Injection sclerotherapy for the management of esophageal and gastric varices

Advances in the development and optimization strategies of the hemostatic biomaterials

Most injuries are accompanied by acute bleeding. Hemostasis is necessary to relieve pain and reduce mortality in these accidents. In recent years, the traditional hemostatic materials, including inorganic, protein-based, polysaccharide-based and synthetic materials have been widely used in the clinic. The most prominent of these are biodegradable collagen sponges (Helistat^®, United States), gelatin sponges (Ethicon^®, SURGIFOAM^®, United States), chitosan (AllaQuixTM, ChitoSAMTM, United States), cellulose (Tabotamp^®, SURGICEL^®, United States), and the newly investigated extracellular matrix gels, etc. Although these materials have excellent hemostatic properties, they also have their advantages and disadvantages. In this review, the performance characteristics, hemostatic effects, applications and hemostatic mechanisms of various biomaterials mentioned above are presented, followed by several strategies to improve hemostasis, including modification of single materials, blending of multiple materials, design of self-assembled peptides and their hybrid materials. Finally, the exploration of more novel hemostatic biomaterials and relative coagulation mechanisms will be essential for future research on hemostatic methods.