Effect of prostaglandin alone and in combination with trace minerals on the follicular and luteal dynamics, estrus response and pregnancy in sub-estrus buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Sub-estrus is a condition when buffaloes do not display behavioural estrus signs, despite being in estrus and causes a delay in conception and increases the service period. The present study describes the effect of synthetic prostaglandin (PGF2α) alone and in combination with trace minerals on the follicular and corpus luteum (CL) dynamics, serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentration correlating estrus response and pregnancy outcome in sub-estrus buffaloes during the breeding season. A total of 50 sub-estrus buffaloes, identified through ultrasonography (USG) examination, were randomly allocated into three groups, viz. T1 (Synthetic PGF2α, Inj. Cloprostenol 500 μg, i.m, n = 17), T2 (Synthetic PGF2α + Trace mineral supplementation, Inj. Stimvet 1 mL/100 kg body weight, i.m., n = 17) and control (untreated; n = 16). Following treatment, 100% of sub-estrus buffaloes were induced estrus in the T1 and T2 groups, while only 18.75% were induced in the control. The CL diameter and serum P4 concentration were significantly lower at post-treatment, whereas the pre-ovulatory follicle (POF) size and serum E2 concentration were significantly higher in the T1 and T2 groups as compared to the control (p < .05). The buffaloes of the T2 group had a greater proportion of moderate intensities estrus than those of T1. Moreover, the proportion of buffaloes conceived in the T1 and T2 were 41.2% and 52.95%, respectively. The larger POF diameter and higher serum E2 concentration were associated with intense intensity estrus and higher conception rate (66.7%) in sub-estrus buffaloes. Similarly, CL regression rate, POF size and serum E2 concentration were relatively higher in the buffaloes conceived as compared to those not conceived. It is concluded that synthetic PGF2α in combination with trace minerals induces moderate to intense intensities estrus in a greater proportion of sub-estrus buffaloes and increases the conception rate during the breeding season. Moreover, behavioural estrus attributes correlating follicle and luteal morphometry, serum E2 and P4 concentration could be used to optimise the breeding time for augmenting the conception rate in sub-estrus buffaloes.

Principal component analysis of phenotypic and breeding value data for semen traits in Egyptian buffalo bulls

Buffalo bull semen traits are economically important traits that influence farm fertility and profitability. Genetic improvement of semen characteristics is an important detail of the genetic improvement. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between the breeding values as well as the phenotypic values for semen traits (VOL, MM, LS, AS and CONC) of the Egyptian buffalo bulls. A total of 7761 normal semen ejaculates were collected and characterized at ILMTC laboratory from 26 bulls from 2009 to 2019. For VOL, MM, LS, AS, and CONC, the actual means were 3.89 mL, 62.37%, 60.64%, 3.94%, and 0.67 × 109 sperm/mL, respectively. The prediction of breeding values for semen traits was estimated using a Bayesian procedure. The estimated standardized EBVs and phenotypic values were used in the principal component analysis (PCA). Of five PCs, one PC (PC1) had > 1 eigenvalues that was responsible for 87.19% of the total variation of SEBV, and two PCs had > 1 eigenvalues that were responsible for 59.61% and 21.35% of the total variation of the phenotypic values. Together, PC1 and PC2 accounted for 97.97% of the total variance of SEBV and 80.96% of the total variance of phenotypic values. A graphs of the first two components showed the traits separated into two different directions by group. This indicates each group was under similar genetic influence. Therefore, selection can be done separately for each group without influencing the other. Principal component analysis reduced variables to describe the key information in buffalo semen data.

