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Sebastian D, Ramakrishnan K. A coumarin-modified graphene quantum dot-based luminogen for the detection of cysteine in aqueous media. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:549-560. [PMID: 37960981 DOI: 10.1111/php.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
A biocompatible fluorescence sensor for cysteine detection receives wide appreciation recently, because of its importance in the medical field. Functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are recently emerging biocompatible quantum dots, which are considered as suitable candidates for biomolecule detection. Motivated by this concept, here we have developed a versatile fluorescent probe based on 3-aminocoumarin (AMC) functionalized GQDs for the detection of cysteine (Cys). Modification on GQD with AMC resulted in a stable fluorescent probe with an enhancement in quantum yield of about 84% and 40 nm redshift in emission peak compared with bare GQD. The modified GQD is then used for the sensitive and selective detection of cysteine in aqueous media. The detection of Cys within the linear range of 50 nM to 1.5 μM was achieved with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.86 nM. Here, the AMC-GQD exhibit a turn-off fluorescence sensing behavior. The quenching mechanism was also explored. The sensing process follows dynamic quenching mechanism, which is attributed to the photoinduced charge transfer from AMC-GQD to Cys. The Stern-Volmer plot, energy-level alignment obtained from cyclic voltammetry measurements and density functional theory predictions give a valid proof for this. Furthermore, the sensor was applied efficiently to the determination of Cys in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Sebastian
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - Kala Ramakrishnan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
- Inter University Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, CUSAT, Kochi, India
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2
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Alsaeedi H, Alsalme A. Hydrothermally Grown MoS 2 as an Efficient Electrode Material for the Fabrication of a Resorcinol Sensor. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1180. [PMID: 36770185 PMCID: PMC9920819 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the active surface modification of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) has received much attention for the development of electrochemical sensors. Nanomaterials are widely explored as surface-modifying materials. Herein, we have reported the hydrothermal synthesis of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and its electro-catalytic properties for the fabrication of a resorcinol sensor. Structural properties such as surface morphology of the prepared MoS2 was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and phase purity was examined by employing the powder X-ray diffraction technique. The presence of Mo and S elements in the obtained MoS2 was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Finally, the active surface of the glassy carbon electrode was modified with MoS2. This MoS2-modified glassy carbon electrode (MGC) was explored as a potential candidate for the determination of resorcinol. The fabricated MGC showed a good sensitivity of 0.79 µA/µMcm2 and a detection limit of 1.13 µM for the determination of resorcinol. This fabricated MGC also demonstrated good selectivity, and stability towards the detection of resorcinol.
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3
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Al-Shekaili A, Al-Shukaili W, Khudaish EA. A surface network based on oxidative graphene oxide for the determination of hydroquinone and catechol in ground and wastewater samples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Magnetically aligned graphite flakes electrodes for excellent sensitive detection of hydroquinone and catechol. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Nair J.S A, S S, Sandhya KY. Picomolar level electrochemical detection of hydroquinone, catechol and resorcinol simultaneously using a MoS 2 nano-flower decorated graphene. Analyst 2022; 147:2966-2979. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00531j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Graphene-Molybdenum disulphide nanocomposite was developed for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of dihydroxy benzene isomers attributed to the structural aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Nair J.S
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiyamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695-547, Kerala, India
| | - Saisree. S
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiyamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695-547, Kerala, India
| | - K. Y. Sandhya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiyamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695-547, Kerala, India
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6
