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Characterization of structurally related peptide impurities using HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS: application to Cbf-14, a novel antimicrobial peptide. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6485-6495. [PMID: 35840670 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Cbf-14 (RLLRKFFRKLKKSV), a designed antimicrobial peptide derived from the cathelicidin family, is effective against drug-resistant bacteria. Structurally related peptide impurities in peptide medicines probably have side effects or even toxicity, thus impurity profiling research during the entire production process is indispensable. In this study, a simple liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method using a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer was developed for separation, identification, and characterization of structurally related peptide impurities in Cbf-14. A total of one process-related impurity and thirty-two degradation products were identified, and seven of them have been synthesized and confirmed. These impurities have not been declared in custom synthetic peptides. The degradation products were divided into five categories: fifteen Cbf-14 hydrolysates, five Cbf-14 isomers, four acetyl-Cbf-14 isomers, two aldimine derivatives, and six oxidized impurities. Combined with the peptide synthesis and the stress-testing studies, the origins and the formation mechanisms of these impurities were elucidated, which provides a unique insight for the follow-up quality study of Cbf-14 and other peptide products.
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2
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Ichitsuka T, Komatsuzaki S, Masuda K, Koumura N, Sato K, Kobayashi S. Stereoretentive N-Arylation of Amino Acid Esters with Cyclohexanones Utilizing a Continuous-Flow System. Chemistry 2021; 27:10844-10848. [PMID: 33909295 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The N-arylation of chiral amino acid esters with minimal racemization is a challenging transformation because of the sensitivity of the α-stereocenter. A versatile synthetic method was developed to prepare N-arylated amino acid esters using cyclohexanones as aryl sources under continuous-flow conditions. The designed flow system, which consists of a coil reactor and a packed-bed reactor containing a Pd(OH)2 /C catalyst, efficiently afforded the desired N-arylated amino acids without significant racemization, accompanied by only small amounts of easily removable co-products (i. e., H2 O and alkanes). The efficiency and robustness of this method allowed for the continuous synthesis of the desired product in very high yield and enantiopurity with high space-time yield (74.1 g L-1 h-1 ) and turnover frequency (5.9 h-1 ) for at least 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ichitsuka
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.,Research Institute of Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8551, Japan
| | - Shingo Komatsuzaki
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Koichiro Masuda
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Koumura
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Ballard A, Narduolo S, Ahmed HO, Keymer NI, Asaad N, Cosgrove DA, Buurma NJ, Leach AG. Racemisation in Chemistry and Biology. Chemistry 2020; 26:3661-3687. [PMID: 31709642 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The two enantiomers of a compound often have profoundly different biological properties and thus their liability to racemisation in aqueous solutions is an important piece of information. The authors reviewed the available data concerning the process of racemisation in vivo, in the presence of biological molecules (e.g., racemase enzymes, serum albumin, cofactors and derivatives) and under purely chemical but aqueous conditions (acid, base and other aqueous systems). Mechanistic studies are described critically in light of reported kinetic data. The types of experimental measurement that can be used to effectively determine rate constants of racemisation in various conditions are discussed and the data they provide is summarised. The proposed origins of enzymatic racemisation are presented and suggest ways to promote the process that are different from processes taking place in bulk water. Experimental and computational studies that provide understanding and quantitative predictions of racemisation risk are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ballard
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Stefania Narduolo
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Hiwa O Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Nathaniel I Keymer
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Nabil Asaad
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | - Niklaas J Buurma
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andrew G Leach
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Musa MM. Enzymatic racemization of alcohols and amines: An approach for bi‐enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution. Chirality 2019; 32:147-157. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Musa M. Musa
- Chemistry DepartmentKing Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia
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Li Z, Wu C, Liu J, Li L, Sun C, Sun T. Theoretical studies on racemization of levetiracetam: Structural movements, character of hydroxide ion and guidelines for efficient control. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Xu J, Li F, Xue Y, Zheng Y. Efficient racemization of N‐phenylacetyl‐D‐glufosinate for L‐glufosinate production. Chirality 2019; 31:513-521. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Miao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of EducationZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
| | - Fang‐Long Li
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of EducationZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
| | - Ya‐Ping Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of EducationZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
| | - Yu‐Guo Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of EducationZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
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Zhang Y, Fan Y, Zhang W, Wu G, Wang J, Cheng F, Zheng J, Wang Z. Bio-preparation of (R)-DMPM using whole cells of Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum WZZ003 and its application on kilogram-scale synthesis of fungicide (R)-metalaxyl. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:921-928. [PMID: 29694734 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Methyl (R)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)alaninate ((R)-DMPM) is a key chiral intermediate for the production of (R)-metalaxyl, which is one of the best-selling fungicides. A new strain, Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum WZZ003, was identified as a biocatalyst for the enantioselective hydrolysis of (R,S)-DMPM. The key parameters including pH, temperature, rotation speed and substrate concentrations were optimized in the enantioselective hydrolysis of (R,S)-DMPM. After the 48 h hydrolysis of 256 mM (R,S)-DMPM under the optimized reaction conditions, the enantiomeric excess of product (e.e.p ) was up to 99% and the conversion was nearly 50%. Subsequently, the unhydrolyzed (S)-DMPM was converted to (R,S)-DMPM through the n-butanal-catalyzed racemization. Furthermore, stereoselective hydrolysis of (R,S)-DMPM catalyzed by whole cells of P. asaccharolyticum WZZ003 was scaled up to kilogram-scale, offering (R)-MAP-acid with 98.6% e.e.p and 48.0% yield. Moreover, (R)-metalaxyl was prepared at kilogram scale after subsequent esterification and coupling reactions. Therefore, a practical production process of (R)-DMPM and (R)-metalaxyl with the prospect of industrialization was developed in this study. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:921-928, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yicheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Guanzhong Wu
- Yifan Biotechnology Group Co. Ltd., 325000, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jinghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Falus P, Cerioli L, Bajnóczi G, Boros Z, Weiser D, Nagy J, Tessaro D, Servi S, Poppe L. A Continuous-Flow Cascade Reactor System for Subtilisin A- Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution ofN-tert-Butyloxycarbonylphenylalanine Ethyl Thioester with Benzylamine. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Teruya K, Tanaka T, Kawakami T, Akaji K, Aimoto S. Epimerization in peptide thioester condensation. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:669-77. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Teruya
- Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; 3-2, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kita-ku Kyoto 603-8334 Japan
| | - Takeyuki Tanaka
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kobe University; 1-1 Rokkodai-cho Nada-ku Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Toru Kawakami
- Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; 3-2, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kenichi Akaji
- Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; 3-2, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
| | - Saburo Aimoto
- Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; 3-2, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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Bongen P, Pietruszka J, Simon RC. Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of 2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]furans: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Analgesic Agent BRL 37959. Chemistry 2012; 18:11063-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Martín-Santos C, Jarava-Barrera C, Parra A, Esteban F, Navarro-Ranninger C, Alemán J. Modular Three-Component Organocatalytic Synthesis of 3,4-Disubstituted Pyrroles by a One-Pot Domino Reaction. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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D'Arrigo P, Cerioli L, Servi S, Viani F, Tessaro D. Synergy between catalysts: enzymes and bases. DKR of non-natural amino acids derivatives. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20106b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tessaro D, Cerioli L, Servi S, Viani F, D'Arrigo P. L-Amino Acid Amides via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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