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Poletti L, Rovegno C, Di Carmine G, Vacchi F, Ragno D, Brandolese A, Massi A, Dambruoso P. Efficiency in Carbon Dioxide Fixation into Cyclic Carbonates: Operating Bifunctional Polyhydroxylated Pyridinium Organocatalysts in Segmented Flow Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041530. [PMID: 36838518 PMCID: PMC9960811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel polyhydroxylated ammonium, imidazolium, and pyridinium salt organocatalysts were prepared through N-alkylation sequences using glycidol as the key precursor. The most active pyridinium iodide catalyst effectively promoted the carbonation of a set of terminal epoxides (80 to >95% yields) at a low catalyst loading (5 mol%), ambient pressure of CO2, and moderate temperature (75 °C) in batch operations, also demonstrating high recyclability and simple downstream separation from the reaction mixture. Moving from batch to segmented flow conditions with the operation of thermostated (75 °C) and pressurized (8.5 atm) home-made reactors significantly reduced the process time (from hours to seconds), increasing the process productivity up to 20.1 mmol(product) h-1 mmol(cat)-1, a value ~17 times higher than that in batch mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Poletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Caterina Rovegno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity of the Italian National Research Council, CNR Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filippo Vacchi
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity of the Italian National Research Council, CNR Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (P.D.); Tel.: +39-051-6399765 (P.D.)
| | - Paolo Dambruoso
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity of the Italian National Research Council, CNR Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (P.D.); Tel.: +39-051-6399765 (P.D.)
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2
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Di Carmine G, Forster L, Wang S, Parlett C, Carlone A, D'Agostino C. NMR relaxation time measurements of solvent effects in an organocatalysed asymmetric aldol reaction over silica SBA-15 supported proline. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of solvents in solid-supported proline organocatalysts is explored using NMR relaxation measurements coupled with reaction screening. Solvents with a lower affinity for the solid surface lead to a higher reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Luke Forster
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Simeng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Parlett
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- The University of Manchester at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Armando Carlone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
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3
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Leonardi C, Brandolese A, Preti L, Bortolini O, Polo E, Dambruoso P, Ragno D, Di Carmine G, Massi A. Expanding the Toolbox of Heterogeneous Asymmetric Organocatalysts: Bifunctional Cyclopropenimine Superbases for Enantioselective Catalysis in Batch and Continuous Flow. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Leonardi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Lorenzo Preti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Eleonora Polo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Paolo Dambruoso
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
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4
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Hu E, Zhang X, Xu L, Li G. Near-infrared laser–assisted CuS@mSiO2@L-proline catalyzed asymmetric aldol reaction. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Okuno Y, Shibata T, Ohyou A, Suzuki R, Takegami M, Kato S, Isomura S, Aoki S, Kanno J, Sato Y. Synthesis of Bi‐functional Immobilized Polymer Catalysts via a Two‐step Radiation‐induced Graft Polymerization Process. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Okuno
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Takako Shibata
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Akie Ohyou
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Rie Suzuki
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Mayuko Takegami
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Shigeki Isomura
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Shoji Aoki
- ECE Co. Ltd. Technical Development Group 4-2-1 Honfujisawa Fujisawa 251-8502 Japan
| | - Junichi Kanno
- ECE Co. Ltd. Technical Development Group 4-2-1 Honfujisawa Fujisawa 251-8502 Japan
| | - Yasuo Sato
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
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6
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Tang XF, Zhao JN, Wu YF, Zheng ZH, Ma CF, Yu ZY, Yun L, Liu GZ, Meng QW. Asymmetric α-hydroxylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds by C-2′ modified cinchonine-derived phase-transfer catalysts in batch and flow microreactors. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1781183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Cun-Fei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
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7
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Inomata K, Akahane Y, Miura A. Alternative Chiral Preparations of a Swaminathan Ketone via Asymmetric Aldol Reactions Mediated by Chiral Amines Bearing a Pyrrolidine. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-19-14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Colella M, Carlucci C, Luisi R. Supported Catalysts for Continuous Flow Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:46. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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De Vylder A, Lauwaert J, Esquivel D, Poelman D, De Clercq J, Van Der Voort P, Thybaut JW. The role of water in the reusability of aminated silica catalysts for aldol reactions. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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11
