analysis for quantitative human exposure assessments. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Van Langenhove K, Croes K, Denison MS, Elskens M, Baeyens W. The CALUX bio-assay: Analytical comparison between mouse hepatoma cell lines with a low (H1L6.1c3) and high (H1L7.5c1) number of dioxin response elements. Talanta 2011; 85:2039-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Baston DS, Denison MS. Considerations for potency equivalent calculations in the Ah receptor-based CALUX bioassay: normalization of superinduction results for improved sample potency estimation. Talanta 2011; 83:1415-21. [PMID: 21238730 PMCID: PMC3036574 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX) system is a mechanistically based recombinant luciferase reporter gene cell bioassay used in combination with chemical extraction and clean-up methods for the detection and relative quantitation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related dioxin-like halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in a wide variety of sample matrices. While sample extracts containing complex mixtures of chemicals can produce a variety of distinct concentration-dependent luciferase induction responses in CALUX cells, these effects are produced through a common mechanism of action (i.e. the Ah receptor (AhR)) allowing normalization of results and sample potency determination. Here we describe the diversity in CALUX response to PCDD/Fs from sediment and soil extracts and not only report the occurrence of superinduction of the CALUX bioassay, but we describe a mechanistically based approach for normalization of superinduction data that results in a more accurate estimation of the relative potency of such sample extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Baston
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Dabrowska H, Murk AJ, van den Berg HJ. Bioassay-derived dioxin equivalent concentrations in gonads and livers of the Atlantic cod females from the Baltic Sea. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1829-1834. [PMID: 20863569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The DR-H4IIE.Luc bioassay is based on the ability of dioxin and dioxin-like contaminants to activate the AhR and its signal transduction pathway, a mechanism through which these contaminants elicit their toxic effects. The bioassay was used to examine the total dioxin-equivalent (TEQ) toxicity in gonads and livers of cod females from the southern Baltic Sea. The bioassay-derived TEQ-luc was measured after 24-h and 48-h exposure periods. Mean concentrations in the 24-h bioassay were 95 and 35 pg TEQ-luc g(-1) lipid in gonads and livers, respectively, and 58 and 38 pg TEQ-luc g(-1) lipid in the 48-h bioassay, respectively. The 48-h TEQ-luc levels displayed significant relationships with ΣPCB(7) and selected PCB congeners but not with the TEQ(DLPCB-REP). Levels in gonads approached 10% of the LC50 for developing larvae of other marine fish, yet the impact on survival of the cod during its early life remains to be assessed in a future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryka Dabrowska
- Sea Fisheries Institute in Gdynia, Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland.
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Reiner EJ. The analysis of dioxins and related compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:526-559. [PMID: 19672939 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other related compounds requires complex sample preparation and analytical procedures using highly sensitive and selective state-of-the-art instrumentation to meet very stringent data quality objectives. The analytical procedures (extraction, sample preparation), instrumentation (chromatographic separation and detection by mass spectrometry) and screening techniques for the determination of dioxins, furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and related compounds with a focus on new approaches and alternate techniques to standard regulatory methods are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6.
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Schlezinger JJ, Bernard PL, Haas A, Grandjean P, Weihe P, Sherr DH. Direct assessment of cumulative aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist activity in sera from experimentally exposed mice and environmentally exposed humans. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:693-698. [PMID: 20435556 PMCID: PMC2866687 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands adversely affect many biological processes. However, assessment of the significance of human exposures is hampered by an incomplete understanding of how complex mixtures affect AhR activation/inactivation. OBJECTIVES These studies used biological readouts to provide a broader context for estimating human risk than that obtained with serum extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS)-based assays alone. METHODS AhR agonist activity was quantified in sera from dioxin-treated mice, commercial human sources, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-exposed Faroe Islanders using an AhR-driven reporter cell line. To validate relationships between serum AhR agonist levels and biological outcomes, AhR agonist activity in mouse sera correlated with toxic end points. AhR agonist activity in unmanipulated ("neat") human sera was compared with these biologically relevant doses and with GC/MS-assayed PCB levels. RESULTS Mouse serum AhR agonist activity correlated with injected dioxin dose, thymic atrophy, and heptomegaly, validating the use of neat serum to assess AhR agonist activity. AhR agonist activity in sera from Faroe Islanders varied widely, was associated with the frequency of recent pilot whale dinners, but did not correlate with levels of PCBs quantified by GC/MS. Surprisingly, significant "baseline" AhR activity was found in commercial human sera. CONCLUSIONS An AhR reporter assay revealed cumulative levels of AhR activation potential in neat serum, whereas extraction may preclude detection of important non-dioxin-like biological activity. Significant levels of AhR agonist activity in commercial sera and in Faroe Islander sera, compared with that from experimentally exposed mice, suggest human exposures that are biologically relevant in both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 , USA.
