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Ahuja A, Honparkhe M, Kumar A, Bisla A, Sood P. Additional intracervical prostaglandin reduces induction to calving time in buffaloes affected with incomplete cervical dilatation post-uterine detorsion. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 56:16. [PMID: 38105281 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Conventional induction protocol (CIP) of calving in buffaloes employs the intramuscular (IM) administration of dexamethasone (40 mg) and cloprostenol sodium (500 μg). If there is no progression in terms of cervical dilatation, then a second dose of cloprostenol sodium (500 μg) is administered intramuscularly. This protocol possesses certain demerits: (1) a wide range of response time intervals, and (2) increased risk of fetal membrane retention. Considering the cervix as a caudal continuation of the myometrium with its own contractile potential, and the limitations of CIP, we developed intracervical (IC) drug administration route in buffaloes. The proposed technique was evaluated for its use in a total of 22 cases of incomplete cervical dilatation in uterine torsion-affected buffaloes (IC-14 and IM-8). In addition to CIP, the IC group received an intracervical injection of cloprostenol sodium (500 μg) at the start of the experiment whereas the IM group received an extra intramuscular dose of cloprostenol sodium (500 μg) either after 24 h or when no progression in cervical dilatation is noticed. Surprisingly, the average response time during the experiment in the IC group was 5.8 h shorter (p < 0.000) than in the IM group (IC-5.7 ± 0.17 h vs. IM-11.9 ± 0.74 h). The duration from calving to fetal membrane expulsion (IC-12.8 ± 0.60 h vs. IM-17.5 ± 1.40 h; p < 0.002) and incidence of retention of fetal membrane were also less in the IC group (57.1% vs. 87.5%). The proposed intracervical drug administration potentiates cervical dilatation and can be regarded as a safe, effective, and feasible technique for attaining reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Ahuja
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, H.P., India.
| | - Mrigank Honparkhe
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjeet Bisla
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Sood
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, H.P., India
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Beltman M, Lewis J, McCabe M, Keogh K, Kenny D. The effect of natural and induced calving of beef heifers on stress-related gene expression and maternal health and immunity. Animal 2022; 16:100550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Inaba R, Kawahara-Miki R, Shinozawa A, Yasuhara T, Fujii T, Koyama K, Murata-Okubo M, Souma K, Hirayama H. Impaired placentomal interferon signaling as the possible cause of retained fetal membrane in parturition-induced cows. J Reprod Dev 2021; 68:30-37. [PMID: 34719558 PMCID: PMC8872748 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hormonal induction of parturition in cattle results in the successful delivery of healthy calves, the risk of retained fetal membrane is significantly increased. In a previous
study, a combination of the long-acting glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide, with a high dose of betamethasone partially normalized the placentomal gene expression during parturition;
however, the incidence of retained fetal membrane remained high. This study further explored placentomal dysfunction and aimed to elucidate the mechanism of retained fetal membrane in
parturition-induced cows. In this study, transcriptome analysis revealed that enhanced glucocorticoid exposure normalized the expression of a substantial fraction of genes in the cotyledons.
In contrast, a significant reduction in the multiple signaling pathway activities, including interferon signaling, was found in the caruncles during induced parturition. Real-time PCR showed
that the expression of interferon-tau in the caruncles, but not interferon-alpha or interferon-gamma, was significantly lower in induced parturition than spontaneous parturition.
