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Popsavin M, Djokić S, Kovačević I, Stanisavljević SM, Kojić V, Rodić MV, Aleksić L, Kesić J, Srećo Zelenović B, Popsavin V, Jakimov DS. Synthesis and biological activity of thiophene bioisosteres of natural styryl lactone goniofufurone and related compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116340. [PMID: 38527380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Ten new thiophene derivatives related to goniofufurone have been obtained by multistep synthesis starting from d-glucose. The critical step of the synthesis was the Grignard reaction of 2-thienyl magnesium bromide with a protected dialdose, yielding the C-5 epimeric thiophene derivatives 9 and 10. The mixture was oxidized to the 5-keto derivative 11, which after deprotection was converted to the corresponding keto-lactone 14. Stereoselective reduction of 14 afforded the thiophene mimic of goniofufurone 3. Esterification of 3 with cinnamic or 4-fluorocinnamic acid gave hybrids 5-7. Synthesized analogues were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against several tumour cell lines. The vast majority of them showed better activity than lead 1. In the culture of K562 cells, compound 3 was more active than the commercial antitumour drug doxorubicin. Structural features of analogues important for their antiproliferative activities were identified by SAR analysis. Pro-apoptotic potential examination of compound 3 on the K562 cell line was performed using flow cytometry, double fluorescence staining and apoptotic morphology screening. Results show that this derivative induces cell membrane disruptions attributable to apoptosis and induces the apoptotic morphology, but decreasing simultaneously the population of cells in the subG1 phase of the cell cycle. The results further suggest that analogue 3 achieves strong cytotoxicity without causing DNA fragmentation. This is clearly indicated by the relatively low incidence of micronuclei, as well as the SAR analysis of all biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Popsavin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Djokić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Kovačević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Slađana M Stanisavljević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Kojić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put dr Goldmana 4, 21204, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Marko V Rodić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Lidija Aleksić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put dr Goldmana 4, 21204, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kesić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana Srećo Zelenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Velimir Popsavin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Kneza Mihaila 35, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dimitar S Jakimov
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put dr Goldmana 4, 21204, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
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Narayan A, Patel S, B Baile S, Jain S, Sharma S. Imidazo[1,2-A]Pyridine: Potent Biological Activity, SAR and Docking In-vestigations (2017-2022). Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:IDDT-EPUB-139243. [PMID: 38509674 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265274067240223040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regarding scientific research, Imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine derivatives are constantly being developed due to the scaffold's intriguing chemical structure and varied bio-logical activity. They are distinctive organic nitrogen-bridged heterocyclic compounds that have several uses in medicines, organometallics and natural products. It has become a vital tool for medicinal chemists. METHODS In order to gather scientific information on Imidazo[1,2-a] pyridines derivative, Google, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and other databases were searched. In the current study, the medicinal value and therapeutic effect of Imidazo[1,2-a] pyridines were investigated using above mentioned databases. The current study analyzed the detailed pharmacological ac-tivities of Imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine analogs through literature from diverse scientific research works. RESULTS Due to its wide range of biological activities, including antiulcer, anticonvulsant, anti-protozoal, anthelmintic, antiepileptic, antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antituberculosis, and antitumor properties, imidazopyridine is one of the most significant structural skeletons in the field of natural and pharmaceutical products. An imidazopyridine scaffold serves as the basis for a number of therapeutically utilized medica-tions, including zolpidem, alpidem, olprinone, zolimidine, and necopidem. CONCLUSION This comprehensive study covers the period of the last five years, and it sheds light on the developments and emerging pharmacological actions of Imidazo[1,2-a] pyridines. Additionally, the structure-activity relationship and molecular docking studies are carefully documented throughout the paper, providing medicinal chemists with a clear picture for devel-oping new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Narayan
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Rich-mond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Shivkant Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be Uni-versity, At & Po. Piparia, Ta. Waghodia, 391760, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunil B Baile
- Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be Uni-versity, At & Po. Piparia, Ta. Waghodia, 391760, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Surabhi Jain
- B. Pharmacy College Rampura-kakanpur, (Gujarat Technological University), Panchmahals, Gujarat, India
| | - Smriti Sharma
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India