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Nakashima E, Yamamoto H. Process Catalyst Mass Efficiency by Using Proline Tetrazole Column-Flow System. Chemistry 2018; 24:1076-1079. [PMID: 29315878 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Generally, organocatalysts are not decomposed during chemical transformation, which is different from traditional metal catalysts. To improve catalytic processes efficiency, various studies have been applied to flow synthesis for organocatalysis. Furthermore, many immobilized organocatalysts have been used for heterogeneous flow synthesis, which requires huge amounts of immobilized catalyst and requires several steps to prepare. We took advantage of organocatalysts with low-polarity organic solvent and developed a flow system through a packed-bed column with simply proline tetrazole (5-(2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-tetrazole) for heterogeneous organocatalytic synthesis. Under ambient temperature, this heterogeneous organocatalyst continuous flow-column system with ketones as a donor provides aldol, Mannich, and o-nitroso aldol reactions in up to quantitative yields with excellent enantio- and chemoselectivity values. Our heterogeneous-flow synthesis provides extremely low process catalyst mass efficiency and continuous production without changing the packed-bed catalyst column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nakashima
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
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12
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Tůma J, Kohout M. Silica gel-immobilized multidisciplinary materials applicable in stereoselective organocatalysis and HPLC separation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1174-1181. [PMID: 35540900 PMCID: PMC9076945 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this pilot study, we present novel bifunctional silica gel-immobilized materials applicable as heterogeneous organocatalysts and stationary phases in HPLC. The materials provided high stereoselectivity in both batch and continuous flow catalysis of a model Michael addition (cyclohexanone to (E)-β-nitrostyrene). In the batch reaction, the catalysts proved their sustainable catalytic activity over five consecutive recycling experiments. Under continuous flow reaction conditions, the catalytic activity was found to be superior to the batch reaction, and moreover, the same immobilized materials were utilized as stationary phases in HPLC showing very good chemoselective separation of model acidic analytes. Novel multidisciplinary silica gel-based materials were successfully employed in highly stereoselective Michael addition and as stationary phases in HPLC separation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Tůma
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - M. Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- Czech Republic
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13
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1016] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Lichtenegger GJ, Tursic V, Kitzler H, Obermaier K, Khinast JG, Gruber-Wölfler H. The Plug & Play Reactor: A Highly Flexible Device for Heterogeneous Reactions in Continuous Flow. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Greco R, Caciolli L, Zaghi A, Pandoli O, Bortolini O, Cavazzini A, De Risi C, Massi A. A monolithic 5-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)tetrazole flow microreactor for the asymmetric aldol reaction in water–ethanol solvent. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5re00017c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic polystyrene monolithic column produces chiral β-hydroxyketones under benign, continuous-flow conditions with high long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Ferrara
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Caciolli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Ferrara
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Anna Zaghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Ferrara
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Omar Pandoli
- Departamento de Química
- Pontificia Universidade Católica – PUC-Rio
- Brazil
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Ferrara
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Ferrara
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Ferrara
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Ferrara
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
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16
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Ötvös SB, Szloszár A, Mándity IM, Fülöp F. Heterogeneous Dipeptide-Catalyzed α-Amination of Aldehydes in a Continuous-Flow Reactor: Effect of Residence Time on Enantioselectivity. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Yang L, Shi Y, Abolhasani M, Jensen KF. Characterization and modeling of multiphase flow in structured microreactors: a post microreactor case study. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3232-3241. [PMID: 26126496 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study microreactors with internal fields of posts as typical examples of structured microreactors to elucidate flow fields and their implications for mass transfer. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) visualization combined with image analysis is used to systematically quantify key features such as interfacial area, phase holdup and the characteristics of the post-wetting layer. The subsequent mass transport analysis yields insight into how the posts contribute to the overall enhanced mass transfer performance compared to open channels, and provides predictions of mass transfer performance under varying operating conditions. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of multiphase flow using the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method are in good agreement with experimentally observed multiphase flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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18
