1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition approach to isoxazole, isoxazoline and isoxazolidine analogues of C-nucleosides related to pseudouridine

Stereoselective synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-bromo-hexopyrano-β-nucleosides: solvent-free Lewis acid catalysis

An expedient solvent-free synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-bromo-hexopyrano-β-nucleosides stereo- and regioselectively from protected glycals and unactivated nucleobases using cheaper and easily available reagent systems has been developed. The synthesis is mediated by a Lewis acid and is solvent-free. The substrate scope of the reaction was analysed with ether, ester and silyl-protected glycals as donors and different pyrimidine and purine bases were taken into consideration. This method further finds application in the synthesis of 2-deoxynucleosides.

2-Isoxazolines: A Synthetic and Medicinal Overview

Isoxazolines are nitrogen- and oxygen-containing five-membered heterocyclic scaffolds with extensive biological activities. This framework can be readily obtained in good to excellent yields through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between nitrones with alkynes or allenes, aryl/alkyl halides, alkynes, and oxaziridines under mild conditions. This scaffold has been an emerging area of interest for many researchers given their wide range of bioactivities. Herein we review synthetic strategies toward isoxazolines and the role these efforts have had in enhancing the biological activity of natural products and synthetic compounds such as antitubercular agents, COX-1 inhibitors, COX-2 inhibitors (e. g., valdecoxib), nicotinic receptor modulators, and MIF inhibitors. With a focus on efforts from 2010 onward, this review provides in-depth coverage of the design and biological evaluation of isoxazoline systems and their impact on various pathologies.

Highly regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 3'-O-propargyl guanosine with nitrile oxide: An efficient method for the synthesis of guanosine containing isoxazole moiety

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 3'-O-propargyl guanosine with various in-situ generated nitrile oxides in the presence of DMF as a solvent is described. It is noteworthy that the reaction is highly regioselective that affords biologically important guanosine containing isoxazole moiety in good yields with high purities.

Azomethine ylide cycloaddition: a versatile tool for preparing novel pyrrolizidino-spiro-oxindolo hybrids of the doubly conjugated alkamide piperine

A facile, multicomponent (MCR) atom-economic synthesis of novel spiro-oxindolo pyrrolizidine adducts of piperine has been achieved via an intermolecular 1,3-dipolar azomethine ylide cycloaddition reaction. Either of the two conjugated double bonds in piperine takes part in the reaction to produce two regioisomeric adducts in racemic form. Acenaphthoquinone, ninhydrin and different isatin derivatives were reacted with proline and piperine to afford a never before reported library of 22 compounds. The structures of the products were determined by 1D/2D NMR, mass spectral analysis and confirmed by X-ray crystallography of selected products. Chiral HPLC separation was performed to measure the specific rotation and CD spectra of the enantiomers for two racemic compounds.

Calcium-mediated one-pot preparation of isoxazoles with deuterium incorporation

In this work, a novel synthetic methodology for the one-pot preparation of isoxazoles directly from the reaction of calcium carbide with aldoximes is reported.

Isoxazolidine: A Privileged Scaffold for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry

The isoxazolidine ring represents one of the privileged structures in medicinal chemistry, and there have been an increasing number of studies on isoxazolidine and isoxazolidine-containing compounds. Optimization of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC), original methods including electrophilic or palladium-mediated cyclization of unsaturated hydroxylamine, has been developed to obtain isoxazolidines. Novel reactions involving the isoxazolidine ring have been highlighted to accomplish total synthesis or to obtain bioactive compounds, one of the most significant examples being probably the thermic ring contraction applied to the total synthesis of (±)-Gelsemoxonine. The unique isoxazolidine scaffold also exhibits an impressive potential as a mimic of nucleosides, carbohydrates, PNA, amino acids, and steroid analogs. This review aims to be a comprehensive and general summary of the different isoxazolidine syntheses, their use as starting building blocks for the preparation of natural compounds, and their main biological activities.