Simple method for isolation and culture of primary buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) endometrial epithelial cells (pBuEECs) and its characterization using high throughput proteomics approach

Early embryonic mortality resulting from insufficient interaction between the embryo and the uterus leads to the failure of pregnancy in livestock animals. Thus, it is imperative to comprehend the multifaceted process of implantation at molecular levels, which requires synchronized feto-maternal interaction. The in-vitro models serve as valuable tools to investigate the specific stages of implantation. The present study was undertaken to develop a simple method to isolate and culture the primary buffalo endometrial epithelial cells (pBuEECs), followed by proteome profiling of the proliferating cells. Collagenase I was used to separate uterine epithelial cells (UECs) from the ipsilateral uterine horn, and then the cells were separated using a cell strainer. After being seeded on culture plates, UECs developed colonies with characteristic epithelial shape and expressed important markers such as cytokeratin 18 (KRT18), progesterone receptor (PGR), β-estrogen receptor (ESR1), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), which were confirmed by PCR. The purity of epithelial cells was assessed using cytokeratin 18 immunostaining, which indicated approximately 99% purity in cultured cells. The proteome profiling of pBuEECs via high-throughput tandem mass spectrometry (MS), identified a total of 3383 proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed enrichment in various biological processes, including cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, localization, signaling, and developmental processes. Moreover, the KEGG pathway analysis highlighted associations with the ribosome, proteosome, oxidative phosphorylation, spliceosome, and cytoskeleton regulation pathways. In conclusion, these well characterized cells offer valuable in-vitro model to enhance the understanding of implantation and uterine pathophysiology in livestock animals, particularly buffaloes.

Immunoexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vWF-regulating angiogenesis in cyclic corpus luteum of Indian buffalo

The present study was conducted to localize the immunoexpression of VEGF-A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in corpora lutea of healthy buffaloes (24) collected from local slaughterhouses. CL collected were categorized into early (stage I, 1-5 days, n = 6), mid (stage II, 6-11 days, n = 6), late luteal phase (stage III, 12 to 16 days, n = 6) and regressing phase (stage IV, 17 to 20 days, n = 6). The percent positive immunostaining for VEGF-A was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mid-luteal phase than the other three stages of CL. However, it was higher in early luteal phase as well indicated intense angiogenesis in both early and mid-luteal phases. The number of capillary endothelium expressing vWF was significantly (p < 0.05) highest in mid-luteal phase among all the phases. However, in late luteal phase, the percent area positive for VEGF-A immunostaining was reduced but it was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than corpus albicans phase. Thus, in regressing phase or corpus albicans, it was lowest and reduced considerably. However, in late luteal phase, the number of capillaries with vWF immunoexpression reduced significantly (p < 0.05) but it was lowest in corpus albicans phase. Therefore, the immunotaining pattern for VEGF-A and vWF concluded that there was a spositive linear correlation between the two, that is, as the VEGF-A expression was increased, the number of vWF positive capillaries also increased and vice versa. The VEGF-A expressed by the luteal parenchyma in different stages of development and regression of corpus luteum was thus observed to be involved in promoting the angiogenesis and luteal cell proliferation as supported by vWF expressed by endothelium of proliferating capillaries in buffalo corpus luteum throughout the estrous cycle.

Additional intracervical prostaglandin reduces induction to calving time in buffaloes affected with incomplete cervical dilatation post-uterine detorsion

Conventional induction protocol (CIP) of calving in buffaloes employs the intramuscular (IM) administration of dexamethasone (40 mg) and cloprostenol sodium (500 μg). If there is no progression in terms of cervical dilatation, then a second dose of cloprostenol sodium (500 μg) is administered intramuscularly. This protocol possesses certain demerits: (1) a wide range of response time intervals, and (2) increased risk of fetal membrane retention. Considering the cervix as a caudal continuation of the myometrium with its own contractile potential, and the limitations of CIP, we developed intracervical (IC) drug administration route in buffaloes. The proposed technique was evaluated for its use in a total of 22 cases of incomplete cervical dilatation in uterine torsion-affected buffaloes (IC-14 and IM-8). In addition to CIP, the IC group received an intracervical injection of cloprostenol sodium (500 μg) at the start of the experiment whereas the IM group received an extra intramuscular dose of cloprostenol sodium (500 μg) either after 24 h or when no progression in cervical dilatation is noticed. Surprisingly, the average response time during the experiment in the IC group was 5.8 h shorter (p < 0.000) than in the IM group (IC-5.7 ± 0.17 h vs. IM-11.9 ± 0.74 h). The duration from calving to fetal membrane expulsion (IC-12.8 ± 0.60 h vs. IM-17.5 ± 1.40 h; p < 0.002) and incidence of retention of fetal membrane were also less in the IC group (57.1% vs. 87.5%). The proposed intracervical drug administration potentiates cervical dilatation and can be regarded as a safe, effective, and feasible technique for attaining reliable results.