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Algethami FK, Saidi I, Abdelhamid HN, Elamin MR, Abdulkhair BY, Chrouda A, Ben Jannet H. Trifluoromethylated Flavonoid-Based Isoxazoles as Antidiabetic and Anti-Obesity Agents: Synthesis, In Vitro α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity, Molecular Docking and Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175214. [PMID: 34500647 PMCID: PMC8434401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem globally. The management of carbohydrate digestion provides an alternative treatment. Flavonoids constitute the largest group of polyphenolic compounds, produced by plants widely consumed as food and/or used for therapeutic purposes. As such, isoxazoles have attracted the attention of medicinal chemists by dint of their considerable bioactivity. Thus, the main goal of this work was to discover new hybrid molecules with properties of both flavonoids and isoxazoles in order to control carbohydrate digestion. Moreover, the trifluoromethyl group is a key entity in drug development, due to its strong lipophilicity and metabolic stability. Therefore, the present work describes the condensation of a previously synthesized trifluoromethylated flavonol with different aryl nitrile oxides, affording 13 hybrid molecules indicated as trifluoromethylated flavonoid-based isoxazoles. The structures of the obtained compounds were deduced from by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS analysis. The 15 newly synthesized compounds inhibited the activity of α-amylase with an efficacy ranging from 64.5 ± 0.7% to 94.7 ± 1.2% at a concentration of 50 μM, and with IC50 values of 12.6 ± 0.2 μM-27.6 ± 1.1 μM. The most effective compounds in terms of efficacy and potency were 3b, 3h, 3j, and 3m. Among the new trifluoromethylated flavonoid-based isoxazoles, the compound 3b was the most effective inhibitor of α-amylase activity (PI = 94.7 ± 1.2% at 50 μM), with a potency (IC50 = 12.6 ± 0.2 μM) similar to that of the positive control acarbose (IC50 = 12.4 ± 0.1 μM). The study of the structure-activity relationship based on the molecular docking analysis showed a low binding energy, a correct mode of interaction in the active pocket of the target enzyme, and an ability to interact with the key residues of glycosidic cleavage (GLU-230 and ASP-206), explaining the inhibitory effects of α-amylase established by several derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal K. Algethami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.E.); (B.Y.A.)
- Correspondence: (F.K.A.); (H.B.J.)
| | - Ilyes Saidi
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Team, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
| | - Hani Nasser Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Advanced Multifunctional Materials Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71575, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed R. Elamin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.E.); (B.Y.A.)
| | - Babiker Y. Abdulkhair
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.E.); (B.Y.A.)
| | - Amani Chrouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Team, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
- Correspondence: (F.K.A.); (H.B.J.)
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Bekier A, Węglińska L, Paneth A, Paneth P, Dzitko K. 4-Arylthiosemicarbazide derivatives as a new class of tyrosinase inhibitors and anti- Toxoplasma gondii agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1145-1164. [PMID: 34074198 PMCID: PMC8174488 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1931164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We report herein anti-proliferation effects of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides, with a cyclopentane substitution at N1 position, on highly virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Among them, the highest in vitro anti-Toxoplasma activity was found with the meta-iodo derivative. Further experiments demonstrated inhibitory effects of thiosemicarbazides on tyrosinase (Tyr) activity, and good correlation was found between percentage of Tyr inhibition and IC50Tg. To confirm the concept that thiosemicarbazides are able to disrupt tyrosine metabolism in Toxoplasma tachyzoites, the most potent Tyr inhibitors were tested for their efficacy of T. gondii growth inhibition. All of them significantly reduced the number of tachyzoites in the parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) compared to untreated cells, as well as inhibited tachyzoites growth by impeding cell division. Collectively, these results indicate that compounds with the thiosemicarbazide scaffold are able to disrupt tyrosine metabolism in Toxoplasma tachyzoites by deregulation of their crucial enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Bekier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lidia Węglińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland.,Institute Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM) - International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Buzun K, Kryshchyshyn-Dylevych A, Senkiv J, Roman O, Gzella A, Bielawski K, Bielawska A, Lesyk R. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity Evaluation of 5-[2-Chloro-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propenylidene]-4-thiazolidinones. Molecules 2021; 26:3057. [PMID: 34065476 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 5-[(Z,2Z)-2-chloro-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propenylidene]-thiazolidinones (Ciminalum-thiazolidinone hybrid molecules) have been synthesized. Anticancer activity screening toward the NCI60 cell lines panel, gastric cancer (AGS), human colon cancer (DLD-1), and breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cell lines allowed the identification of 3-{5-[(Z,2Z)-2-chloro-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propenylidene]-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl}propanoic acid (2h) with the highest level of antimitotic activity with mean GI50/TGI values of 1.57/13.3 μM and a certain sensitivity profile against leukemia (MOLT-4, SR), colon cancer (SW-620), CNS cancer (SF-539), melanoma (SK-MEL-5), gastric cancer (AGS), human colon cancer (DLD-1), and breast cancers (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cell lines. The hit compounds 2f, 2i, 2j, and 2h have been found to have low toxicity toward normal human blood lymphocytes and a fairly wide therapeutic range. The significant role of the 2-chloro-3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-enylidene (Ciminalum) substituent in the 5 position and the substituent's nature in the position 3 of core heterocycle in the anticancer cytotoxicity levels of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives have been established.
