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Kim J, Jeong S, Park S, Oh S, Lee K, Lee S, Lee J, Lee H, Park J. Electrical and Optical Properties Depending on the Substitution Position of a Novel Indolocarbazole Dimer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 18:2058. [PMID: 40363559 PMCID: PMC12072749 DOI: 10.3390/ma18092058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2025] [Revised: 04/25/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
Two innovative dimeric derivatives of indolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (ICz), named 7,7'-biindolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (ICzDO) and 4,4'-biindolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (ICzDM), have been developed. Both dimers consist of two ICz units coupled through distinct ortho and meta positions. In the solution state, ICzDO and ICzDM exhibited photoluminescence (PL) maxima at 379 nm and 391 nm, demonstrating emission in the deep-blue region. These compounds show exceptionally narrow emission spectra, characterized by full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 28 nm for ICzDO and 26 nm for ICzDM. In the film state, ICzDM exhibited a photoluminescence (PL) maximum at 428 nm, whereas ICzDO showed a red-shifted emission at 507 nm with a broad full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 87 nm, indicating significant red-shifted excimer emission characteristics. This is attributed to its aggregation-enhanced excimer emission (AEEE) characteristics. When used as host materials for red phosphorescent OLEDs, both compounds enabled efficient energy transfer. Devices using ICzDM as the host attained highly efficient external quantum efficiency (EQE) values of 13.5%, coupled with remarkable color purity represented by Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.685, 0.314). These findings emphasize how strategic variations in linking positions of identical chromophores can markedly enhance OLED device performance, paving the way for innovative material designs in next-generation organic semiconductor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Kim
- Integrated Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.J.); (S.P.); (S.O.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Suhyeon Jeong
- Integrated Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.J.); (S.P.); (S.O.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Sangwook Park
- Integrated Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.J.); (S.P.); (S.O.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Saeyoung Oh
- Integrated Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.J.); (S.P.); (S.O.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Kiho Lee
- Integrated Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.J.); (S.P.); (S.O.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Soonhang Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Department of IT∙Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jihoon Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Department of IT∙Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Hayoon Lee
- Integrated Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.J.); (S.P.); (S.O.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Jongwook Park
- Integrated Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.J.); (S.P.); (S.O.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
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Kumar MP, G M, Amaladass P, Manikandan C, Dhayalan V. Recent synthetic strategies for the construction of functionalized carbazoles and their heterocyclic motifs enabled by Lewis acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32596-32626. [PMID: 37936643 PMCID: PMC10626344 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06396h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This article demonstrates recent innovative cascade annulation methods for preparing functionalized carbazoles and their related polyaromatic heterocyclic compounds enabled by Lewis acid catalysts. Highly substituted carbazole scaffolds were synthesized via Lewis acid mediated Friedel-Crafts arylation, electrocyclization, intramolecular cyclization, cycloaddition, C-N bond-formations, aromatization and cascade domino reactions, metal-catalyzed, iodine catalyzed reactions and multi-component reactions. This review article mainly focuses on Lewis acid-mediated recent synthetic methods to access a variety of electron-rich and electron-poor functional groups substituted carbazole frameworks in one-pot reactions. Polyaromatic carbazole and their related nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds were found in several synthetic applications in pharma industries, energy devices, and materials sciences. Moreover, the review paper briefly summarised new synthetic strategies of carbazole preparation approaches will assist academic and pharma industries in identifying innovative protocols for producing poly-functionalized carbazoles and related highly complex heterocyclic compounds and discovering active pharmaceutical drugs or carbazole-based alkaloids and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marappan Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal-609609 Union Territory Puducherry India https://vasudeva49.wixsite.com/catalysislab
| | - Mahantesh G
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal-609609 Union Territory Puducherry India https://vasudeva49.wixsite.com/catalysislab
| | - P Amaladass
- Department of Chemistry, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science Madanapalle 517325 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Chitrarasu Manikandan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal-609609 Union Territory Puducherry India https://vasudeva49.wixsite.com/catalysislab