Effect of olive, flaxseed, and grape seed nano-emulsion essential oils on semen buffalo freezability

The existing treatise targeted to compare the effects of adding different nano-emulsions essential oils (olive, flaxseed, and grapeseed oils) in freezing extender on semen quality and freezability in buffalo. Nano-emulsions were prepared from olive, flaxseed, and grapeseed oils and characterized for their sizes and shapes. Semen extended in four tubes were supplemented with 0 (control) and 3.5% nanoemulsion oils, including olive (NEO), flaxseed (NEFO) and grape seed oils (NEGSO) respectively. NEGSO resulted in the highest (p < 0.05) membrane integrity, vitality, progressive motility (P-motility) of sperm compared to the other groups in post-thawed buffalo bull semen (at 37 °C for 30 s). The addition of NEGSO had the best results for membrane integrity, progressive motility, and vitality of sperm after incubation (at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 2 h). A superior (p < 0.05) value of total antioxidant capacity in frozen-thawed spermatozoa was monitored in all supplemented groups as relative to the control. The values of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were lower (p < 0.05) in NEGSO group compared with other groups. Both NEO and NEFO exhibited the same results for MDA, and NO levels (p > 0.05). All supplemented groups exhibited lower hydrogen peroxide levels (p < 0.05) as relative to the un-treated group. The lowest (p < 0.05) caspase 3 levels were verified in NEGSO treatment, followed by NEFO and NEO treatments. Post-thawed sperm showed ultrastructural damages in the control group, and theses damages were attenuated or resorted by the NEGSO, NEFO and NEO supplemented to freezing extender. In consequences with in vitro results regarding the sperm attribute, a greater pregnancy rate (92%) was observed in NEGSO group as compared with NEFO (88%), NEO (76%) and CON (68%) groups. Our findings demonstrate that NEGSO (3.5%) could be used as a new strategy in enhancing sperm functionality, potential fertility and reducing the oxidative damage and apoptosis markers. This could be significantly applicable for sperm physiology cryopreservation in the milieu of assisted reproduction systems.

Relaxin (a regulatory-peptide) enhances cryotolerance, fertility potential and plasma reproductive hormones of Nili Ravi buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) during low breeding season

This study investigated the beneficial effects of relaxin on cryotolerance of buffalo spermatozoa and reproductive hormones during low breeding season. Collected semen was diluted in five aliquots with relaxin addition (0.25 mg/mL, 0.50 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and control). After gentle dilution (37°C), cooling (4°C, 2 h), equilibration (4°C, 4 h), and packaging (straws, polyvinyl French, 0.5 mL), frozen (cell freezer), and thawed (37°C, 30 s) for analysis. Blood samples were collected at different time intervals i.e., -60, -30 and 0 min (pre-dose) and 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min (post-dose) from a jugular vein. This study manifest that adding relaxin (1 mg/ mL) in freezing medium ameliorates sperm motility, functionality (%), and seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC, μM/L) than control during low breeding season. Furthermore, we found that relaxin supplementation at 1 mg/mL significantly improves seminal plasma ATP concentrations (nmol/million) than control, 0.25 mg/mL, and 0.50 mg/mL, and fertility (control, and 0.75 mg/mL). Further, relaxin injection significantly improves plasma T, LH and IGF-1 levels (150 and 120 min vs. -60, and - 30), and FSH, KP, and GnRH concentrations (150 min vs. -60), during low breeding season. Taken together, this study revealed that relaxin ameliorates motility, functionality, and fertility of buffalo spermatozoa. Moreover, relaxin injection (1 mg/mL) improves essential reproductive hormones levels in buffalo signifying its importance in the field of reproductive physiology. Further studies are required to determine the exact mechanism of action of relaxin in enhancing semen quality, fertility and reproductive hormones.