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Sultana S, Noroozifar M, Kerman K. Ruthenium Red-functionalized sol-gel and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrochemical simultaneous detection of three dihydroxybenzene isomers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Chang F, Wang H, He S, Gu Y, Zhu W, Li T, Ma R. Simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol by a reduced graphene oxide-polydopamine-carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31950-31958. [PMID: 35495507 PMCID: PMC9041607 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06032e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A reduced graphene oxide–polydopamine–carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube (RGO–PDA–cMWCNT) nanocomposite was fabricated via a facile, one-pot procedure and was characterized by a variety of techniques. A novel electrochemical sensor based on RGO–PDA–cMWCNT was constructed to determine hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CT) simultaneously. This newly prepared nanocomposite shows excellent electrocatalytic efficacy in the electrode reaction of the two isomers. Specifically, the peak-to-peak potential difference between the two dihydroxybenzenes is 115 mV for oxidation, which is obviously larger than similar electrochemical sensors. The established method displays a wide linear range from 0.5 to 5000 μM with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.066 μM for HQ and 0.073 μM for CT. In addition, this electrochemical approach has been tested to measure the two dihydroxybenzenes in real samples and satisfactory results were recorded. A novel reduced graphene oxide–polydopamine–carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite (RGO–PDA–cMWCNT) was fabricated for the sensitive and simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CT).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Chang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Shuai He
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Tanwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Runhui Ma
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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8
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Highly Sensitive and Ecologically Sustainable Reversed-Phase HPTLC Method for the Determination of Hydroquinone in Commercial Whitening Creams. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HDQ) is a natural depigmenting agent, which is commonly used in skin-toning preparations. The safety and greenness of analytical methods of HDQ quantification were not considered in previous literature. Therefore, a highly sensitive and ecologically greener reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC)-based assay was established for HDQ estimation in four different commercial whitening creams (CWCs). The binary ethanol–water (60:40, v·v−1) mixture was utilized as the green solvent system. The estimation of HDQ was carried out at 291 nm. The present RP-HPTLC-based assay was linear in the 20–2400 ng band−1 range. The present analytical method was highly sensitive based on the detection and quantification data. The other validation parameters, such as accuracy, precision, and robustness, were also suitable for the determination of HDQ. Maximum HDQ quantities were obtained in CWC A (1.23% w·w−1) followed by CWC C (0.81% w·w−1), CWC D (0.43% w·w−1), and CWC B (0.37% w·w−1). The analytical GREEnness (AGREE) score for the present analytical method was estimated as 0.91, indicating the excellent greener characteristics of the present RP-HPTLC assay. These results suggest that the present analytical method is highly sensitive and ecologically sustainable for the quantitation of HDQ in its commercial formulations.
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9
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Domínguez-Aragón A, Dominguez RB, Zaragoza-Contreras EA. Simultaneous Detection of Dihydroxybenzene Isomers Using Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide-Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes/Gold Nanoparticles Nanocomposite. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11090321. [PMID: 34562911 PMCID: PMC8468658 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO), carboxylated carbon nanotubes (cMWCNT), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (GCE/ErGO-cMWCNT/AuNPs) was developed for the simultaneous detection of dihidroxybenzen isomers (DHB) hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC), and resorcinol (RS) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The fabrication and optimization of the system were evaluated with Raman Spectroscopy, SEM, cyclic voltammetry, and DPV. Under optimized conditions, the GCE/ErGO-cMWCNT/AuNPs sensor exhibited a linear concentration range of 1.2–170 μM for HQ and CC, and 2.4–400 μM for RS with a detection limit of 0.39 μM, 0.54 μM, and 0.61 μM, respectively. When evaluated in tap water and skin-lightening cream, DHB multianalyte detection showed an average recovery rate of 107.11% and 102.56%, respectively. The performance was attributed to the synergistic effects of the 3D network formed by the strong π–π stacking interaction between ErGO and cMWCNT, combined with the active catalytic sites of AuNPs. Additionally, the cMWCNT provided improved electrocatalytic properties associated with the carboxyl groups that facilitate the adsorption of the DHB and the greater amount of active edge planes. The proposed GCE/ErGO-cMWCNT/AuNPs sensor showed a great potential for the simultaneous, precise, and easy-to-handle detection of DHB in complex samples with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Domínguez-Aragón
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Chih, Mexico;
| | - Rocio B. Dominguez
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Chih, Mexico;
| | - Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Chih, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-614-439-4811; Fax: +52-614-439-1130