Synthesis of Isoxazole and 1,2,3-Triazole Isoindole Derivatives via Silver- and Copper-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction

The CuI- or Ag₂CO₃-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of propargyl-substituted dihydroisoindolin-1-one (3) with arylnitrile oxides 1a-d (Ar = Ph, p-MeC₆H₄, p-MeOC₆H₄, p-ClC₆H₄) produces in good yields novel 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles 4 of the ethyl-2-benzyl-3-oxo-1-((3-arylisoxazol-5yl)methyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1-carboxylate type. With aryl azides 2a-d (Ar = Ph, p-MeC₆H₄, p-OMeC₆H₄, p-ClC₆H₄), a series of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles 6 (ethyl-2-benzyl-3-oxo-1-((1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1-carboxylates) was obtained. The reactions proceed in a regioselective manner affording exclusively racemic adducts 4 and 6. Compared to the uncatalyzed cycloaddition, the yields are significantly improved in the presence of CuI as catalyst, without alteration of the selectivity. The regio- and stereochemistry of the cycloadducts has been corroborated by an X-ray diffraction study of 4a, and in the case of 6a by XH-correlation and HMBC spectra.

Review of the synthesis of acyclic and cyclic oxime ethers

Oxime ethers have attracted much attention due to their potential biological activities and wide variety of synthetic applications.

Mechanism and regioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of bicyclic monoterpenes with aryl and heteroaryl nitrile oxides: a DFT study

The reactivity and regioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of aryl and heteroaryl nitrile oxides (1a–1c) with bicyclic monoterpenes (R)-(+)-a-pinene (2a) and (S)-(–)-b-pinene (2b) have been investigated by using density functional theory based on reactivity indices and activation energy calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory in the gas phase. The potential energy surface analyses for both reactions are in agreement with the experimental observations. Moreover, our calculations on the geometries, bond orders, and global electron density transfers at the transition state structures shows that these 1,3- dipolar cycloaddition reactions occur via an asynchronous one-step mechanism.

A facile ionic liquid promoted synthesis, cholinesterase inhibitory activity and molecular modeling study of novel highly functionalized spiropyrrolidines

A series of novel dimethoxyindanone embedded spiropyrrolidines were synthesized in ionic liquid, [bmim]Br and were evaluated for their inhibitory activities towards cholinesterases. Among the spiropyrrolidines, compound 4f exhibited the most potent activity with an IC50 value of 1.57 µM against acethylcholinesterase (AChE). Molecular docking simulation for the most active compound was employed with the aim of disclosing its binding mechanism to the active site of AChE receptor.

An efficient, green synthesis of novel regioselective and stereoselective indan-1,3-dione grafted spirooxindolopyrrolizidine linked 1,2,3-triazoles via a one-pot five-component condensation using PEG-400

An efficient synthesis of highly diversified novel functionalized indan-1,3-dione grafted spirooxindolopyrrolizidine linked 1,2,3-triazole conjugates is reported using Cu(i) as a catalyst in PEG-400.

A THEORETICAL STUDY ON THE MECHANISM OF 2:1 1, 3 DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS

The reactions between nitrile oxides and alkenes are of considerable interest in organic synthesis as the resulting heterocycles are versatile intermediates for the synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds. In this paper, we design a series of reactions of phosphonyl nitrile oxides with acrylonnitrile, which can give 2:1 cycloaddition products with no crystal structure released so far, and present a detailed theoretical study on the mechanism of the 2:1 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, which has been explored with density functional theory calculations at B3LYP/6-31G* level. The results reveal that the following mechanism is quite possible. Firstly, it starts as a normal 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction to produce a regiospecific 1:1 product. Subsequently, highly reactive diisopropanyl phosphonyl nitrile oxide sequentially reacts with the aforementioned regiospecific 1:1 product and gives the corresponding cycloadduct. Further study is underway to expand the scope of this methodology, as well as to ascertain mechanistic details of the cycloaddition process.

Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues by catalyst free Huisgen nitrile oxide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

An efficient, catalyst free, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition strategy to conjugate nucleosides and nucleotides with isoxazoles under atmospheric conditions and in an aqueous environment is reported. The protocol involves chloramine-T as a practical reagent to induce in situ nitrile oxide formation and the alkyne partner is attached to the sugar residue or the nucleobase. The reactions are regiospecific, fast and high yielding.

Fast, copper-free click chemistry: a convenient solid-phase approach to oligonucleotide conjugation

Solid-phase oligonucleotide conjugation by nitrile oxide-alkyne click cycloaddition chemistry has been successfully demonstrated; the reaction, compatible with all nucleobases, requires no metal catalyst and proceeds under physiological conditions.