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Recent Advances in Sampling and Sample Preparation for Effect-Directed Environmental Analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Morlock GE. High-performance thin-layer chromatography combined with effect-directed assays and high-resolution mass spectrometry as an emerging hyphenated technology: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1180:338644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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van Mourik LM, Janssen E, Breeuwer R, Jonker W, Koekkoek J, Arrahman A, Kool J, Leonards PEG. Combining High-Resolution Gas Chromatographic Continuous Fraction Collection with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Possibilities of Analyzing a Whole GC Chromatogram. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6158-6168. [PMID: 33832223 PMCID: PMC8153385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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This study presents, for the first time, the successful
application
of analyzing a whole gas chromatography (GC) chromatogram by nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using a continuous repeatable
and stable (n = 280) high-resolution (HR) GC fractionation
platform with a 96-well plate. Typically with GC– or liquid
chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, (isomer) standards
and/or additional NMR analysis are needed to confirm the identification
and/or structure of the analyte of interest. In the case of complex
substances (e.g., UVCBs), isomer standards are often unavailable and
NMR spectra too complex to achieve this. This proof of concept study
shows that a HR GC fractionation collection platform was successfully
applied to separate, purify, and enrich isomers in complex substances
from a whole GC chromatogram, which would facilitate NMR analysis.
As a model substance, a chlorinated paraffin (CP) mixture (>8,000
isomers) was chosen. NMR spectra were obtained from all 96 collected
fractions, which provides important information for unravelling their
full structure. As a proof of concept, a spectral interpretation of
a few NMR spectra was made to assign sub-structures. More research
is ongoing for the full characterization of CP isomers using multivariate
statistical analysis. For the first time, up to only a few CP isomers
per fraction were isolated from a highly complex mixture. These may
be further purified and certified as standards, which are urgently
needed, and can also be used for persistency, bioaccumulation, or
toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M van Mourik
- Department of Environment and Health (E&H), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elwin Janssen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Breeuwer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Jonker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Department of Environment and Health (E&H), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arif Arrahman
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health (E&H), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vinggaard AM, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Jensen TK, Fernandez MF, Rosenmai AK, Taxvig C, Rodriguez-Carrillo A, Wielsøe M, Long M, Olea N, Antignac JP, Hamers T, Lamoree M. Receptor-based in vitro activities to assess human exposure to chemical mixtures and related health impacts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106191. [PMID: 33068852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a large number of chemicals from sources such as the environment, food, and consumer products. There is growing concern that human exposure to chemical mixtures, especially during critical periods of development, increases the risk of adverse health effects in newborns or later in life. Historically, the one-chemical-at-a-time approach has been applied both for exposure assessment and hazard characterisation, leading to insufficient knowledge about human health effects caused by exposure to mixtures of chemicals that have the same target. To circumvent this challenge researchers can apply in vitro assays to analyse both exposure to and human health effects of chemical mixtures in biological samples. The advantages of using in vitro assays are: (i) that an integrated effect is measured, taking combined mixture effects into account and (ii) that in vitro assays can reduce complexity in identification of Chemicals of Emerging Concern (CECs) in human tissues. We have reviewed the state-of-the-art on the use of receptor-based in vitro assays to assess human exposure to chemical mixtures and related health impacts. A total of 43 studies were identified, in which endpoints for the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR), the estrogen receptor (ER), and the androgen receptor (AR) were used. The majority of studies reported biological activities that could be associated with breast cancer incidence, male reproductive health effects, developmental toxicities, human demographic characteristics or lifestyle factors such as dietary patterns. A few studies used the bioactivities to check the coverage of the chemical analyses of the human samples, whereas in vitro assays have so far not regularly been used for identifying CECs in human samples, but rather in environmental matrices or food packaging materials. A huge field of novel applications using receptor-based in vitro assays for mixture toxicity assessment on human samples and effect-directed analysis (EDA) using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for identification of toxic compounds waits for exploration. In the future this could lead to a paradigm shift in the way we unravel adverse human health effects caused by chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Vinggaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Eva Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark; Greenland's Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Dep of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Mariana F Fernandez
- School of Medicine, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Anna Kjerstine Rosenmai
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Camilla Taxvig
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Wielsøe
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Olea
- School of Medicine, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Timo Hamers
- Vrije Universiteit, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Titaley IA, Simonich SLM, Larsson M. Recent Advances in the Study of the Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Compound (PAC)-Contaminated Soils: Transformation Products, Toxicity, and Bioavailability Analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:873-882. [PMID: 35634165 PMCID: PMC9139952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) encompass a diverse group of compounds, often found in historically contaminated sites. Different experimental techniques have been used to remediate PACs-contaminated soils. This brief review surveyed over 270 studies concerning remediation of PACs-contaminated soils and found that, while these studies often measured the concentration of 16 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pre- and post-remediation, only a fraction of the studies included the measurement of PAC-transformation products (PAC-TPs) and other PACs (n = 33). Only a few studies also incorporated genotoxicity/toxicity/mutagenicity analysis pre- and post-remediation (n = 5). Another aspect that these studies often neglected to include was bioavailability, as none of the studies that included measurement of PAH-TPs and PACs included bioavailability investigation. Based on the literature analysis, future remediation studies need to consider chemical analysis of PAH-TPs and PACs, genotoxicity/toxicity/mutagenicity, and bioavailability analyses pre- and post-remediation. These assessments will help address numerous concerns including, among others, the presence, properties, and toxicity of PACs and PAH-TPs, risk assessment of soil post-remediation, and the bioavailability of PAH-TPs. Other supplementary techniques that help assist these analyses and recommendations for future analyses are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Corresponding Author: Phone: +1 541 737 9208, Fax: +1 541 737 0497