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Bartók M. Advances in Immobilized Organocatalysts for the Heterogeneous Asymmetric Direct Aldol Reactions. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2015.1039432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Munirathinam R, Leoncini A, Huskens J, Wormeester H, Verboom W. Wall-Coated Polymer Brushes as Support for Chiral Organocatalysts in Microreactors. J Flow Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Munirathinam R, Huskens J, Verboom W. Supported Catalysis in Continuous-Flow Microreactors. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201401081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Wu Y, Chen WQ, Zhao YQ, Piao HR. Efficient synthesis of panaxadiol derivatives using continuous-flow microreactor and evaluation of anti-tumor activity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Atodiresei I, Vila C, Rueping M. Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Continuous Flow: Opportunities for Impacting Industrial Catalysis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Atodiresei
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carlos Vila
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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23
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Rodríguez-Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Organocatalysis on Tap: Enantioselective Continuous Flow Processes Mediated by Solid-Supported Chiral Organocatalysts. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Finelli FG, Miranda LSM, de Souza ROMA. Expanding the toolbox of asymmetric organocatalysis by continuous-flow process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3708-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08748h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite all the organic chemistry reaction methodologies already developed for the continuous-flow process, asymmetric synthesis is one that has gained less attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G. Finelli
- Institute of Natural Products Research
- Center of Health Sciences
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- CEP 21941902
- Brazil
| | - Leandro S. M. Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group
- Chemistry Institute
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- CEP 21941909
- Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group
- Chemistry Institute
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- CEP 21941909
- Brazil
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25
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Scatena GS, de la Torre AF, Cass QB, Rivera DG, Paixão MW. Multicomponent Approach to Silica-Grafted Peptide Catalysts: A 3 D Continuous-Flow Organocatalytic System with On-line Monitoring of Conversion and Stereoselectivity. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Zhi C, Wang J, Luo B, Li X, Cao X, Pan Y, Gu H. The synthesis of cyclohexenone using l-proline immobilized on a silica gel catalyst by a continuous-flow approach. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01231c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Gurka A, Bucsi I, Kovács L, Szőllősi G, Bartók M. Reversal of the enantioselectivity in aldol addition over immobilized di- and tripeptides: studies under continuous flow conditions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07188c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversal of the enantioselectivity in the heterogeneous asymmetric direct aldol reactions obtained over resin supported di- versus tripeptides was studied in a continuous-flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Gurka
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Bucsi
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lenke Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Szőllősi
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group
- H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mihály Bartók
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group
- H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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28
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Novel sulfonylpolystyrene-supported prolinamides as catalysts for enantioselective aldol reaction in water. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Tsubogo T, Ishiwata T, Kobayashi S. Asymmetrische Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Kupplungen unter kontinuierlichen Durchflussbedingungen mit chiralen Heterogenkatalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201210066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Tsubogo T, Ishiwata T, Kobayashi S. Asymmetric Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation under Continuous-Flow Conditions with Chiral Heterogeneous Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6590-604. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201210066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Protasova LN, Bulut M, Ormerod D, Buekenhoudt A, Berton J, Stevens CV. Latest Highlights in Liquid-Phase Reactions for Organic Synthesis in Microreactors. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Protasova
- Department of Separation and
Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - J. Berton
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
| | - C. V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
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32
