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Summers AJ, Devadhasan JP, Gu J, Montgomery DC, Fischer B, Gates-Hollingsworth MA, Pflughoeft KJ, Vo-Dinh T, AuCoin DP, Zenhausern F. Optimization of an Antibody Microarray Printing Process Using a Designed Experiment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32262-32271. [PMID: 36120062 PMCID: PMC9476517 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibody microarrays have proven useful in immunoassay-based point-of-care diagnostics for infectious diseases. Noncontact piezoelectric inkjet printing has advantages to print antibody microarrays on nitrocellulose substrates for this application due to its compatibility with sensitive solutions and substrates, simple droplet control, and potential for high-capacity printing. However, there remain real-world challenges in printing such microarrays, which motivated this study. The effects of three concentrations of capture antibody (cAb) reagents and nozzle hydrostatic pressures were chosen to investigate three responses: the number of printed membrane disks, dispensing performance, and microarray quality. Printing conditions were found to be most ideal with 5 mg/mL cAb and a nozzle hydrostatic pressure near zero, which produced 130 membrane disks in a single print versus the 10 membrane disks per print before optimization. These results serve to inform efficient printing of antibody microarrays on nitrocellulose membranes for rapid immunoassay-based detection of infectious diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Summers
- Center
for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Jasmine P. Devadhasan
- Center
for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Jian Gu
- Center
for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
- Department
of Basic Medical Sciences, The University
of Arizona, College of Medicine, 475 N 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United
States
| | - Douglas C. Montgomery
- School
of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1004, United States
| | - Brittany Fischer
- School
of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1004, United States
| | | | - Kathryn J. Pflughoeft
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0705, United States
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Fitzpatrick
Institute for Photonics, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and
Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0281, United States
| | - David P. AuCoin
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0705, United States
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center
for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
- Department
of Basic Medical Sciences, The University
of Arizona, College of Medicine, 475 N 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United
States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The University
of Arizona, College of Engineering, 1127 E James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
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2
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Design of Gold Nanoparticle Vertical Flow Assays for Point-of-Care Testing. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051107. [PMID: 35626263 PMCID: PMC9140445 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertical flow assays (VFAs) or flow-through assays have emerged as an alternate type of paper-based assay due to their faster detection time, larger sample volume capacity, and significantly higher multiplexing capabilities. They have been successfully employed to detect several different targets (polysaccharides, protein, and nucleic acids), although in a limited number of samples (serum, whole blood, plasma) compared to the more commonly known lateral flow assays (LFAs). The operation of a VFA relies mainly on gravity, coupled with capillary action or external force to help the sample flow through layers of stacked pads. With recent developments in this field, multiple layers of pads and signal readers have been optimized for more user-friendly operation, and VFAs have achieved a lower limit of detection for various analytes than the gold-standard methods. Thus, compared to the more widely used LFA, the VFA demonstrates certain advantages and is becoming an increasingly popular platform for obtaining qualitative and quantitative results in low-resource settings. Considering the wide application of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in VFAs, we will mostly discuss (1) the design of GNP-based VFA along with its associated advantages/disadvantages, (2) fabrication and optimization of GNP-based VFAs for applications, and (3) the future outlook of flow-based assays for point-of-care testing (POCT) diagnostics.
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Odinolfi MT, Romanato A, Bergamaschi G, Strada A, Sola L, Girella A, Milanese C, Chiari M, Gori A, Cretich M. Clickable cellulosic surfaces for peptide-based bioassays. Talanta 2019; 205:120152. [PMID: 31450458 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of peptides in paper-based analytics is a highly appealing field, yet it suffers from severe limitations. This is mostly due to the loss of effective target recognition properties of this relatively small probes upon nonspecific adsorption onto cellulose substrates. Here we address this issue by introducing a simple polymer-based strategy to obtain clickable cellulose surfaces, that we exploited for the chemoselective bioconjugation of peptide bioprobes. Our method largely outperformed standard adsorption-based immobilization strategy in a challenging, real case immunoassay, namely the diagnostic discrimination of Zika + individuals from healthy controls. Of note, the clickable polymeric coating not only allows efficient peptides bioconjugation, but it provides favorable anti-fouling properties to the cellulosic support. We envisage our strategy to broaden the repertoire of cellulosic materials manipulation and promote a renewed interest in peptide-based paper bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Odinolfi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Romanato
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Strada
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Sola
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Girella
- Pavia Hydrogen Lab, Chemistry Department, Physical Chemistry Section, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Pavia Hydrogen Lab, Chemistry Department, Physical Chemistry Section, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milano, Italy.
| | - Marina Cretich
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milano, Italy.