Seasonal changes in the scrotal skin histology in relation to thermoregulation and testosterone level in camel and buffalo bull

This study was conducted to compare the scrotal skin dynamics of camel and buffalo bulls regarding thermoregulation, season and testosterone. Scrotal skin and blood samples (n = 8 each) were collected during breeding (October to March) and non-breeding seasons (April to August). Tissue slides were prepared by the paraffin embedding technique followed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and were analysed by ImageJ®. Relative humidity and temperature were recorded in different seasons to calculate the thermal humidity index (THI). Serum testosterone level was estimated through radioimmunoassay (RIA). The data were analysed by applying ANOVA, the THS test was used as a post-ANOVA interface and the correlation coefficient was also calculated among season, testosterone and skin parameters. The results showed that skin thickness, season and THI were negatively correlated with testosterone levels. In the neck, body and apex, the papillary layer was thicker in buffalo bull compared to camel bull during the breeding season; however, the reticular layer followed a reverse trend in the apex when THI was low. In the scrotal neck during the non-breeding season, hair follicle (HF) length and density were recorded high in camel bull compared to buffalo bull when THI was elevated. The density of HF followed the otherwise trend in the apex during the breeding season. The density of SG was found highest in all regions of camel bull as compared to buffalo bull and showed direct relation with THI. To conclude, this study delineates how the histo-dynamics of scrotal skin varies and accommodate itself with testosterone and THI over the different season in camel and buffalo.

Nasal immunization with AMH-INH-RFRP DNA vaccine for improving follicle development and fertility in buffaloes

INTRODUCTION

Inhibin DNA vaccine has already been proven to improve the fertility of animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)-Inhibin (INH)-RF-amide-related peptides (RFRP) DNA vaccine on immune response and reproductive performance in buffalo.

METHODS

A total of 84 buffaloes were randomly divided into four groups and nasally immunized twice a day with 10 ml of either AMH-INH-RFRP DNA vaccines (3 × 10¹⁰ CFU/ml in group T1, 3 × 10⁹ CFU/ml in group T2, and 3 × 10⁸ CFU/ml in group T3) or PBS (as a control) for 3 days, respectively. All animals received a booster dose at an interval of 14 days.

RESULTS

ELISA assay revealed that primary and booster immunization significantly increased the anti-AMH, anti-INH, and anti-RFRP antibody titers in the T2 group compared with that in the T3 group. After the primary immunization, the antibody positive rate was significantly higher in the T2 group than that in the T3 group. In addition, ELISA results indicated that concentrations of E2, IFN-γ, and IL-4 were significantly higher in the antibody-positive (P) group compared to the antibody-negative (N) group. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of P4 between the P and N groups. Ultrasonography results revealed a highly significant increase of 2.02 mm in the diameter of ovulatory follicles in the P group compared to the N group. In parallel, growth speed of dominant follicles was significantly higher in the P group than that in the N group (1.33 ± 1.30 vs 1.13 ± 0.12). Furthermore, compared to N group, the rates of oestrus, ovulation, and conception were also significantly higher in the P group.

CONCLUSION

The novel AMH-INH-RFRP DNA vaccine improves the proportion of oestrus, ovulation, and conception in buffalo by promoting the production of E2 and the growth of follicles.

Testicular haemodynamics, plasma testosterone and oestradiol concentrations, and serum nitric oxide levels in the Egyptian buffalo bull after a single administration of human chorionic gonadotropin

