Pharmacotherapy in familial hypercholesterolemia - Current state and emerging paradigms

Applicability of Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Clinical Lipidology: A Narrative Review

The development of advanced technologies in artificial intelligence (AI) has expanded its applications across various fields. Machine learning (ML), a subcategory of AI, enables computers to recognize patterns within extensive datasets. Furthermore, deep learning, a specialized form of ML, processes inputs through neural network architectures inspired by biological processes. The field of clinical lipidology has experienced significant growth over the past few years, and recently, it has begun to intersect with AI. Consequently, the purpose of this narrative review is to examine the applications of AI in clinical lipidology. This review evaluates various publications concerning the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia, estimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, prediction of lipid goal attainment, challenges associated with statin use, and the influence of cardiometabolic and dietary factors on the discordance between apolipoprotein B and LDL-C. Given the concerns surrounding AI techniques, such as ethical dilemmas, opacity, limited reproducibility, and methodological constraints, it is prudent to establish a framework that enables the medical community to accurately interpret and utilize these emerging technological tools.

Novel PCSK9 Inhibitors for Treating Cardiovascular Diseases

Provided herein are novel PCSK9 inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating cardiovascular diseases, and processes for preparing such compounds.

Evaluation of miRNA-27a/b expression in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia

Introduction

We aimed to evaluate the serum level of miRNA-27 expression in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

Material and methods

miRNA-27a/b levels in serum were compared between 39 patients with heterozygous FH (HeFH = 20) and homozygous FH (HoFH = 19), and 20 healthy subjects (control group). The expression level of miRNA-27a/b was measured using real-time PCR.

Results

miRNA-27a/b expression in heFH patients (fold change: 2.21 ±0.69, p = 0.001) and in the subgroup of hoFH (fold change: 3 ±1.19, p = 0.001) was significantly higher compared to healthy people. In the comparison between HoFH and HeFH, the HoFH group had a significantly higher level of miRNA-27a/b expression (FC: 1.84 ±1.19, p = 0.009).

Conclusions

We observed higher miRNA-27a/b expression in patients with FH than in healthy individuals. In comparison with HoFH and HeFH groups, the former had a higher expression level of miRNA-27a/b, which indicates the potential of miRNA-27a/b as a candidate marker for the severity of disease in individuals with FH.