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10
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Moghtader M, Bahram M, Farhadi K. Derivative Linear Sweep Voltammetry and Discrete Wavelet Transform for the Simultaneous Determination of Codeine and Thebaine by Artificial Neural Networks. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Moghtader
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Morteza Bahram
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University Urmia Iran
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11
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12
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Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with C/Au Nanostructured Materials for Simultaneous Determination of Hydroquinone and Catechol in Water Matrices. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol was conducted in aqueous and real samples by means of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using a glassy carbon electrode modified with Gold Nanoparticles (AuNP) and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes by drop coating. A good response was obtained in the simultaneous determination of both isomers through standard addition to samples prepared with analytical grade water and multivariate calibration by partial least squares (PLS) in winery wastewater fortified with HQ and CT from 4.0 to 150.00 µM. A sensitivity of 0.154 µA µM−1 and 0.107 µA µM−1, and detection limits of 4.3 and 3.9 µM were found for hydroquinone and catechol, respectively. We verified the reliability of the developed method by simultaneously screening analytes in spiked tap water and industrial wastewater, achieving recoveries over 80%. In addition, this paper demonstrates the applicability of chemometric tools for the simultaneous quantification of both isomers in real matrices, obtaining prediction errors of lower than 10% in fortified wastewater.
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13
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Avan AA, Filik H. Simultaneous electrochemical sensing of dihydroxybenzene isomers at multi-walled carbon nanotubes aerogel/gold nanoparticles modified graphene screen-printed electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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González-Costas JM, Gómez-Fernández S, García J, González-Romero E. Screen-printed electrodes-based technology: Environmental application to real time monitoring of phenolic degradation by phytoremediation with horseradish roots. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140782. [PMID: 32693277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The following is a description of a simple strategy for monitoring phenolic pollutants from highly-contaminated water samples. These phenolic compounds are removed from tap water using horseradish roots (Raphanus sativus) that contain peroxidase as catalyst and H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radicals. The later (•OH) acts on the aromatic structure, causing them to degrade to non-toxic by-products. The tool used to follow up the evolution of the process is based on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) as electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of hydroquinone (Epa at 0.047 V), m-cresol (Epa at 0.506 V) and 4-nitrophenol (Epa at 0.696 V) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). This electroanalytical methodology enables close monitoring of the situation and rapid sensor response time. Furthermore, this direct methodology works for opaque and heterogeneous samples, as tap water with chopped horseradish roots, without any treatment of samples previously to the analysis. For better knowledge of the electrodic-transfer process, the electrochemical behavior of these phenolic compounds by cyclic voltammetry (CV) is also included. This simple methodology shows a low detection limit (below to 5 μM) and an excellent selectivity (peak potential separation between them up to 200 mV or greater) in a linear range of three orders of concentration (from 1-5 μM to 1 mM) for all of the analytes studied. The DPV responses of the phenolic compounds during the phytoremediation process are simultaneously monitored by this direct, cheap, reproducible (RSD < 2.3%) and rapid DPV-SPCE electroanalytical methodology. Portable device as electrochemical sensor with this optimized and validated technology can be applied for decentralized analysis, on-site assays and rapid screening purposes. The use of the horseradish roots achieves the total elimination of phenolic pollutants in concentrations 1000 times higher than the legal limits in less than 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier M González-Costas
- Electroanalysis and Biosensors Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Siria Gómez-Fernández
- Electroanalysis and Biosensors Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Josefa García
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Elisa González-Romero
- Electroanalysis and Biosensors Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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15