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Węglińska L, Bekier A, Dzitko K, Pacholczyk-Sienicka B, Albrecht Ł, Plech T, Paneth P, Paneth A. 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles Effectively Inhibit Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii. Cells 2021; 10:1053. [PMID: 33946881 PMCID: PMC8145641 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis caused by the food- and water-born parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is one of the most prevalent zoonotic infection of global importance. T. gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with limited capacity for extracellular survival, thus a successful, efficient and robust host cell invasion process is crucial for its survival, proliferation and transmission. In this study, we screened a series of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-halophenylamines functionalized at the C5 position with the imidazole ring (1b-12b) for their effects on T. gondii host cell invasion and proliferation. To achieve this goal, these compounds were initially subjected to in vitro assays to assess their cytotoxicity on human fibroblasts and then antiparasitic efficacy. Results showed that all of them compare favorably to control drugs sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in terms of T. gondii growth inhibition (IC50) and selectivity toward the parasite, expressed as selectivity index (SI). Subsequently, the most potent of them with meta-fluoro 2b, meta-chloro 5b, meta-bromo 8b, meta-iodo 11b and para-iodo 12b substitution were tested for their efficacy in inhibition of tachyzoites invasion and subsequent proliferation by direct action on established intracellular infection. All the compounds significantly inhibited the parasite invasion and intracellular proliferation via direct action on both tachyzoites and parasitophorous vacuoles formation. The most effective was para-iodo derivative 12b that caused reduction in the percentage of infected host cells by 44% and number of tachyzoites per vacuole by 93% compared to non-treated host cells. Collectively, these studies indicate that 1,3,4-thiadiazoles 1b-12b, especially 12b with IC50 of 4.70 µg/mL and SI of 20.89, could be considered as early hit compounds for future design and synthesis of anti-Toxoplasma agents that effectively and selectively block the invasion and subsequent proliferation of T. gondii into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Węglińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Adrian Bekier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Barbara Pacholczyk-Sienicka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (B.P.-S.); (Ł.A.)
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (B.P.-S.); (Ł.A.)
| | - Tomasz Plech
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
- International Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)—International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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Yoshimori A, Bajorath J. The SAR Matrix Method and an Artificially Intelligent Variant for the Identification and Structural Organization of Analog Series, SAR Analysis, and Compound Design. Mol Inform 2020; 39:e2000045. [PMID: 32271994 PMCID: PMC7816269 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The SAR Matrix (SARM) approach was originally conceived for the systematic identification of analog series, their structural organization, and graphical structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. For structurally related series, SARMs also produce virtual candidate compounds. Hence, SARM represents a unique computational approach establishing a direct link between SAR visualization and compound design. The SARM data structure is reminiscent of R-group tables and hence easily accessible from a chemical perspective, although the underlying algorithmic basis is complex. The SARM concept has been extended in different ways to further increase its analytical and design capacity. While the efforts were largely driven from a research perspective, they have also increased the utility for practical applications. Among others, extensions include approaches for SARM-based compound activity prediction, the generation of a large SARM database for analog searching, and the design of a deep learning architecture for advanced analog design taking chemical space information for target families into account. Herein, the SARM approach and its extensions are discussed within their scientific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yoshimori
- Institute for Theoretical Medicine, Inc.26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chomeFujisawa, Kanagawa251-0012Japan
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information TechnologyRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnEndenicher Allee 19cD-53115BonnGermany
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Benedeković G, Popsavin M, Kovačević I, Kojić V, Rodić M, Popsavin V. Synthesis, antiproliferative activity and SAR analysis of (-)-cleistenolide and analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 202:112597. [PMID: 32653698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new, modified total synthesis of (-)-cleistenolide (1) and sixteen new analogues or derivatives was achieved starting from commercially available 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose. The synthesis of 1 proceeds in six steps and 67% overall yield, using single-carbon atom degradation of a protected chiral precursor, (Z)-selective Wittig olefination, and acid catalyzed δ-lactonization. A new Lewis acid promoted procedure for one-pot O-debenzylation/O-acylation has been developed to complete the synthesis of natural product 1 and selected analogues. The synthesized compounds were tested in vitro to evaluate their cytotoxicity against K562, HL-60, Jurkat, Raji, MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, HeLa, A549, and MRC-5 cell lines. All (-)-cleistenolide analogues exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity than lead 1 against the majority of cell lines tested. Most of the synthesized compounds are more active than doxorubicin on at least one malignant cell line, but were almost completely inactive against normal MRC-5 cells. The structural features of the tested compounds responsible for their antiproliferative activity have been identified by preliminary SAR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Benedeković
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Popsavin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Kovačević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Kojić
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Put Dr Goldmana 4, 21204, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Marko Rodić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Velimir Popsavin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihajlova 35, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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9
