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Kunhamu Karatt T, Sathiq MA, Laya S. Is 9β-dehydrohalogenation of betamethasone and dexamethasone hindering the detection of banned co-eluting meprednisone? A reverse-phase chiral liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry approach. Steroids 2020; 155:108572. [PMID: 31904376 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectral analysis of dexamethasone and betamethasone reveal intense signals at m/z 373.19994 (using a Thermo Q Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer coupled with Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC + operated in the positive ion mode), matching the signal of meprednisone, the 11-oxo version of methylprednisolone, along with its parent signal; possibly due to dehydrohalogenation of these drugs at MS. The parent mass of meprednisone is exactly same as that of dehydrohalogenated mass of dexamethasone and betamethasone; and are co-eluting, displaying same mass spectra. Specifically when they are administered together, identifying meprednisone (a drug for which there is zero tolerance in some regions of the world), is a great challenge with currently available techniques because it could be easily mistaken for dexamethasone or betamethasone, drugs allowed at certain threshold limits for therapeutic considerations. False negative results could be obtained in conventional reverse-phase chromatography and are liable to be abused; hence, establishing "zero tolerance" limits for these compounds often proves ineffective. In this paper, present an effective and reliable analytical method for simultaneously separating and identifying dexamethasone, betamethasone and meprednisone in equine urine and plasma using chiral liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. From the various columns screened, the Lux i-Cellulose-5 chiral column produced high-quality results with extremely good separation. During this study, it is quite evident that dehydrohalogenation occurs only in the mass ionization source; the compounds are very stable in-vivo/in-vitro and do not break down either on-column or during sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen Kunhamu Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India.
| | - M Anwar Sathiq
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India.
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Reen GK, Kumar A, Sharma P. Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1612-1704. [PMID: 31435443 PMCID: PMC6664406 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive account of recent advances in the synthesis of imidazopyridines, assisted through transition-metal-catalyzed multicomponent reactions, C-H activation/functionalization and coupling reactions are highlighted in this review article. The basic illustration of this review comprises of schemes with concise account of explanatory text. The schemes depict the reaction conditions along with a quick look into the mechanism involved to render a deep understanding of the catalytic role. At some instances optimizations of certain features have been illustrated through tables, i.e., selectivity of catalyst, loading of the catalyst and percentage yield with different substrates. Each of the reported examples has been rigorously analyzed for reacting substrates, reaction conditions and transition metals used as the catalyst. This review will be helpful to the chemists in understanding the challenges associated with the reported methods as well as the future possibilities, both in the choice of substrates and catalysts. This review would be quite appealing to a wider range of organic chemists in academia and industrial R&D sectors working in the field of heterocyclic syntheses. In a nutshell, this review will be a guiding torch to envisage: (i) the role of various transition metals in the domain dedicated towards method development and (ii) for the modifications needed thereof in the R&D sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, (M. P.), India
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, (M. P.), India
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3
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Savitha B, Koti Reddy E, Parthasarathi D, Pakkath R, Sajith AM, Ananda kumar CS, Haridas KR, Syed Ali Padusha M. A Highly Efficient Catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction of 5-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H
)-one. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskaran Savitha
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 620020 India
| | - Eeda Koti Reddy
- Department of Chemistry; Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research - VFSTR (Deemed to be University); Vadlamudi Guntur Andhra Pradesh 522 213 India
| | - D. Parthasarathi
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 620020 India
| | - Rajeesh Pakkath
- School of Chemical Sciences; Kannur University; Payyanur Campus, Edat P.O Kannur Kerala 670327 India
| | - Ayyiliath M. Sajith
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Kasaragod Government College; Kannur University; Kasaragod Kerala 671123 India
| | - C. S. Ananda kumar
- Department of Nanotechnology; Visvesvaraya Technological University; CPGS Muddenahalli 562 101 India
- Centre for Material Science; University of Mysore, Manasagangotri; Mysuru Karnataka 570 006 India
| | - Karickal R. Haridas
- School of Chemical Sciences; Kannur University; Payyanur Campus, Edat P.O Kannur Kerala 670327 India
| | - M. Syed Ali Padusha
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 620020 India
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4
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Tanii S, Arisawa M, Tougo T, Yamaguchi M. Catalytic Method for the Synthesis of C-N-Linked Bi(heteroaryl)s Using Heteroaryl Ethers and N-Benzoyl Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2018. [PMID: 29528237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
C-N-linked bi(heteroaryl)s are synthesized by a rhodium-catalyzed N-heteroarylation reaction of N-benzoyl heteroarenes including azoles/azolones, pyridones, cyclic ureas, and cyclic imides using heteroaryl aryl ethers. The reaction involves the covalent bond-exchange reaction of N-CO and HetAr-O bonds without using metal bases and exhibits a broad applicability, giving diverse C-N-linked bi(heteroaryl)s containing five- and six-membered heteroarenes. The N-heteroarylation of N-H azoles/azolones and pyridone proceeds at higher reaction temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Tanii
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Mieko Arisawa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Takaya Tougo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
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Gangarapu NR, Reddy E, Sajith AM, Yellappa S, Chandrasekhar KB. NMI/MsCl-Mediated Amide Bond Formation of Aminopyrazines and Aryl/Heteroaryl Carboxylic Acids: Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Pyrazine Carboxamides. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraja Reddy Gangarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; JNTUA-Oil Technological Research Institute, Ananthapuram, A.P
- Department of Chemistry; Government Science College; Bengaluru, Karnataka
| | - Eeda Koti Reddy