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Mohammed Modawe Alshik Edris N, Sulaiman Y. Ultrasensitive voltammetric detection of benzenediol isomers using reduced graphene oxide-azo dye decorated with gold nanoparticles. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:111026. [PMID: 32888594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The detection of phenolic compounds, i.e. resorcinol (RC) catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ) are important due to their extremely hazardous impact and poor environmental degradation. In this work, a novel and sensitive composite of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-poly(Procion Red MX-5B)/gold nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/ERGO-poly(PR)/AuNPs) was assembled for voltammetric detection of benzenediol isomers (RC, CC, and HQ). The nanocomposite displayed high peak currents towards the oxidation of RC, HQ, and CC compared to non-modified GCE. The peak-to-peak separations were 0.44 and 0.10 V for RC-CC and CC-HQ, respectively. The limit of detections were 53, 53, and 79 nM for HQ, CC, and RC with sensitivities of 4.61, 4.38, and 0.56 μA/μM (S/N = 3), respectively. The nanocomposite displayed adequate reproducibility, besides good stability and acceptable recoveries for wastewater and cosmetic samples analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusiba Mohammed Modawe Alshik Edris
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, P.O. Box 12702, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yusran Sulaiman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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16
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Oliveira LG, Lemos SG, Fragoso WD. Simultaneous determination of benzenediol isomers in tap water by second-order calibration and voltabsorptometry. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Ai Y, Gao N, Wang Q, Gao F, Hibbert DB, Zhao C. Electrosynthesis of HKUST-1 on a carbon-nanotube-modified electrode and its application for detection of dihydroxybenzene isomers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Chetankumar K, Kumara Swamy B, Sharma S. Electrochemical preparation of poly (direct yellow 11) modified pencil graphite electrode sensor for catechol and hydroquinone in presence of resorcinol: A voltammetric study. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Niu X, Lin J, Bo X, Bai J, Guo L. Preparation of a novel Ni-MOF and porous graphene aerogel composite and application for simultaneous electrochemical determination of nitrochlorobenzene isomers with partial least squares. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:404. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Zhang T, Wei JZ, Sun XJ, Zhao XJ, Tang HL, Yan H, Zhang FM. Continuous and Rapid Synthesis of UiO-67 by Electrochemical Methods for the Electrochemical Detection of Hydroquinone. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8827-8835. [PMID: 32623890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous and rapid synthesis of UiO-67 under mild conditions has been achieved by electrochemical methods for the first time. In the reaction system, a zirconium sheet was utilized as electrodes and a metal source for the assembly of UiO-67. High-crystalline UiO-67 with a regular tetrahedral morphology of around 1 μm was obtained within 1.5 h under the optimized solvent composition, voltage, and temperature conditions. This electrochemical synthetic method of UiO-67 in our work overcomes the shortcomings of high temperature and pressure of a traditional solvothermal method, which proposes new ideas for the large-scale and rapid synthesis of UiO-67. The UiO-67 synthesized by an electrochemical method was prepared as a UiO-67-carbon paste electrode (CPE), which exhibited a linear response to hydroquinone (HQ) in the range of 5-300 μM with a detection limit of 3.6 × 10-9 M (S/N = 3), for the electrochemical detection of HQ. It was confirmed that UiO-67-CPE possessed excellent reusability and antiinterference ability for the detection of HQ, and its detection ability even did not change after standing for 3 months. We further tried to apply UiO-67-CPE to the practical determination of HQ in tap water and river water samples, and the results proved that the recovery rate is 97.9-104.7% in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Zhi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Liang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Han Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
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Yu Z, Ma W, Wu T, Wen J, Zhang Y, Wang L, He Y, Chu H, Hu M. Coumarin-Modified Graphene Quantum Dots as a Sensing Platform for Multicomponent Detection and Its Applications in Fruits and Living Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7369-7378. [PMID: 32280878 PMCID: PMC7144171 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, coumarin derivatives (C) are used to enhance the fluorescence of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) by covalently linking the carboxyl groups on the edge of the GQD sheet. The as-synthesized coumarin-modified graphene quantum dots (C-GQDs) have a uniform particle size with an average diameter of 3.6 nm. Simultaneously, the C-GQDs have strong fluorescence emission, excellent photostability, and high fluorescence quantum yield. C-GQDs and CN- can form a C-GQDs+CN- system due to deprotonation and/or intermolecular interactions. The introduced hydroquinone (HQ) is oxidized to benzoquinone (BQ), and the interaction between BQ and the C-GQDs+CN- system could lead to fluorescence enhancement of C-GQDs. Meanwhile, the redox reaction between BQ and ascorbic acid (AA) can be used for quantitative detection of AA with CN- and HQ being used as substrates. Based on the above mechanism, C-GQDs are developed as a multicomponent detection and sensing platform, and the detection limits for CN-, HQ, and AA were 4.7, 2.2, and 2.2 nM, respectively. More importantly, satisfactory results were obtained when the platform was used to detect CN-, HQ, and AA in living cells and fresh fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochuan Yu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua avenue, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Wenhui Ma