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Bortolini O, Cavazzini A, Giovannini PP, Greco R, Marchetti N, Massi A, Pasti L. A combined kinetic and thermodynamic approach for the interpretation of continuous-flow heterogeneous catalytic processes. Chemistry 2013; 19:7802-8. [PMID: 23589216 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous proline-catalyzed aldol reaction was investigated under continuous-flow conditions by means of a packed-bed microreactor. Reaction-progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) was used in combination with nonlinear chromatography for the interpretation, under synthetically relevant conditions, of important mechanistic aspects of the heterogeneous catalytic process at a molecular level. The information gathered by RPKA and nonlinear chromatography proved to be highly complementary and allowed for the assessment of optimal operating variables. In particular, the determination of the rate-determining step was pivotal for optimizing the feed composition. On the other hand, the competitive product inhibition was responsible for the unexpected decrease in the reaction yield following an apparently obvious variation in the feed composition. The study was facilitated by a suitable 2D instrumental arrangement for simultaneous flow reaction and online flow-injection analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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33
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Xiao J, Li GW, Zhang WQ. Aldol reactions catalyzed by proline functionalized polyacrylonitrile fiber. Chem Res Chin Univ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-013-2236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Arakawa Y, Wennemers H. Enamine catalysis in flow with an immobilized peptidic catalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:242-245. [PMID: 23161643 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pep talk: An immobilized peptidic catalyst achieves more than 600 turnovers in a continuous-flow system, allowing the production of chiral γ-nitroaldehydes with excellent stereoselectivities on a scale of >450 mmol (>100 g). Such a high efficiency opens the way for more practical applications of enamine catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Arakawa
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Recoverable silica-gel supported binam-prolinamides as organocatalysts for the enantioselective solvent-free intra- and intermolecular aldol reaction. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Kucherenko AS, Siyutkin DE, Nigmatov AG, Chizhov AO, Zlotin SG. Chiral Primary Amine Tagged to Ionic Group as Reusable Organocatalyst for Asymmetric Michael Reactions of C-Nucleophiles with α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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37
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Heravi MM, Asadi S. Recent applications of organocatalysts in asymmetric aldol reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Asymmetric aldol reaction in a continuous-flow reactor catalyzed by a highly reusable heterogeneous peptide. J Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal G. Anderson
- Anderson’s Process Solutions, 7400 Griffin Lane, Jacksonville, Oregon 97530, United States
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40
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Malet-Sanz
- World-Wide
Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Development API, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich
CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Flavien Susanne
- World-Wide
Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Development API, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich
CT13 9NJ, U.K
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42
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Rueping M, Bootwicha T, Sugiono E. Continuous-flow catalytic asymmetric hydrogenations: Reaction optimization using FTIR inline analysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:300-7. [PMID: 22423298 PMCID: PMC3302093 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric organocatalytic hydrogenation of benzoxazines, quinolines, quinoxalines and 3H-indoles in continuous-flow microreactors has been developed. Reaction monitoring was achieved by using an inline ReactIR flow cell, which allows fast and convenient optimization of reaction parameters. The reductions proceeded well, and the desired products were isolated in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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43
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Otvös SB, Mándity IM, Fülöp F. Highly efficient 1,4-addition of aldehydes to nitroolefins: organocatalysis in continuous flow by solid-supported peptidic catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:266-269. [PMID: 22298413 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Otvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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44
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Ayats C, Henseler AH, Pericàs MA. A solid-supported organocatalyst for continuous-flow enantioselective aldol reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:320-5. [PMID: 22442839 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric aldol reactions catalyzed by a novel polystyrene-immobilized proline derivative occur in short reaction times with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity. The catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and shows very high reusability. The high activity depicted by the supported catalyst and its chemical and mechanical stability have allowed its application in packed-bed reactors for continuous flow processing. This system can produce enantio- and diastereomerically pure aldol adducts under continuous flow conditions with a residence time of 26 min. Furthermore, the reactor allowed processing of four different aldol products in sequence without any decrease in both catalytic activity and optical purity. The effective catalyst loading could be reduced to 1.6% (six-fold reduction of catalyst loading compared to the corresponding batch process).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Ayats
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Tarragona, Spain
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45