Interferon-stimulated gene expression was also significantly decreased in the caruncles during induced parturition. These results indicate that interferon signaling could be important for
immunological control in placentomes during parturition. Additionally, this suggests that interferon-tau might be a pivotal ligand for interferon receptors in the caruncles. This study
revealed that peripheral blood leukocytes in prepartum cows transcribed interferon-tau. Macrophage infiltration in the placentome is known to participate in the detachment of the fetal
membrane from the caruncle. Thus, this study raised the possibility that immune cells migrating into the caruncles at parturition may act as a source of ligands that activate interferon
signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Inaba
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Ryouka Kawahara-Miki
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Akihisa Shinozawa
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Taichi Yasuhara
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujii
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koyama
- Dairy Cow Group, Daily Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido 086-1135, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Michiko Murata-Okubo
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Kousaku Souma
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hirayama
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
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Yasuhara T, Koyama K, Sakumoto R, Fujii T, Naito A, Moriyasu S, Kageyama S, Hirayama H. Enhanced glucocorticoid exposure facilitates the expression of genes involved in prostaglandin and estrogen syntheses in bovine placentomes at induced parturition. Theriogenology 2019; 139:1-7. [PMID: 31352133 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which the fetal membrane detaches after parturition in cattle is poorly understood, but the upregulation of placentomal prostaglandin and estrogen synthesis are considered to be important. This study investigated whether enhanced glucocorticoid exposure affected the functional maturation of placentomes at induced parturition. Placentomes were collected immediately after spontaneous (beef; n = 5, dairy; n = 5) or induced parturition in beef and dairy cattle. Parturition was induced conventionally using prostaglandin F2α (beef; n = 7, dairy; n = 6) or dexamethasone (beef; n = 6) or with a combination of triamcinolone acetonide (a long-acting glucocorticoid) and a high dose of betamethasone (TABET treatment, beef; n = 6, dairy; n = 9). Gene expression levels and protein localization in placentomes were analyzed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Compared with the conventional methods, TABET treatment resulted in upregulated PTGS2 expression in cotyledons. The expression levels of PTGS2 and PGES were positively correlated in both cotyledons and caruncles. TABET treatment also upregulated the expression of CYP17A1, but not of CYP19A1, in cotyledons. The results revealed, for the first time, that PLA2G4A was localized in microvascular endothelial cells in the cotyledonary villi and the maternal septum. PTGS2 and PGES were colocalized in mononucleated cells of the cotyledonary villi and caruncle epithelial cells adjacent to the chorionic plate. TABET treatment upregulated the expression of placentomal genes involved in PGE2 synthesis and the conversion of pregnenolone to androstenedione. Thus, enhanced glucocorticoid exposure might partially facilitate the functional maturation of placentomes at induced parturition in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Yasuhara
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koyama
- Dairy Cow Group, Daily Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido, 086-1135, Japan; Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sakumoto
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujii
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, 081-0038, Japan
| | - Akira Naito
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, 081-0038, Japan
| | - Satoru Moriyasu
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, 081-0038, Japan
| | - Soichi Kageyama
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, 081-0038, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hirayama
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan.
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Yazlık MO, Çolakoğlu HE, Pekcan M, Kaya U, Kaçar C, Vural MR, Kurt S, Baş A, Küplülü Ş. The evaluation of superoxide dismutase activity, neutrophil function, and metabolic profile in cows with retained placenta. Theriogenology 2019; 128:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wall K, Müller E, Roder A, Staufenbiel R, Pieper L. Untersuchungen zur Schwefelversorgung von Milchkühen in Deutschland. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2017; 44:92-8. [DOI: 10.15653/tpg-150901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand: Schwefelüber- und -unterversorgung kann bei Nutztieren zu Leistungsminderung und Erkrankungen führen. Über die Dia - gnostik der Schwefelversorgung in Milchviehherden ist allerdings wenig bekannt. Ziele der Studie waren, die alimentäre Schwefelversorgung deutscher Milchviehherden darzustellen, den Zusammenhang zwischen der Schwefelversorgung und Gesundheit und Leistung zu beurteilen, geeignete Probenmedien für die klinisch-chemische Labordia - gnostik zu bestimmen und Referenzwerte zur Beurteilung der Schwe - felversorgung in verschiedenen Untersuchungsmedien vorzuschlagen. Material und Methoden: Zwischen 2006 und 2014 wurden 569 Milchviehbetriebe beprobt. Von je 10 Tieren der Gruppen –3 bis 0, 0–1, 3–5 und 15–18 Wochen post partum (p. p.) (Betriebe > 200 Tiere) bzw. –3 bis 0, 0–5 und 6–20 Wochen p. p. (Betriebe ≤ 200 Tiere) wurden Blut-, Harn- und Haarproben gewonnen. Gepoolte Vollblut-, Serum-, Plasma-, Harn- und Haarproben (n = 5663) wurden mittels ICP-OESMethode analysiert. Die Schwefelkonzentration der Totalen Mischra - tion (TMR) der Vorbereiter (–3 bis 0 Wochen ante partum) wurden in einem zertifizierten Futtermittellabor bestimmt (n = 625). Ergebnisse: Die mediane Schwefelkonzentration in den Futterrationen betrug 2,3 g/kg TM. Schwefelunterversorgung (< 1,6 g/kg TM; 31% der Betriebe) und -überversorgung (> 4,0 g/kg TM; 11% der Betriebe) in den Futterrationen traten regelmäßig auf. Schwefelunterversorgung war mit verringerter Milchleistung (p < 0,001), Retentio secundinarum (OR = 1,74; p = 0,037), Gebärparese (OR = 2,68; p < 0,001) und Stillbrunst (OR = 2,56; p = 0,014) assoziiert. Positive Korrelationen fanden sich zwischen der Schwefelkonzentration in der TMR und den Schwefelkonzentrationen in Harn (r = 0,50), Serum (r = 0,17), Plasma (r = 0,18) und Vollblut (r = 0,16). Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Die Diagnostik der Schwefelversorgung ist für praktische Tierärzte relevant und kann mittels TMR-Analyse und klinisch-chemischer Laborparameter erfolgen. Harn ist dabei als kurzfristiger, Serum, Plasma und Vollblut als mittelfristige und Haar als langfristiger Parameter für die Einschätzung der Schwefelversorgung zu werten.
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Kretschmar A, Kaiser M, Brehm W, Starke A. [Peripheral limb pareses in cattle. Part 2: Diagnostics, prognosis and therapy]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2017; 45:47-59. [PMID: 28116416 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-160453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This two-part review presents an overview of peripheral-limb pareses in cattle, which represent the most frequent bovine neurologic disorder and are mostly caused by trauma of specific peripheral nerves. Occurrence, etiology, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy are presented. The second part of the review describes neuroanatomical details important for diagnostics, localization of the neuronal lesion within the lower motor neuron and classification of the grade of peripheral-nerve injury. Furthermore additional diagnostic tools are presented and prognosis, therapy and prevention of peripheral limb pareses in cattle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kretschmar
- Anne Kretschmar, Funktionseinheit Klauentiere, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, E-Mail:
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Vannucchi CI, Silva LG, Lúcio CF, Veiga GAL. Influence of the duration of calving and obstetric assistance on the placental retention index in Holstein dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:451-455. [PMID: 27435157 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of duration of calving and obstetric assistance on retained placenta incidence of high milk production Holstein cows. Experimental groups were determined according to the duration of the expulsive phase of calving: 2 h (n = 16), 2-4 h (n = 16) and >4 h (n = 12), and additionally allocated in two sub-groups: spontaneous calving (n = 22) and intervention calving (n = 22). Diagnosis of retained placenta was considered with a threshold of 8 h after the expulsive phase. Cows without obstetric intervention, with labor duration of 2 h, presented reduced time needed for placental release, in comparison to those with obstetric assistance. In the 2-4 h group and >4 h, there was no statistical difference. The 2 h and 2-4 h groups with intervention and the spontaneous >4 h group were considered retained placenta groups. On the other hand, performing obstetric intervention when calving period was superior to 4 h nulled the occurrence of retention of fetal membranes. As a conclusion, obstetric assistance predisposes placental retention to calving with <2 h of duration in dairy cows. Conversely, when calving is more than 4 h, performing fetal extraction has a beneficial influence on preventing retained placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila I Vannucchi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liege G Silva
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina F Lúcio
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele A L Veiga
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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The bovine placenta in vivo and in vitro. Theriogenology 2016; 86:306-12. [PMID: 27155733 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The gross anatomic features (cotyledonary type) and histologic classification (synepitheliochorial) of the bovine placenta have been known for many years. Thorough ultrastructural analysis as well as a variety of descriptive studies dealing with the localization of cytoskeletal filaments, extracellular matrix, growth factor systems, steroid hormone receptors, and major histocompatibility complex have contributed further significant knowledge. However, this knowledge was not sufficient to solve clinical placenta-based problems, such as retained fetal membranes. Owing to the complexity of the fetomaternal interface in vitro, culture systems have been developed. As trophoblast giant cells (TGC) are thought to be key players in the cattle placenta, most cell culture models attempt to overcome the pitfall of losing the entire TGC population in vitro. Nevertheless, distinct cell line-based in vitro systems such as cell monolayers or 3-dimensional (co-culture) spheroids were generated for the fetal (trophoblast) and maternal (uterine epithelium) placental compartments. Monolayers have been used to study for example, growth factor or hormonal signaling and TGC formation, whereas spheroids served as models for, for example, trophoblast attachment, uterine epithelium depolarization, and also TGC formation. In the future, the use of more improved culture models might lead to better treatments of retained fetal membranes and increased prevention of embryonic loss. In addition, the in vitro models could shed more light on the mechanisms of the differentiation of uninucleate trophoblast into TGC.