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua avenue, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua avenue, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua avenue, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua avenue, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua avenue, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yuqian He
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua avenue, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Hongtao Chu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua avenue, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Minggang Hu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua avenue, Qiqihar 161006, China
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22
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Tapia MA, Pérez-Ràfols C, Ariño C, Serrano N, Díaz-Cruz JM. New Approach to Multivariate Standard Addition Based on Multivariate Curve Resolution by Alternating Least-Squares: Application to Voltammetric Data. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3396-3402. [PMID: 31951120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A multivariate version of the classical univariate standard addition method is proposed for the analysis of samples generating overlapping signals in the presence of notorious matrix effects. Unlike previous versions based on multivariate calibration by partial least-squares (PLS), the proposed strategy takes advantage of a self-modeling methodology: multivariate curve resolution by alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) enhanced with signal shape constraints based on parametric functions. In this way, there is no need for the full multivariate response of a blank solution, and in multianalyte determinations, the standard additions can be made with a solution containing all of the analytes, which constitutes a clear advance as compared to PLS approach. The proposed method has been successfully tested in the voltammetric determination of hydroquinone and catechol in solutions of increasing complexity and appears to be a promising tool in the field of electroanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Tapia
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quı́mica i Quı́mica Analı́tica. Facultat de Quı́mica , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès, 1-11 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Ràfols
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quı́mica i Quı́mica Analı́tica. Facultat de Quı́mica , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès, 1-11 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Cristina Ariño
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quı́mica i Quı́mica Analı́tica. Facultat de Quı́mica , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès, 1-11 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA) , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès, 1-11 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Núria Serrano
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quı́mica i Quı́mica Analı́tica. Facultat de Quı́mica , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès, 1-11 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA) , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès, 1-11 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cruz
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quı́mica i Quı́mica Analı́tica. Facultat de Quı́mica , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès, 1-11 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA) , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès, 1-11 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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23
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Ngamchuea K, Tharat B, Hirunsit P, Suthirakun S. Electrochemical oxidation of resorcinol: mechanistic insights from experimental and computational studies. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28454-28463. [PMID: 35519112 PMCID: PMC9055673 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the mechanisms of resorcinol oxidation by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Complementary data from experimental and computational studies provide new insights into the reaction mechanisms. At both macro- and micro-electrodes, cyclic voltammetry of resorcinol is chemically and electrochemically irreversible over the whole pH range (1–14). Resorcinol molecules undergo a 1H+ 1e− oxidation at pH < pKa1 and a 1e− oxidation at pH > pKa2 to form radicals. The radicals then readily react to form dimers/polymers deposited on the electrode surface. All of the experimental findings are consistent with the proposed mechanisms, including the apparent transfer coefficient (β) of 0.6 ± 0.1, the slope of the peak potential (Ep) against pH of −54 mV pH−1, the peak-shaped responses at micro-electrodes, and the fouling of the electrodes upon the oxidation of resorcinol. DFT calculation of the reaction energy of elementary steps and the eigenvalues of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the radical intermediates confirms that the (1H+) 1e− oxidation is the energetically favorable pathway. In addition to mechanistic insights, an electrochemical sensor is developed for resorcinol detection at microelectrodes in low ionic strength samples with the sensitivity of 123 ± 4 nA μM−1 and the limit of detection (3 sB m−1) of 0.03 μM. Resorcinol oxidation mechanism was investigated by DFT calculation and cyclic voltammetry experiments at macro- and micro-electrodes (1 ≤ pH ≤ 14).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwad Ngamchuea