- Division of Chemistry; Department of Science and Humanities; Vignan‘s Foundation for Science; Technology and Research University-VFSTRU (Vignan University); Vadlamudi, Guntur 522 213, Andhra pradesh India
| | - Ayyiliath M Sajith
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Chemistry; Kasaragod Government College; Kannur University; Kasaragod, Kerala 671123 India
| | - Shivaraj Yellappa
- Department of Chemistry; Government Science College; Bengaluru, Karnataka
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6
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Krause M, Foks H, Gobis K. Pharmacological Potential and Synthetic Approaches of Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and Imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030399. [PMID: 28273868 PMCID: PMC6155225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural resemblance between the fused imidazopyridine heterocyclic ring system and purines has prompted biological investigations to assess their potential therapeutic significance. They are known to play a crucial role in numerous disease conditions. The discovery of their first bioactivity as GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators divulged their medicinal potential. Proton pump inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, and NSAIDs were also found in this chemical group. Imidazopyridines have the ability to influence many cellular pathways necessary for the proper functioning of cancerous cells, pathogens, components of the immune system, enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, etc. The collective results of biochemical and biophysical properties foregrounded their medicinal significance in central nervous system, digestive system, cancer, inflammation, etc. In recent years, new preparative methods for the synthesis of imidazopyridines using various catalysts have been described. The present manuscript to the best of our knowledge is the complete compilation on the synthesis and medicinal aspects of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines reported from the year 2000 to date, including structure–activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Krause
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Henryk Foks
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Gobis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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7
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Ningegowda R, Bhaskaran S, Sajith AM, Aswathanarayanappa C, Padusha MSA, Shivananju NS, Priya BS. Mo(CO)6 as a Solid CO Source in the Synthesis of Aryl/Heteroaryl Weinreb Amides under Microwave-Enhanced Condition. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The facile transformation of aryl/heteroaryl nonaflates into corresponding amides via Pd-catalyzed aminocarbonylation using Mo(CO)6 as a solid CO source under microwave-enhanced condition is reported. The method was found to be tolerant with respect to a diverse range of electronically biased aryl/heteroaryl nonaflates, and exceptional yields were obtained. The optimized protocol was further extended to a diverse range of amines.
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Gaur P, Durga Bhaskar Yamajala K, Banerjee S. Efficient synthetic route to aromatic secondary amines via Pd/RuPhos/TBAB-catalyzed cross coupling. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01095h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, C–N cross coupling methodology was developed for the synthesis of a diverse range of nitro-substituted secondary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Gaur
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU)
- Girinagar
- India
| | - K. Durga Bhaskar Yamajala
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU)
- Girinagar
- India
| | - Shaibal Banerjee
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU)
- Girinagar
- India
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9
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Savitha B, Sajith AM, Reddy EK, Kumar CSA, Padusha MSA. Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in water: facile synthesis of (hetero) aryl uracil bases using potassiumorganotrifluoroborates under microwave irradiation. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskaran Savitha
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620020 India
| | - Ayyiliath M. Sajith
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Kasaragod Government College; Kannur University; Kasaragod, Kerala 671123 India
| | - Eeda Koti Reddy
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Science and Humanities, Vignan‘s Foundation for Science; Technology and Research University-VFSTRU (Vignan University); Vadlamudi, Guntur 522 213, Andhra pradesh India
| | - C. S. Ananda Kumar
- Visvesvaraya Technological University, CPGS, Muddenahalli−562 101 and Centre for Material Science; University of Mysore; Mysuru - 570 006 India
| | - M. Syed Ali Padusha
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620020 India
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10
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Joy MN, Bodke YD, Khader KA, Sajith AM, Venkatesh T, Kumar AA. Simultaneous exploration of TBAF·3H 2 O as a base as well as a solvating agent for the palladium catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling of 4-methyl-7-nonafluorobutylsulfonyloxy coumarins under microwave irradiation. J Fluor Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Joy MN, Savitha B, Sajith AM, Bodke YD, Venkatesh T, Khader KA, Padusha MSA, Muralidharan A. A facile access for the synthesis of some C-2 substituted imidazopyrazines by utilizing the palladium catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction under microwave irradiation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Synthesis of RuCl2(xantphos)L (L = PPh3, P(OPh)3, DMSO) complexes, and their catalytic activity for the addition of carboxylic acids onto olefins. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Veena Vani K, Ramesh G, Venkata Rao C. Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel 2,4,6-Trisubstituted Quinazoline Derivatives by Buchwald and Suzuki Coupling Reactions. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotla Veena Vani
- Department of Chemistry; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati 517502 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Garlapati Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati 517502 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Chunduri Venkata Rao
- Department of Chemistry; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati 517502 Andhra Pradesh India
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14
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Sajith AM, Abdul Khader K, Joshi N, Reddy MN, Syed Ali Padusha M, Nagaswarupa H, Nibin Joy M, Bodke YD, Karuvalam RP, Banerjee R, Muralidharan A, Rajendra P. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derived purine isosteres and their potential as cytotoxic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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A rapid approach for the copper, amine, and ligand-free Sonogashira coupling of 4-methyl-7-nonafluorobutylsulfonyloxy coumarins under microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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