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Koppen G, Den Hond E, Nelen V, Van De Mieroop E, Bruckers L, Bilau M, Keune H, Van Larebeke N, Covaci A, Van De Weghe H, Schroijen C, Desager K, Stalpaert M, Baeyens W, Schoeters G. Organochlorine and heavy metals in newborns: results from the Flemish Environment and Health Survey (FLEHS 2002-2006). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:1015-1022. [PMID: 19539994 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To collect regional information on internal levels of pollutants in humans in Flanders, 1196 mother-child pairs were systematically recruited in 2002-2003 via 25 maternities across Flanders. Cd, Pb, PCB congeners 118, 170, 138, 153 and 180, p,p'-DDE - a key metabolite of DDT- and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in cord blood or plasma. Cd was detected in 64% of the samples (geometric mean 0.21 microg/L cord blood). p,p'-DDE (110 ng/g plasma lipids) and Pb (14.7 microg/L blood), were measurable in nearly all samples. The individual PCB congeners could be detected in 40 to 81% of the newborns (138+153+180=64.4 ng/g plasma lipids). HCB (18.9 ng/g plasma lipids) and dioxin-like compounds measured by DR-CALUX(R) (23 pg CALUX-TEQ/g lipids) were above detection limit in more than 75% of the samples. Age and smoking habits of the mothers, did not influence the cord blood Pb and Cd levels. The organochlorines increased 4 to 9% per year of the mother's age (partial R(2)=0.05 to 0.22). Mothers had 2.6% less PCBs in cord blood (partial R(2)=0.02) for each unit increase in pre-pregnancy BMI. Season of delivery, breastfeeding previous children or consumption of local dairy products, were minor determinants. Up to 20% of the variability in organochlorine concentrations was explained by residence area. It was concluded that the place of birth in Flanders is an important determinant of the load of pollutants measured at the start of life. This underlines the validity of human biomonitoring on (relatively) small geographical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk & Health, Toxicology Group, Flemish Institute of Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Kennedy K, Macova M, Leusch F, Bartkow ME, Hawker DW, Zhao B, Denison MS, Mueller JF. Assessing indoor air exposures using passive sampling with bioanalytical methods for estrogenicity and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1413-21. [PMID: 19430962 PMCID: PMC2864012 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Passive air sampling was undertaken using polyurethane foam passive air samplers at three types of locations, including indoors (six offices) at buildings in the central business district (CBD) and at a private suburban home (indoor and outdoor) located 9 km from the CBD in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Estrogenic (E-SCREEN--MCF7-BOS) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) (CAFLUX--H4G1.1c2) activity were assessed for samples collected from each of these locations. The samples were tested either as crude extracts ("untreated") or were subjected to H2SO4 silica gel ("treated") for each location in order to determine whether chemicals, which are not resistant to this treatment like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, potentially account for the observed activity. In most cases, H2SO4 treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction of potency for both endpoints, suggesting that chemicals less resistant to treatment may be responsible for much of the detected biological activity in these locations. Estrogenic potency measurements (<0.22-185 pg m(-3)) were highest in the indoor offices, followed by the indoor suburban home and finally the outdoor suburban home (which was not estrogenic). Total AhR activity for crude extracts (1.3-10 pg m(-3)) however was highest for the outdoor suburban home site. Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were monitored indoors and outdoors at the suburban home. At that location, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon air concentrations were on average approximately two times higher outdoor than indoor, while AhR potency was five times higher outdoor than indoor. No significant correlation was found between the estrogenic and AhR activity (P = 0.88) for the sites in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kennedy
- EnTox (The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
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Scippo ML, Eppe G, Saegerman C, Scholl G, De Pauw E, Maghuin-Rogister G, Focant JF. Chapter 14 Persistent Organochlorine Pollutants, Dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls. FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Hui LL, Hedley AJ, Nelson EAS, Malisch R, Wong TW, Cowling BJ. Agreement between breast milk dioxin levels by CALUX bioassay and chemical analysis in a population survey in Hong Kong. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 69:1287-94. [PMID: 17618674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemically-activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) bioassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) are used to determine dioxin levels in food and humans. Valid measures of the agreement between the two methods would improve interpretation of bioassay results. Paired breast milk samples from 250 mothers, as 11 pooled samples, were analysed by GC/MS for total WHO-TEQ (7 polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins, 10 polychlorinated dibenzofurans and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls) and as individual samples by CALUX. Mean difference between total WHO-TEQ (weighted by TEF system derived in 1997) and mean CALUX-TEQ in each pool was 1.6 pg/g fat (95% CI: 0.7, 2.4), indicating a statistically significant overestimation of CALUX-TEQ compared to WHO-TEQ, probably due to the