| | - Vasudevan Dhayalan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal-609609 Union Territory Puducherry India https://vasudeva49.wixsite.com/catalysislab
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Li X, Yuan P, Song J, Chang Y, Jiao X, Zhao J, Zhang C, Li W, Hang XC. Multi-Resonant Indolo[3,2,1- jk]carbazole-Based Host for Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Molecules 2023; 28:5118. [PMID: 37446779 PMCID: PMC10343769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In organic light-emitting diodes, positive and negative charge carriers mostly migrate at different rates. This could result in excitons formed in the EML often migrating to the vicinity of the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer. To address this, it is important to design high-quality multi-resonance hosts that can balance the migration rate of carriers. Here, we report two newly developed multi-resonance hosts, m-ICzPBI and o-ICzPBI. The hosts contain an indolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (ICz) motif, which functionalized as either a donor or an acceptor unit. The hosts exhibit extremely high molecular rigidity and thermal stability. Devices A and B were constructed using FIrpic as a phosphorescent emitter with m-ICzPBI or o-ICzPBI as a host. Device A achieved high maximum values of EQE, PE and CE of 13.4%, 24.8 lm W-1 and 31.6 cd A-1, respectively, and low efficiency roll-off at 5000 cd m-2 of 8.6%, 10.6 lm W-1 and 20.3 cd A-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jinyu Song
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yu Chang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xueting Jiao
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jianfen Zhao
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Nanjing Jianuolin Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., 5th Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Hang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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Dobrikov GM, Nikolova Y, Slavchev I, Dangalov M, Deneva V, Antonov L, Vassilev NG. Structure and Conformational Mobility of OLED-Relevant 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031248. [PMID: 36770913 PMCID: PMC9921695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of OLED-relevant compounds, consisting of 1,3,5-triazine core linked to various aromatic arms by amino group, has been synthesized and characterized. The studied compounds exist in solution as a mixture of two conformers, a symmetric propeller and asymmetric conformer, in which one of the aromatic arms is rotated around the C-N bond. At temperatures below -40 °C, the VT NMR spectra in DMF-d7 are in a slow exchange regime, and the signals of two conformers can be elucidated. At temperatures above 100 °C, the VT NMR spectra in DMSO-d6 are in a fast exchange regime, and the averaged spectra can be measured. The ratio of symmetric and asymmetric conformers in DMF-d7 varies from 14:86 to 50:50 depending on the substituents. The rotational barriers of symmetric and asymmetric conformers in DMF-d7 were measured for all compounds and are in the interval from 11.7 to 14.7 kcal/mol. The ground-state energy landscapes of the studied compounds, obtained by DFT calculations, show good agreement with the experimental rotational barriers. The DFT calculations reveal that the observed chemical exchange occurs by the rotation around the C(1,3,5-triazine)-N bond. Although some of the compounds are potentially tautomeric, the measured absorption and emission spectra do not indicate proton transfer neither in the ground nor in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi M. Dobrikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yana Nikolova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivaylo Slavchev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Miroslav Dangalov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vera Deneva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Liudmil Antonov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay G. Vassilev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
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Chan CK, Chung YH, Wang CC. Acid-controlled multicomponent selective synthesis of 2,4,6-triaryl pyridines and pyrimidines by using hexamethyldisilazane as a nitrogen source under microwave irradiation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27281-27291. [PMID: 36276015 PMCID: PMC9513438 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04739j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and general protocol for the synthesis of functionalized 2,4,6-triaryl pyridines and pyrimidines was developed from commercially available aromatic ketones, aldehydes and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as a nitrogen source under microwave irradiation. In this multicomponent synthetic route, Lewis acids play an important role in selectively synthesizing six-membered heterocycles, including pyridines (1N) and pyrimidines (2N), by involving [2 + 1 + 2 + 1] or [2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1] annulated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Kai Chan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Chung
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
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Wang Y, Zhang G. Effect of Molecular Shape on the Properties of Indolo[3,2,1‐jk]carbazole‐Based Compounds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuannan Wang
- Nanjing Forestry University College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Nanjing Forestry University College of Chemical Engineering Longpan Road 159 210037 Nanjing CHINA
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