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Saidi I, Nimbarte VD, Schwalbe H, Waffo-Téguo P, Harrath AH, Mansour L, Alwasel S, Ben Jannet H. Anti-tyrosinase, anti-cholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of extracts and phytochemicals from the Tunisian Citharexylum spinosum L.: Molecular docking and SAR analysis. Bioorg Chem 2020; 102:104093. [PMID: 32717693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously phytochemical investigations carried out on the flowers and trunk bark extracts of Citharexylum spinosum L. tree, allowed the isolation of twenty molecules belonging to several families of natural substances [triterpene acids, iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, 8,3'-neolignan glycosides, together with other phenolic compounds]. In the present work, a biological evaluation (anti-tyrosinase, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic activities) was performed on the prepared extracts and the isolated secondary metabolites. The results showed that the EtOAc extract of the trunk bark displayed the highest anti-tyrosinase effect with a percent inhibition of 55.0 ± 1.8% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The highest anticholinesterase activity was presented by the same extract with an IC50 value of 99.97 ± 3.01 µg/mL. The EtOAc extract of flowers and that of the trunk bark displayed the best cytotoxic property with IC50 values of 96.00 ± 2.85 and 88.75 ± 2.00 µg/mL, respectively, against the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), and IC50 values of 188.23 ± 3.88 and 197.00 ± 4.25 µg/mL, respectively, against the human lung cancer (A549) cell lines. Biological investigation of the pure compounds showed that the two 8,3'-neolignan glycosides, plucheosides D1-D2, generate the highest anti-tyrosinase potency with a percent inhibition of 61.4 ± 2.0 and 79.5 ± 2.3%, respectively, at a concentration of 100 µM. The iridoid glycosides exhibited a significant anticholinesterase activity with IC50 values ranging from 17.19 ± 1.02 to 52.24 ± 2.50 µM. Triterpene pentacyclic acids and iridoid glycosides exerted encouraging cytotoxic effects against HeLa with IC50 values ranging from 9.00 ± 1.10 to 25.00 ± 1.00 µM. The study of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) has been sufficiently and widely discussed. The natural compounds that exhibited the significant bioactivities were docked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyes Saidi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39), Equipe: Chimie Médicinale et Produits Naturels, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Vijaykumar D Nimbarte
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology. Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology. Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Pierre Waffo-Téguo
- Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, Unité de recherche Œnologie 210 chemin de leysotte, CS50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France; INRA, ISVV, USC 1366 Œnologie, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39), Equipe: Chimie Médicinale et Produits Naturels, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.
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Sulik M, Maj E, Wietrzyk J, Huczyński A, Antoszczak M. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Dimeric Polyether Ionophores. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071039. [PMID: 32664671 PMCID: PMC7408349 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyether ionophores represent a group of natural lipid-soluble biomolecules with a broad spectrum of bioactivity, ranging from antibacterial to anticancer activity. Three seem to be particularly interesting in this context, namely lasalocid acid, monensin, and salinomycin, as they are able to selectively target cancer cells of various origin including cancer stem cells. Due to their potent biological activity and abundant availability, some research groups around the world have successfully followed semi-synthetic approaches to generate original derivatives of ionophores. However, a definitely less explored avenue is the synthesis and functional evaluation of their multivalent structures. Thus, in this paper, we describe the synthetic access to a series of original homo- and heterodimers of polyether ionophores, in which (i) two salinomycin molecules are joined through triazole linkers, or (ii) salinomycin is combined with lasalocid acid, monensin, or betulinic acid partners to form 'mixed' dimeric structures. Of note, all 11 products were tested in vitro for their antiproliferative activity against a panel of six cancer cell lines including the doxorubicin resistant colon adenocarcinoma LoVo/DX cell line; five dimers (14-15, 17-18 and 22) were identified to be more potent than the reference agents (i.e., both parent compound(s) and commonly used cytostatic drugs) in selective targeting of various types of cancer. Dimers 16 and 21 were also found to effectively overcome the resistance of the LoVo/DX cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sulik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61–614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Ewa Maj
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53–114 Wrocław, Poland; (E.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53–114 Wrocław, Poland; (E.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Adam Huczyński
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61–614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Michał Antoszczak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61–614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-829-1786
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11
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Mifundu MN, Murakami N, Kawano T, Tamura S. Toosendanin relatives, trypanocidal principles from Meliae Cortex. J Nat Med 2020; 74:702-9. [PMID: 32529328 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-020-01422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Africa Trypanosomiasis remains a serious health problem, but the approved drugs for this disease are so few that novel trypanocidal compounds are demanded. In search for trypanocidal principles from medicinal plants, we found MeOH extracts of Meliae Cortex with potent activity through the screening from about 300 kinds of methanolic extract. By bioassay-guided fractionation from this extract through the liquid-liquid partition and subsequent chromatographic technique using silica gel and ODS, finally we disclosed toosendanin (1) and its relatives as active principles. These active congeners showed not only potent trypanocidal activity but also little cytotoxicity to display the excellent selective index. Taking the isolated amount as well as trypanocidal activity into consideration, 1 was disclosed to be the responsible active principle in Meliae Cortex. Additionally, the derivatives of 1 were chemically prepared from 1 and bioactivity of them were also evaluated. Through the comparison with their trypanocidal activity among the isolated relatives and the synthesized derivatives of 1, the epoxide moiety was revealed to be essential for their potent trypanocidal activity. Furthermore, 3-O-acetyl group and 7-hydroxyl group were presumed to be important functional groups and introduction of methylpropionyl group into hemiacetal hydroxy moiety was clarified to enhance their typanocidal activity.