presence of Ah-receptor agonists. CALUX estimated toxicity of 13 pg/g fat was greater than the WHO-TEQ by 0.9, 3.1 and 0.3 pg/g fat for mothers from Hong Kong, mainland China and overseas territories, respectively. When the 2005 TEF system was applied, a reduction of 14-26% in the WHO-TEQ and a larger but less disperse discrepancy between WHO-TEQ and CALUX-TEQ (3.9 pg/g fat, 95% CI: 3.5, 4.4) were observed. Our study suggested that the mothers' place of residence explained the discrepancy between CALUX-TEQ and WHO-TEQ and should be considered in inter-country comparisons for CALUX-TEQ. For regulatory purposes bioassays for detecting quantitative dioxin contents in any setting must be combined with adequate extraction, clean-up and validation with WHO-TEQs. The larger difference between the two measurements after using the new TEF system warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Hui
- Department of Community Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F, William M.W. Mong Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Reiner EJ, Clement RE, Okey AB, Marvin CH. Advances in analytical techniques for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:791-806. [PMID: 16794816 PMCID: PMC1764597 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analytical techniques for the determination of polychorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dioxin-like PCBs (DLPCB) are reviewed. The focus of the review is on recent advances in methodology and analytical procedures. The paper also reviews toxicology, the development of toxic equivalent factors (TEF) and the determination of toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) values. Sources, occurrence and temporal trends of PCDD/PCDF are summarized to provide examples of levels and concentration ranges for the methods and techniques reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Long M, Andersen BS, Lindh CH, Hagmar L, Giwercman A, Manicardi GC, Bizzaro D, Spanò M, Toft G, Pedersen HS, Zvyezday V, Bonde JP, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC. Dioxin-like activities in serum across European and Inuit populations. Environ Health 2006; 5:14. [PMID: 16725033 PMCID: PMC1501006 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides can cause a series of adverse effects on e.g. reproduction in animals and humans, many of which involve the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The aim of the present study was to compare the integrated serum level of AhR mediated activity among European and Inuit populations, and evaluate whether the activity was associated to the selected POP markers, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE). METHODS The study included 338 males from Greenland (Inuit's), Sweden, Warsaw (Poland) and Kharkiv (Ukraine). The AhR transactivity of serum extracts alone (AhRag) and competitive AhR activity (AhRcomp) upon co-exposure with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were determined in the lipophilic serum fraction containing the POPs using the AhR mediated luciferase reporter Hepa1.12cR cell assay. RESULTS The European groups showed higher median level of AhR-TEQ (TCDD toxic equivalents) compared to the Inuit's, whereas higher incidence of Inuits sample further induced AhRcomp activity. Neither AhRag nor AhR-TEQ were correlated to CB-153 or p,p'-DDE for any of the study groups. Multiple regressions showed a significant heterogeneity of association between the CB-153 and the AhRcomp across the study groups, and accordingly a negative association between AhRcomp and CB-153 was found for the Kharkiv group. CONCLUSION No consistent correlation between AhR activities and two POP markers was found. Although the difference of AhRag between European and Inuit men could not be explained by CB-153 or p,p'-DDE levels alone, we believe that the variation of AhR serum activity reflects different pattern of POP exposure, genetics and/or life style factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhai Long
- Unit of Cellular & Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Vennelyst Boulevard 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Andersen
- Unit of Cellular & Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Vennelyst Boulevard 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Psychiatric Epidemiology, University Hospital, SE-221 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Hagmar
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Psychiatric Epidemiology, University Hospital, SE-221 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Fertility Centre, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - Gian-Carlo Manicardi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viele Kennedy 17 – Reggio Emilia I-41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Bizzaro
- Institute of Biology and Genetics, Politechnical University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 1-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marcello Spanò
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, BIOTEC-MED, ENEA Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00060 Rome, Italy
| | - Gunnar Toft
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, build. 2C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henning S Pedersen
- Center for Arctic Environmental Medicine, postbox 570DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland, Denmark
| | - Valentyna Zvyezday
- Laboratory of Human Reproduction, Kharkiv State Medical University, Klochkovskaya Street 156-A, room 14, 61145 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, build. 2C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Eva C Bonefeld-Jorgensen
- Unit of Cellular & Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Vennelyst Boulevard 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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