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4
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Jiang N, Ahmed R, Damayantharan M, Ünal B, Butt H, Yetisen AK. Lateral and Vertical Flow Assays for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900244. [PMID: 31081270 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) have been the pillar of rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostics due to their simplicity, rapid process, and low cost. Recent advances in sensitivity, selectivity, and chemical stability enhancement have ensured the foothold of LFAs in commercial POC diagnostics. This paper reviews recent developments in labeling strategies and detection methods of LFAs. Moreover, vertical flow assays (VFAs) have emerged as an alternate paper-based assay due to faster detection time and unique multiplexing capabilities. Smartphones as LFA readers have been transformed into a universal integrated platform for imaging, data processing, and storage, providing quantitative results in low-resource settings. Commercial LFAs and VFAs products are evaluated with regards to their performance, market trends, and regulatory issues. The future outlook of the flow-based assays for POC diagnostics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Rajib Ahmed
- School of MedicineStanford University Palo Alto CA 94304 USA
| | - Mylon Damayantharan
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Barış Ünal
- Triton Systems Inc. 200 Turnpike Rd. Chelmsford MA 01824 USA
| | - Haider Butt
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
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Chen CA, Yeh WS, Tsai TT, Li YD, Chen CF. Three-dimensional origami paper-based device for portable immunoassay applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:598-607. [PMID: 30664133 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate a three-dimensional surface-modified origami-paper-based analytical device (3D-soPAD) for immunoassay applications. The platform enables the sequential steps of immunoassays to be easily performed using a folded, sliding paper design featuring multiple pre-stored reagents, allowing us to take advantage of the vertical diffusion of the analyte through the different paper layers. The cellulose substrate is composed of carboxymethyl cellulose modified with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide, which provide covalent bonding sites for bio-recognition molecules. After the optimization of the operation parameters, we determined the detection limit of the 3D-soPAD for human immunoglobulin G (HIgG) which can be as low as 0.01 ng mL-1, with a total turnaround time of 7 min. In order to study the long-term storage of the platform, anti-HIgG horseradish peroxidase (aHIgG-HRP) conjugates were stored by freeze-drying in sugar matrices composed of 10% sucrose/10% trehalose (w/w%) on the paper device, retaining 80% of their activity after 75 days of storage at 4 °C. To evaluate the performance of the paper device using real samples, we demonstrated the detection of protein A (a biomarker for Staphylococcus aureus infection) in highly viscous human synovial fluid. These results show that the proposed 3D-soPAD platform can provide sensitive, high-throughput, and on-site prognosis of infection in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-An Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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6
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Chen P, Gates-Hollingsworth M, Pandit S, Park A, Montgomery D, AuCoin D, Gu J, Zenhausern F. Paper-based Vertical Flow Immunoassay (VFI) for detection of bio-threat pathogens. Talanta 2018; 191:81-88. [PMID: 30262102 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the standard method for identifying biological agents of potential threats to national security and public health, such as pathogens, virus, and toxins, mainly rely on microbiological cultivation. This method is time-consuming and it requires sophisticated equipment and well-trained personnel, which are often unavailable in remote areas or at point-of-need. Therefore, an alternative rapid, simple, and sensitive method for detecting bio-threat agents is in crucial need. We report a paper-based Vertical Flow Immunoassay (VFI) device that can overcome these limitations. The VFI device utilizes a nanoporous nitrocellulose membrane encapsulated in a stainless steel filter holder. As the sample is pushed through the membrane, which is pre-functionalized with capture antibody, a sandwich assay is formed and colorimetric signal is generated to reflect the presence of target antigens. Through theoretical analyses of antigen-antibody binding process inside a porous membrane, we identified two critical factors - membrane pore size and sample flow rate that can be optimized to improve the assay sensitivity. Then, the effects were demonstrated through experimental studies using Burkholderia pseudomallei (the causative agent of melioidosis) as a model pathogen. The B. pseudomallei VFI was based on an immunoassay targeting the B. pseudomallei surface capsular polysaccharide (CPS). The experimental results agreed well with the theory showing that increasing the flow speed (up to 1.06 mm/s) and reducing the membrane pore size (down to 0.1 µm) could improve the sensitivity by at least 5 times. The VFI's limit-of-detection for CPS spiked in buffer solution was determined to be 0.02 ng/mL. The developed VFI shows great potential as a point-of-care tool for detection of bio-threat agents in a variety of clinical and resource-restricted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience & Medicine, College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Sujata Pandit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Anson Park
- School of Computing, Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas Montgomery
- School of Computing, Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience & Medicine, College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience & Medicine, College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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