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12
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Al-Sabi A, Daly D, Rooney M, Hughes C, Kinsella GK, Kaza SK, Nolan K, Oliver Dolly J. Development of a selective inhibitor for Kv1.1 channels prevalent in demyelinated nerves. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103918. [PMID: 32428746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the voltage-gated K+ channel subfamily (Kv1), involved in regulating transmission between neurons or to muscles, are associated with human diseases and, thus, putative targets for neurotherapeutics. This applies especially to those containing Kv1.1 α subunits which become prevalent in murine demyelinated axons and appear abnormally at inter-nodes, underlying the perturbed propagation of nerve signals. To overcome this dysfunction, akin to the consequential debilitation in multiple sclerosis (MS), small inhibitors were sought that are selective for the culpable hyper-polarising K+ currents. Herein, we report a new semi-podand - compound 3 - that was designed based on the modelling of its interactions with the extracellular pore region in a deduced Kv1.1 channel structure. After synthesis, purification, and structural characterisation, compound 3 was found to potently (IC50 = 8 µM) and selectively block Kv1.1 and 1.6 channels. The tested compound showed no apparent effect on native Nav and Cav channels expressed in F-11 cells. Compound 3 also extensively and selectively inhibited MS-related Kv1.1 homomer but not the brain native Kv1.1- or 1.6-containing channels. These collective findings highlight the therapeutic potential of compound 3 to block currents mediated by Kv1.1 channels enriched in demyelinated central neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Sabi
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait; International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Declan Daly
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Myles Rooney
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Cian Hughes
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Gemma K Kinsella
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Seshu K Kaza
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Kieran Nolan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - J Oliver Dolly
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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13
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Ginoza M, Fernandes GAB, Corrêa MF, Fernandes JPS. Novel potent vasodilating agents: Evaluation of the activity and potency of LINS01005 and derivatives in rat aorta. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 143:105171. [PMID: 31805391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) present high prevalence rates in the current world. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the global deaths are related to CVDs, and thus there is still a need for novel drugs to treat these disorders. We serendipitously discovered that LINS01005 (5a) is a potent vasodilating agent in rat aorta, and therefore a set of analogues were evaluated for the vasodilating potency in Wistar and SHR rat thoracic aorta precontracted with norepinephrine, with endothelium intact (E+) or denuded (E-) aortic rings. Compounds 5a and 5b were the most potent, showing submicromolar potency for endothelium intact vessels (EC50 853 and 941 nM, respectively) and micromolar values for E- vessels (EC50 2.4 and 7.1 µM, respectively). These compounds were indeed significantly more potent vasodilating agents in SHR-derived aortic rings (p < 0.001), showing nanomolar potency for 5a [EC50 2.4 nM (E+) 9.0 nM (E-)] and 5b [EC50 20 nM (E+) 2.1 µM (E-)]. SAR analysis though PCA and HCA were performed, suggesting that N-phenylpiperazine is essential to the activity, while increasing volume in the substituted aromatic moiety is detrimental to the potency. This is the first report of the vasodilating properties of such compounds, and studies regarding the mechanism of action are in progress in our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Ginoza
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema, SP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A B Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema, SP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Michelle F Corrêa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema, SP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - João Paulo S Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema, SP 09913-030, Brazil.
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Assirey E, Alsaggaf A, Naqvi A, Moussa Z, Okasha RM, Afifi TH, Abd-El-Aziz AS. Synthesis, Biological Assessment, and Structure Activity Relationship Studies of New Flavanones Embodying Chromene Moieties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030544. [PMID: 32012737 PMCID: PMC7037824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel flavanones that incorporate chromene motifs are synthesized via a one-step multicomponent reaction. The structures of the new chromenes are elucidated by using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and elemental analysis. The new compounds are screened for their in vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The antimicrobial properties are investigated and established against seven human pathogens, employing the agar well diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations. A majority of the assessed derivatives are found to exhibit significant antimicrobial activities against most bacterial strains, in comparison to standard reference drugs. Moreover, their cytotoxicity is appraised against four different human carcinoma cell lines: human colon carcinoma (HCT-116), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), and adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cell (A-549). All the desired compounds are subjected to in-silico studies, forecasting their drug likeness, bioactivity, and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties prior to their synthetic assembly. The in-silico molecular docking evaluation of all the targeted derivatives is undertaken on gyrase B and the cyclin-dependent kinase. The in-silico predicted outcomes were endorsed by the in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Assirey
- Department of Chemistry, Taibah University, Madinah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (A.N.); (R.M.O.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Azhaar Alsaggaf
- Department of Chemistry, Taibah University, Madinah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (A.N.); (R.M.O.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Arshi Naqvi
- Department of Chemistry, Taibah University, Madinah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (A.N.); (R.M.O.)