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Hirayama H, Koyama K, Sawai K, Fujii T, Naito A, Fukuda S, Kageyama S. Localization of TGF-β and TGF-β receptor in bovine term placentome and expression differences between spontaneous and induced parturition. Placenta 2015; 36:1239-45. [PMID: 26382756 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mechanisms of detachment of fetal membrane after parturition in cattle are poorly understood. Glucocorticoids trigger the initiation of parturition and may facilitate the placental maturation. We compared the disappearance of trophoblast binucleate cells (BNCs) and expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) in term placentomes between spontaneous and induced parturition to investigate the influences of glucocorticoids on the placental maturity. METHODS Cows were delivered spontaneously (SP group) or after the administration of prostaglandin (PG) F(2)α (PG group); dexamethasone, PGF(2)α, and estriol (DEX group); and triamcinolone acetonide, PGF(2)α, and betamethasone (BET group) and placentomes were collected immediately after parturition. The number of BNCs in hematoxylin and eosin stained section was examined. Protein localization and mRNA levels of TGFB and its receptor (TGFBR) were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS TGFB1 is characteristically localized in the maternal septum in caruncle in contrast to TGFB2 and TGFB3, which are mainly found in cotyledonary villi and maternal epithelial cells. TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 colocalized in BNCs. The number of BNCs was lower in the SP group than in PG and DEX groups. mRNA levels of TGFB1, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 in the SP group differed from PG and DEX groups. There was no difference between SP and BET groups in all analyses. DISCUSSION These results indicate that parturition inductions using PGF(2)α or dexamethasone were not able to induce disappearance of BNCs and change of TGFB signaling. Results in the BET group suggest that investigation into types, dose, and dosage schedule of glucocorticoids may facilitate placental maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hirayama
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Koyama
- Dairy Cow Group, Konsen Agricultural Experiment Station, Hokkaido Research Organization, Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido 086-1135, Japan
| | - Ken Sawai
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujii
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - Akira Naito
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fukuda
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - Soichi Kageyama
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
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Rademacher RD, Warr BN, Booker CW. Management of Pregnant Heifers in the Feedlot. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2015; 31:209-28. [PMID: 26139188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnant heifers in the feedlot pose many economic and management issues to the producer. Heifers that enter the feedlot pregnant will have increased costs associated with them regardless of the management strategy implemented. It is imperative that practitioners be aware of management concerns associated with pregnant heifers in order to provide sound recommendations for their clients. The purpose of this article is to provide the bovine practitioner with a summary of current literature and present common options for managing pregnant heifers in a feedlot setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Rademacher
- Feedlot Health Management Services Ltd, PO Box 140, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2, Canada
| | - Brian N Warr
- Feedlot Health Management Services Ltd, PO Box 140, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2, Canada
| | - Calvin W Booker
- Feedlot Health Management Services Ltd, PO Box 140, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2, Canada.
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