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Thailand
| | - Bunrat Tharat
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Thailand
| | - Pussana Hirunsit
- National Nanotechnology Center
- National Science and Technology Development Agency
- Thailand
- Research Network NANOTEC – SUT on Advanced Nanomaterials and Characterization
- School of Chemistry
| | - Suwit Suthirakun
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Thailand
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24
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Chetankumar K, Kumara Swamy B. Electrochemically nitric acid pre-treated glassy carbon electrode sensor for catechol and hydroquinone: A voltammetric study. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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25
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Yang H, Li S, Yu H, Zheng F, Lin L, Chen J, Li Y, Lin Y. In situ construction of hollow carbon spheres with N, Co, and Fe co-doping as electrochemical sensors for simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8950-8958. [PMID: 31017164 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Control of the active sites/centers plays an important role in the design of novel electrode materials with unusual properties and achievement of sensors with high performance. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) freestanding multi-doped hollow carbon spheres (N-Co-Fe-HCS) with a layer thickness of 30 nm, which contained multiple active sites of the heteroatom N and transition metals (Co and Fe), were synthesized via a simple template method (with SiO2 as the template) and cost-efficient in situ self-polymerization, self-adsorption/reduction and carbonization strategies. Moreover, a series of hollow carbon sphere composites of the same family (N-HCS, N-Co-HCS and N-Fe-HCS) were prepared by this sensible process using the same method and precursors but different doping elements. These differences lead to different active sites/centers from hollow carbon spheres and improved electrocatalytic activities for dihydroxybenzene isomers. Furthermore, N-Co-Fe-HCS as an electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination performance for catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ). The detection limit and the linear range were 75 nmol L-1 and 0.5-500 μmol L-1 for CC and 80 nmol L-1 and 0.5-1500 μmol L-1 for HQ, respectively. The interference from the components coexisting in river water on the detection of CC and HQ was not observed. These results indicate that high-performance electrochemical sensors can be constructed by in situ multi-element doping into electrode materials to achieve multi-active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China.
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26
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Ye Z, Wang Q, Qiao J, Xu Y, Li G. In situ synthesis of sandwich MOFs on reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical sensing of dihydroxybenzene isomers. Analyst 2019; 144:2120-2129. [PMID: 30741272 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02307g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of sandwich MOF was successfully synthesized on reduced graphene oxide (denoted as M@Pt@M-rGO) by an in situ synthesis method. The obtained M@Pt@M-rGO possesses excellent electrochemical properties. The surface morphology and structure of M@Pt@M-rGO were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. By using M@Pt@M-rGO, a novel electrochemical sensor was constructed and successfully used for the simultaneous and sensitive detection of three isomers: hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CT) and resorcinol (RS), with wider linear ranges of concentrations of 0.05-200 μM, 0.1-160 μM and 0.4-300 μM and lower detection limits of 0.015 μM, 0.032 μM and 0.133 μM (S/N = 3) for HQ, CT and RS, respectively. Besides, the proposed electrochemical sensor showed excellent anti-interference capability, high stability, good reproducibility, and satisfactory recovery for determination of isomers in river and lake water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
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27
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Moghaddam MR, Ghasemi JB, Norouzi P, Salehnia F. Simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers at nitrogen-doped graphene surface using fast Fourier transform square wave voltammetry and multivariate calibration. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Development of an electrochemical biosensor for the determination of triglycerides in serum samples based on a lipase/magnetite-chitosan/copper oxide nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/pectin composite. Talanta 2018; 190:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Yi W, Ji C, Fei J, He X. Reversible Switched pH‐Responsive Hydroquinone Electrochemical Sensor Based on Composite Film of Polystyrene‐