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE;
| | - Rawda M. Okasha
- Department of Chemistry, Taibah University, Madinah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (A.N.); (R.M.O.)
| | - Tarek H. Afifi
- Department of Chemistry, Taibah University, Madinah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (A.N.); (R.M.O.)
| | - Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-566-0400
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15
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Anuse DG, Mali SN, Thorat BR, Yamgar RS, Chaudhari HK. Synthesis, SAR, In silico Appraisal and Anti-Microbial Study of Substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles Derivatives. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2019; 16:802-813. [PMID: 31820704 DOI: 10.2174/1573409915666191210125647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health problem, which is being rapidly deteriorating the quality of human health. Series of substituted N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2- (4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl) piperidin-1-yl)acetamide (3a-j) were synthesized from substituted N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-chloroacetamide/bromopropanamide (2a-j) and 6-fluoro-3- (piperidin-4-yl)benzo[d]isoxazole (2) and further evaluated for their docking properties and antimicrobial activity. METHODS All the synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, NMR and Mass spectral analysis. All compounds were allowed to dock against different antimicrobial targets having PDB ID: 1D7U and against common antifungal target having PDB ID: 1EA1. RESULTS The compounds 3d and 3h showed good activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, resistance Gram-positive bacteria). All synthesized compounds showed good to moderate activity against selected bacterial and fungal microbial strains. If we compared the actual in-vitro antimicrobial activity and in silico molecular docking study, we found that molecules 3i and 3h were more potent than the others. CONCLUSION Our current study would definitely pave the new way of designing and synthesis of more potent 2-aminobenzothiazoles derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devidas G Anuse
- Department of Chemistry, Government of Maharashtra's Ismail Yusuf College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai 60, India
| | - Suraj N Mali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Bapu R Thorat
- Department of Chemistry, Government of Maharashtra's Ismail Yusuf College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai 60, India
| | - Ramesh S Yamgar
- Department of Chemistry, Chikitsak Samuha's Patkar-Varde College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Goregaon (West), Mumbai 400 062, India
| | - Hemchandra K Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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Neochoritis CG, Atmaj J, Twarda-Clapa A, Surmiak E, Skalniak L, Köhler LM, Muszak D, Kurpiewska K, Kalinowska-Tłuścik J, Beck B, Holak TA, Dömling A. Hitting on the move: Targeting intrinsically disordered protein states of the MDM2-p53 interaction. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111588. [PMID: 31421630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins are an emerging class of proteins without a folded structure and currently disorder-based drug targeting remains a challenge. p53 is the principal regulator of cell division and growth whereas MDM2 consists its main negative regulator. The MDM2-p53 recognition is a dynamic and multistage process that amongst other, employs the dissociation of a transient α-helical N-terminal ''lid'' segment of MDM2 from the proximity of the p53-complementary interface. Several small molecule inhibitors have been reported to inhibit the formation of the p53-MDM2 complex with the vast majority mimicking the p53 residues Phe19, Trp23 and Leu26. Recently, we have described the transit from the 3-point to 4-point pharmacophore model stabilizing this intrinsically disordered N-terminus by increasing the binding affinity by a factor of 3. Therefore, we performed a thorough SAR analysis, including chiral separation of key compound which was evaluated by FP and 2D NMR. Finally, p53-specific anti-cancer activity towards p53-wild-type cancer cells was observed for several representative compounds.
