p-TsOH promoted Fischer indole synthesis of multi-substituted 2-trifluoromethyl indole derivatives

2-(Trifluoromethyl)indoles via Pd(0)-Catalyzed C(sp(3))-H Functionalization of Trifluoroacetimidoyl Chlorides

Perfluoroalkylated indoles are valuable compounds in drug discovery. A Pd(0)-catalyzed C(sp(3))-H functionalization enables access to 2-(trifluoromethyl)indoles from trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides. These are stable compounds, easily obtained from anilines. The cyclization operates with catalyst loadings as low as 1 mol % and accommodates a variety of substituents.

Radical perfluoroalkylation – easy access to 2-perfluoroalkylindol-3-imines via electron catalysis

Arylisonitriles react with alkyl and perfluoroalkyl radicals to form 2-alkylated indole-3-iminesviatwo sequential additions to the isonitrile moiety followed by homolytic aromatic substitution.

Synthesis of 2-trifluoromethyl indoles via visible-light induced intramolecular radical cyclization

A visible-light induced intramolecular radical cyclization is described. The reaction allows the rapid construction of 2-trifluoromethyl-3-acylindoles in a sequential C–C and C–O bond formation process under mild conditions.

Marine Sponge/H3PO4: As a Naturally Occurring Chiral Catalyst for Solvent-free Fischer-Indole Synthesis

Background

A new and efficient method have been developed for the synthesis of different indole derivatives from various ketones, having at least one hydrogen atom attached to each of their α-carbon atoms, and hydrazines in solvent-free conditions, using marine sponge/H₃PO₄ as a naturally occurring chiral catalyst.

Objectives

This study recommended the use of marine sponge/H₃PO₄ as a naturally occurring chiral catalyst for preparation of phenylhydrazones from ketones having one α-hydrogen and subsequent cyclisation of the products to indoles.

Materials and Methods

The reaction was carried out by mixing the phenylhydrazine, ketone, and marine sponge/H₃PO₄ powder in mortar and pestle; the mixture was ground at room temperature in an appropriate time until TLC show the completion of the reaction. The product extracted by CH₂Cl₂ and evaporation of solvent yields the products.

Results

In this research work, several indoles are synthesized using phenylhydrazine and aliphatic or aromatic ketone as starting materials, in the presence of marine sponge/H₃PO₄ powder as a natural catalyst under solvent-free condition.

Conclusions

We found marine sponge/H₃PO₄ to be an effective catalyst for indolisation of phenylhydrazones from ketones having α-hydrogens in solvent-free conditions.

Co-inheritance of variants/mutations in Malaysian patients with Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory bowel disease; it affects the mucosa and deeper layers of the digestive wall. Two Crohn's disease patients who carried the JW1 variant and two patients who carried the SNP5 variant were investigated for other co-inherited polymorphisms that could influence Crohn's disease development. Based on the sequencing results, a homozygous 5'-UTR-59 G to A variant in exon 1 (SNP6) was observed in a patient who carried SNP5, while a heterozygous SNP6 variant was detected in the other patient who carried SNP5. No other associated mutations or polymorphisms were detected in the two patients who carried the JW1 variant of the CARD15/NOD2 gene.