b
‐Poly (Acrylic Acid) and Graphene Oxide. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Cuihong Ji
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Junjie Fei
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of ChemistryXiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Xiaohua He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 China
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30
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Manavalan S, Govindasamy M, Chen SM, Rajaji U, Chen TW, Ajmal Ali M, Al-Hemaid F, Elshikh M, Abul Farah M. Reduced graphene oxide supported raspberry-like SrWO4 for sensitive detection of catechol in green tea and drinking water samples. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Ayala A, Stoytcheva M, Zlatev R, Velkova Z, Gochev V, Valdez B, Montero G. Simultaneous Determination of Hydroquinone and Catechol by Differential Alternative Pulses Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ayala
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Instituto de Ingeniería; Mexicali México
| | - Margarita Stoytcheva
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Instituto de Ingeniería; Mexicali México
| | - Roumen Zlatev
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Instituto de Ingeniería; Mexicali México
| | - Zdravka Velkova
- Medical University of Plovdiv; Faculty of Pharmacy; Dep. Chemical Sciences; Plovdiv Bulgaria
| | - Velizar Gochev
- Plovdiv University “P. Hilendarski”; Faculty of Biology; Dep. Biochemistry and Microbiology; Plovdiv Bulgaria
| | - Benjamin Valdez
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Instituto de Ingeniería; Mexicali México
| | - Gisela Montero
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Instituto de Ingeniería; Mexicali México
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32
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Pogacean F, Coros M, Magerusan L, Rosu MC, Socaci C, Gergely S, van Staden RIS, Moldovan M, Sarosi C, Pruneanu S. Sensitive detection of hydroquinone using exfoliated graphene-Au/glassy carbon modified electrode. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:095501. [PMID: 29260725 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaa316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanosheets (EGr) were electrochemically prepared through one-step exfoliation of a graphite rod in a mixture of H2SO4:HNO3 (3:1) at low bias (4 V). Subsequently, gold nanoparticles were attached to the graphene surface (EGr-Au) by the reduction of the metal precursor (HAuCl4) in aqueous solution containing dispersed graphene sheets. According to the XRD investigation, the synthesized material consists of a mixture of few-layer (86%) and multi-layer (14%) graphene. The interlayer distance was found to be in the range of 0.466-0.342 nm, which is larger than the interlayer distance in graphite (0.335 nm). The average size of gold nanoparticles in the EGr-Au sample was 24 nm, in excellent agreement with the TEM results. The synthesized material was then employed to modify a glassy carbon (GC) substrate, in order to obtain a modified electrode (GC/EGr-Au). Next, the electrochemical behavior of hydroquinone (HQ) in the presence and absence of interfering species, catechol (CAT) and bisphenol A (BPA) was studied and the corresponding calibration curves were plotted. Thus, in solutions without interfering species, the GC/EGr-Au electrode has a wide linear range (3 × 10-7-10-4 M), high sensitivity (0.089 A M-1) and low detection limit (LOD = 10-7 M; S/N = 3). The presence of either catechol or bisphenol A leads to the increase of LOD to 2 × 10-7 M, and in addition changes the electrode sensitivity, up to 0.146 A M-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Pogacean
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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33
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Nazari M, Kashanian S, Moradipour P, Maleki N. A novel fabrication of sensor using ZnO-Al2O3 ceramic nanofibers to simultaneously detect catechol and hydroquinone. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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34
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Moghaddam MR, Norouzi P, Ghasemi JB. Simultaneous sensitive determination of benzenediol isomers using multiwall carbon nanotube–ionic liquid modified carbon paste electrode by a combination of artificial neural network and fast Fourier transform admittance voltammetry. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical method for the simultaneous determination of catechol, hydroquinone, and resorcinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Moghaddam
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran
- Tehran
| | - Parviz Norouzi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
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35
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Simultaneous and sensitive electrochemical detection of dihydroxybenzene isomers with UiO-66 metal-organic framework/mesoporous carbon. Talanta 2017; 174:527-538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Amperometric sensing of hydroquinone using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a composite consisting of graphene and molybdenum disulfide. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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