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17
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Varela MT, Costa-Silva TA, Lago JHG, Tempone AG, Fernandes JPS. Evaluation of the antitrypanosoma activity and SAR study of novel LINS03 derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:102996. [PMID: 31132603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi that is still treated by old and toxic drugs. In the search for novel alternatives, natural sources are an important source for new drug prototypes against T. cruzi to further structural exploitation. A set of natural-based compounds (LINS03) was designed, showing promising antitrypanosoma activity and low cytotoxicity to host cells. In this paper, nine novel LINS03 derivatives were evaluated against T. cruzi trypomastigotes and amastigotes. The selectivity was assessed through cytotoxicity assays using NCTC mammalian cells and calculating the CC50/IC50 ratio. The results showed that compounds 2d and 4c are noteworthy, due their high activity against amastigotes (IC50 13.9 and 5.8 µM) and low cytotoxicity (CC50 107.7 µM and >200 µM, respectively). These compounds did not showed alteration on plasma membrane permeability in a Sytox green model. SAR analysis suggested an ideal balance between hydrosolubility and lipophilicity is necessary to improve the activity, and that insertion of a meta-substituent is detrimental to the activity of the amine derivatives but not to the neutral derivatives, suggesting different mechanisms of actions. The results presented herein are valuable for designing novel compounds with improved activity and selectivity to be applied in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina T Varela
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais A Costa-Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 351, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - João Paulo S Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Paneth A, Węglińska L, Bekier A, Stefaniszyn E, Wujec M, Trotsko N, Dzitko K. Systematic Identification of Thiosemicarbazides for Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii Growth In Vitro. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030614. [PMID: 30744161 PMCID: PMC6384730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key stages in the development of new therapies in the treatment of toxoplasmosis is the identification of new non-toxic small molecules with high specificity to Toxoplasma gondii. In the search for such structures, thiosemicarbazide-based compounds have emerged as a novel and promising leads. Here, a series of imidazole-thiosemicarbazides with suitable properties for CNS penetration was evaluated to determine the structural requirements needed for potent anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity. The best 4-arylthiosemicarbazides 3 and 4 showed much higher potency when compared to sulfadiazine at concentrations that are non-toxic to the host cells, indicating a high selectivity of their anti-toxoplasma activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Lidia Węglińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adrian Bekier
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Edyta Stefaniszyn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Wujec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Nazar Trotsko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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Kryshchyshyn A, Kaminskyy D, Nektegayev I, Grellier P, Lesyk R. Isothiochromenothiazoles-A Class of Fused Thiazolidinone Derivatives with Established Anticancer Activity That Inhibits Growth of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Sci Pharm 2018; 86:scipharm86040047. [PMID: 30347722 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm86040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, thiazolidinone derivatives have been widely studied as antiparasitic agents. Previous investigations showed that fused 4-thiazolidinone derivatives (especially thiopyranothiazoles) retain pharmacological activity of their synthetic precursors-simple 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones. A series of isothiochromeno[4a,4-d][1,3] thiazoles was investigated in an in vitro assay towards bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. All compounds inhibited parasite growth at concentrations in the micromolar range. The established low acute toxicity of this class of compounds along with a good trypanocidal profile indicates that isothiochromenothiazole derivatives may be promising for designing new antitrypanosomal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kryshchyshyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv-10, Ukraine.
| | - Danylo Kaminskyy
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv-10, Ukraine.
| | - Igor Nektegayev
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv-10, Ukraine.
| | - Philippe Grellier
- UMR 7245 CNRS MCAM, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 52, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv-10, Ukraine.
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20
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Ni L, Zhong XH, Chen XJ, Zhang BJ, Bao MF, Cai XH. Bioactive norditerpenoids from Cephalotaxus fortunei var. alpina and C. lanceolata. Phytochemistry 2018; 151:50-60. [PMID: 29665476 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-eight naturally occurring Cephalotaxus tropone analogues, including 19 previously undescribed ones, were identified from Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook. var. alpina H. L. Li and C. lanceolata K. M. Feng. The presence of the C20 cephinoids A-E revealed that these tropones were assigned to the norditerpenoids and were perhaps derived from labdane-type diterpenoids. These norditerpenoids showed excellent cytotoxicity against human cancer cells (IC50, 20-0.1 μM) in vitro. The SAR (structure-activity relationship) analysis disclosed that the tropone moiety and the lactone ring were crucial structural features for the observed activities. Further SAR analyses led to a new candidate, cephinoid H, which demonstrated an inhibition of 49.0% by administration to zebrafish at a dose of 60.0 ng/mL, compared to cisplatin (DDP, 22.4%) at 15.0 μg/mL. These compounds might affect the NF-κB signaling pathway rather than binding to microtubules. Additionally, the isolated norditerpenoids showed almost equal anti-inflammatory activities compared to the positive control, MG132.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Hong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Fen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Varela MT, Romaneli MM, Lima ML, Borborema SET, Tempone AG, Fernandes JPS. Antiparasitic activity of new gibbilimbol analogues and SAR analysis through efficiency and statistical methods. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:31-41. [PMID: 29935351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chagas' disease and leishmaniasis are parasitic infections enrolled among the neglected tropical diseases, which urge for new treatments. In the search for new chemical entities as prototypes, gibbilimbols A/B have shown antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum, and then a set of analogues (LINS03 series) of this natural product were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against the parasites. In the present paper we reported five new compounds with activity against these protozoan parasites, and quite low cytotoxicity. Moreover, the interference of plasma membrane permeability of these analogues were also evaluated. We found that [(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]octylamine (4) was noteworthy due to its high activity against the amastigote form of both parasites (IC50 1.3-5.8 μM) and good selectivity index. In order to unveil the SAR for this chemotype, we also presented a group efficiency analysis and PCA and HCA study, which indicated that the methoxyl provides good activity with lower cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. The results from SAR analyses suggest different mechanisms of action between the neutral and basic compounds. In summary, the analogues represent important activity against these parasites and must be prototypes for further exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina T Varela