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Opalka SM, Longstreet AR, McQuade DT. Continuous proline catalysis via leaching of solid proline. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1671-9. [PMID: 22238546 PMCID: PMC3252872 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate that a homogeneous catalyst can be prepared continuously via reaction with a packed-bed of a catalyst precursor. Specifically, we perform continuous proline catalyzed α-aminoxylations using a packed-bed of L-proline. The system relies on a multistep sequence in which an aldehyde and thiourea additive are passed through a column of solid proline, presumably forming a soluble oxazolidinone intermediate. This transports a catalytic amount of proline from the packed-bed into the reactor coil for subsequent combination with a solution of nitrosobenzene, affording the desired optically active α-aminooxy alcohol after reduction. To our knowledge, this is the first example in which a homogeneous catalyst is produced continuously using a packed-bed. We predict that the method will not only be useful for other L-proline catalyzed reactions, but we also foresee that it could be used to produce other catalytic species in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Opalka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ashley R Longstreet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
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46
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Giacalone F, Gruttadauria M, Agrigento P, Noto R. Low-loading asymmetric organocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:2406-47. [PMID: 22167174 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalysis is now recognized as the third pillar of asymmetric synthesis. Recent years have witnessed increasing interest towards the use of highly active and stereoselective organocatalysts. This critical review documents the advances in the development of chiral organocatalysts which are systematically used in ≤3 mol% loading in all the sub-areas of the field, namely aminocatalysis, Brønsted acids and bases, Lewis acids and bases, hydrogen bond-mediated catalysis, phase transfer and N-heterocyclic carbene catalyses (194 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giacalone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO) Sez. Chimica Organica E. Paternò, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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47
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Cavazzini A, Pasti L, Massi A, Marchetti N, Dondi F. Recent applications in chiral high performance liquid chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:205-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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48
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Cambeiro XC, Martín-Rapún R, Miranda PO, Sayalero S, Alza E, Llanes P, Pericàs MA. Continuous-flow enantioselective α-aminoxylation of aldehydes catalyzed by a polystyrene-immobilized hydroxyproline. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1486-93. [PMID: 22238521 PMCID: PMC3252847 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of polystyrene-immobilized proline-based catalysts in packed-bed reactors for the continuous-flow, direct, enantioselective α-aminoxylation of aldehydes is described. The system allows the easy preparation of a series of β-aminoxy alcohols (after a reductive workup) with excellent optical purity and with an effective catalyst loading of ca. 2.5% (four-fold reduction compared to the batch process) working at residence times of ca. 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xacobe C Cambeiro
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ). Avda. Països Catalans, 16. E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rafael Martín-Rapún
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ). Avda. Països Catalans, 16. E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pedro O Miranda
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ). Avda. Països Catalans, 16. E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sonia Sayalero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ). Avda. Països Catalans, 16. E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Esther Alza
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ). Avda. Països Catalans, 16. E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ). Avda. Països Catalans, 16. E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ). Avda. Països Catalans, 16. E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona. Avda. Martí I Franqués, 1. E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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49
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Maurya RA, Park CP, Kim DP. Triple-channel microreactor for biphasic gas-liquid reactions: Photosensitized oxygenations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1158-63. [PMID: 21915221 PMCID: PMC3170200 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A triple-channel microreactor fabricated by means of a soft-lithography technique was devised for efficient biphasic gas–liquid reactions. The excellent performance of the microreactor was demonstrated by carrying out photosensitized oxygenations of α-terpinene, citronellol, and allyl alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Awatar Maurya
- National Creative Research Center of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea, www.camc.re.kr
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50
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Viviano M, Glasnov TN, Reichart B, Tekautz G, Kappe CO. A Scalable Two-Step Continuous Flow Synthesis of Nabumetone and Related 4-Aryl-2-butanones. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op2001047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Viviano
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-80010 Graz, Austria,
- Dipartimento di ScienzeFarmaceutiche e Biomediche, Universitádegli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Italy, and
| | - Toma N. Glasnov
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-80010 Graz, Austria,
| | - Benedik Reichart
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-80010 Graz, Austria,
| | - Guenter Tekautz
- Microinnova Engineering GmbH, Reininghausstrasse 13, A-8020 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-80010 Graz, Austria,
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