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
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Titaley IA, Eriksson U, Larsson M. Rapid extraction method of polycyclic aromatic compounds in soil using basic silica selective pressurized liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hernández F, Bakker J, Bijlsma L, de Boer J, Botero-Coy AM, Bruinen de Bruin Y, Fischer S, Hollender J, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Lamoree M, López FJ, Laak TLT, van Leerdam JA, Sancho JV, Schymanski EL, de Voogt P, Hogendoorn EA. The role of analytical chemistry in exposure science: Focus on the aquatic environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:564-583. [PMID: 30726704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure science, in its broadest sense, studies the interactions between stressors (chemical, biological, and physical agents) and receptors (e.g. humans and other living organisms, and non-living items like buildings), together with the associated pathways and processes potentially leading to negative effects on human health and the environment. The aquatic environment may contain thousands of compounds, many of them still unknown, that can pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. Due to the unquestionable importance of the aquatic environment, one of the main challenges in the field of exposure science is the comprehensive characterization and evaluation of complex environmental mixtures beyond the classical/priority contaminants to new emerging contaminants. The role of advanced analytical chemistry to identify and quantify potential chemical risks, that might cause adverse effects to the aquatic environment, is essential. In this paper, we present the strategies and tools that analytical chemistry has nowadays, focused on chromatography hyphenated to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry because of its relevance in this field. Key issues, such as the application of effect direct analysis to reduce the complexity of the sample, the investigation of the huge number of transformation/degradation products that may be present in the aquatic environment, the analysis of urban wastewater as a source of valuable information on our lifestyle and substances we consumed and/or are exposed to, or the monitoring of drinking water, are discussed in this article. The trends and perspectives for the next few years are also highlighted, when it is expected that new developments and tools will allow a better knowledge of chemical composition in the aquatic environment. This will help regulatory authorities to protect water bodies and to advance towards improved regulations that enable practical and efficient abatements for environmental and public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - J Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - L Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A M Botero-Coy
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Y Bruinen de Bruin
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate E - Space, Security and Migration, Italy
| | - S Fischer
- Swedish Chemicals Agency (KEMI), P.O. Box 2, SE-172 13, Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - J Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B Kasprzyk-Hordern
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - M Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F J López
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - T L Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - J A van Leerdam
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - J V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - E L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - P de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090, GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E A Hogendoorn
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Brack W, Escher BI, Müller E, Schmitt-Jansen M, Schulze T, Slobodnik J, Hollert H. Towards a holistic and solution-oriented monitoring of chemical status of European water bodies: how to support the EU strategy for a non-toxic environment? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:33. [PMID: 30221105 PMCID: PMC6132835 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The definition of priority substances (PS) according to the Water Framework Directive (WFD) helped to remove many of these chemicals from the market and to reduce their concentrations in the European water bodies. However, it could not prevent that many of these chemicals have been replaced by others with similar risks. Today, monitoring of the PS-based chemical status according to WFD covers only a tiny fraction of toxic risks, extensively ignores mixture effects and lacks incentives and guidance for abatement. Thus, we suggest complement this purely status-related approach with more holistic and solution-oriented monitoring, which at the same time helps to provide links to the ecological status. Major elements include (1) advanced chemical screening techniques supporting mixture risk assessment and unraveling of source-related patterns in complex mixtures, (2) effect-based monitoring for the detection of groups of chemicals with similar effects and the establishment of toxicity fingerprints, (3) effect-directed analysis of drivers of toxicity and (4) to translate chemical and toxicological fingerprints into chemical footprints for prioritization of management measures. The requirement of more holistic and solution-oriented monitoring of chemical contamination is supported by the significant advancement of appropriate monitoring tools within the last years. Non-target screening technology, effect-based monitoring and basic understanding of mixture assessment are available conceptually and in research but also increasingly find their way into practical monitoring. Substantial progress in the development, evaluation and demonstration of these tools, for example, in the SOLUTIONS project enhanced their acceptability. Further advancement, integration and demonstration, extensive data exchange and closure of remaining knowledge gaps are suggested as high priority research needs for the next future to bridge the gap between insufficient ecological status and cost-efficient abatement measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Brack
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Beate I. Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Müller
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulze
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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