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Maiara M Romaneli
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta L Lima
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Samanta E T Borborema
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João P S Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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Kovačević I, Popsavin M, Benedeković G, Kesić J, Kojić V, Jakimov D, Srdić-Rajić T, Bogdanović G, Divjaković V, Popsavin V. Synthesis and in vitro antitumour activity of crassalactone D, its stereoisomers and novel cinnamic ester derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:293-303. [PMID: 28427016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring styryl lactone, crassalactone D (1), unnatural 4-epi-crassalactone D (2), and the corresponding 7-epimers (3 and 4) have been synthesized starting from d-glucose. The key step of the synthesis is a new one-pot sequence that commenced with a Z-selective Wittig olefination of suitably functionalized sugar lactols with a stabilized ylide, (methoxycarbonylmethylene)-triphenylphosphorane, in dry methanol, to afford 1 or 3, in the mixtures with the corresponding 4-epimers (2 or 4, respectively). A number of 6-O-cinnamoyl derivatives of styryl lactones 1-4 have been prepared, bearing electron donating or electron withdrawing functionalities in the C-4 position of cinnamic acid residue. The synthesized products were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against selected human tumour cell lines, whereupon very potent cytotoxicities have been recorded in many cases. SAR analysis indicated some important structural features responsible for biological activity, such as stereochemistry at the C-4 and C-7 positions, as well as the nature of a substituent at the C-4 position in the aromatic ring of cinnamoate moiety. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis data gave insight in the mechanism underlying antiproliferative effects of the synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kovačević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Popsavin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Goran Benedeković
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kesić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Kojić
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Put Dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Dimitar Jakimov
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Put Dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Srdić-Rajić
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Bogdanović
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Put Dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Divjaković
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 4, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Velimir Popsavin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Krause M, Foks H, Gobis K. Pharmacological Potential and Synthetic Approaches of Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and Imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030399. [PMID: 28273868 PMCID: PMC6155225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural resemblance between the fused imidazopyridine heterocyclic ring system and purines has prompted biological investigations to assess their potential therapeutic significance. They are known to play a crucial role in numerous disease conditions. The discovery of their first bioactivity as GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators divulged their medicinal potential. Proton pump inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, and NSAIDs were also found in this chemical group. Imidazopyridines have the ability to influence many cellular pathways necessary for the proper functioning of cancerous cells, pathogens, components of the immune system, enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, etc. The collective results of biochemical and biophysical properties foregrounded their medicinal significance in central nervous system, digestive system, cancer, inflammation, etc. In recent years, new preparative methods for the synthesis of imidazopyridines using various catalysts have been described. The present manuscript to the best of our knowledge is the complete compilation on the synthesis and medicinal aspects of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines reported from the year 2000 to date, including structure–activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Krause
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Henryk Foks
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Gobis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Tuyishime M, Lawrence R, Cocklin S. Core chemotype diversification in the HIV-1 entry inhibitor class using field-based bioisosteric replacement. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:228-34. [PMID: 26531151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Demand remains for new inhibitors of HIV-1 replication and the inhibition of HIV-1 entry is an extremely attractive therapeutic approach. Using field-based bioisosteric replacements, we have further extended the chemotypes available for development in the HIV-1 entry inhibitor class. Moreover, using field-based disparity analysis of the compounds, 3D structure-activity relationships were derived that will be useful in the further development of these inhibitors towards clinical utility.
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Wu D, Zhang SY, Liu YQ, Wu XB, Zhu GX, Zhang Y, Wei W, Liu HX, Chen AL. Synthesis, biological activities, and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study of novel camptothecin analogues. Molecules 2015; 20:8634-53. [PMID: 25985362 PMCID: PMC6272283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In continuation of our program aimed at the development of natural product-based pesticidal agents, three series of novel camptothecin derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their biological activities against T. Cinnabarinus, B. brassicae, and B. xylophilus. All of the derivatives showed good-to-excellent activity against three insect species tested, with LC50 values ranging from 0.00761 to 0.35496 mmol/L. Remarkably, all of the compounds were more potent than CPT against T. Cinnabarinus, and compounds 4d and 4c displayed superior activity (LC50 0.00761 mmol/L and 0.00942 mmol/L, respectively) compared with CPT (LC50 0.19719 mmol/L) against T. Cinnabarinus. Based on the observed bioactivities, preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) correlations were also discussed. Furthermore, a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was built. The model gave statistically significant results with the cross-validated q2 values of 0.580 and correlation coefficient r2 of 0.991 and of 0.993. The QSAR analysis indicated that the size of the substituents play an important in the activity of 7-modified camptothecin derivatives. These findings will pave the way for further design, structural optimization, and development of camptothecin-derived compounds as pesticidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Local and National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide High-Efficient Preparation Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shao-Yong Zhang
- Local and National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide High-Efficient Preparation Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- Local and National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide High-Efficient Preparation Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Wu
- Local and National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide High-Efficient Preparation Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Gao-Xiang Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Huan-Xiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - An-Liang Chen
- Local and National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide High-Efficient Preparation Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
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