This current study aimed for the first time to evaluate the effect of a single intravenous administration of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) on the testicular artery haemodynamics measurements (resistance [RI], and pulsatility indices [PI]), plasma steroids (estradiol-17β and testosterone) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in buffalo bulls. Twelve Egyptian buffalo bulls weighted 450 ± 20 kg were randomly divided into the hCG group (n = 6) and injected a single dose with Ovogest (EPIFASI; 5,000 IU, iv), whereas the others (n = 6) were injected with normal saline and served as controls. Doppler evaluation and blood sampling were performed just before the administration (hour 0) and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24 and 28 hr after administration. Bulls in the control group did not show any alterations in hormonal levels and blood flow parameters (p > .05). In the hCG group, RI was declined (p < .05) in 6 hr post-administration (0.31 ± 0.01 versus 0.45 ± 0.01), while PI was declined (p < .05) later in 10 hr (0.74 ± 0.01 versus 1.23 ± 0.02). Additionally, testicular blood flow was increased (p < .05) 8 hr (42.02 ± 1.02 ml/min/100 g versus 31.34 ± 0.88 ml/min/100 g) after administration. Testosterone and NO levels were (p < .05) increased at 4 and 6 hr post-administration (3.55 ± 0.03 ng/ml versus 2.84 ± 0.01 ng/ml, and 55.32 ± 4.25 µmol/L versus 32.21 ± 1.55 µmol/L), whereas oestradiol levels were elevated (p < .05) in 6 hr (31.25 ± 0.08 pg/ml) only post-administration then declined. In conclusion, the single intravenous administration of hCG triggered many alterations in the supratesticular artery vascularization and hormonal profile that could affect positively on steroidogenesis and testicular function in buffalo bull.

Improving the quality and in vitro fertilization rate of frozen-thawed semen of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bulls with the inclusion of vitamin B12 in the cryopreservation medium

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of vitamin B₁₂ in cryopreservation medium on frozen-thawed semen of buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) bulls. Semen from five bulls (fertility-proven) were diluted in five aliquots not supplemented (control), or supplemented with 1, 2, 4, or 5 mg/mL of vitamin B₁₂ and evaluated using the Computer Assisted Sperm motion Analysis, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation (LPO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP concentrations, and in vitro fertilization rate (%). Sperm progressive motility, rapid velocity (%), mitochondrial potential, and acrosome integrity were greater (P < 0.05) with supplementation of 4, and 5 mg/mL vitamin B₁₂ than the control sample. Similarly, compared with the control, samples with 5 mg/mL vitamin B₁₂ supplementation had markedly greater average-path, straight-line, and curved-line velocities (μm/sec). Semen samples supplemented with 2, 4 and 5 mg/mL vitamin B₁₂ had greater concentrations of GPx (U/mL) and SOD (U/mL), whereas LPO (μM/mL) was less (P < 0.05) compared with the control sample. Seminal plasma ROS concentrations (10⁴/25 × 10⁶) were less in the 5 mg/mL vitamin B₁₂ supplemented than control sample. Semen samples supplemented with 5 mg/mL of vitamin B₁₂ had greater concentrations of ATP than control and the 1 mg/mL vitamin B₁₂ supplemented sample. Semen samples supplemented with 5 mg/mL of vitamin B₁₂ had greater plasmalemma and DNA integrities (%) than the control sample. In summary, vitamin B₁₂ supplementation augments semen quality, as evidenced by values for CASA variables, antioxidant enzymes, and ATP concentrations, which may occur as a consequence of inhibition in LPO and ROS production by buffalo spermatozoa.

Transcriptional and translational abundance of visfatin (NAMPT) in buffalo ovary during estrous cycle and its in vitro effect on steroidogenesis

Visfatin is a highly conserved adipokine protein having multiple biological effects, including regulation of reproduction. Evidence in recent years has shown a pivotal role of visfatin in ovarian functions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the mRNA and protein abundance of visfatin in ovarian follicles and corpora lutea (CL) during different stages of their development in the ovary of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and to investigate the role of visfatin on estradiol (E₂) and progesterone (P₄) secretion. Ovarian follicles were categorized in to small (F1), medium (F2), large (F3), and preovulatory (F4) follicles, whereas the CL were categorized into early (CL1), mid (CL2), late (CL3), and regressing (CL4) CL stage. In follicles, the mRNA and protein abundance of visfatin increased with an increase in follicle size in granulosa cells (GCs) and theca interna (TI) cells. In CL, the transcript of visfatin was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the late luteal phase (CL3) than that in other phases. The translational abundance of visfatin was significantly higher in the mid and late luteal phase. Visfatin was localized in the cytoplasm of GC and TI of ovarian follicles and small and large luteal cells of CL. GCs were cultured in vitro and treated at 0, 1, and 10 ng/mL visfatin either alone or in the presence of FSH (30 ng/mL) or IGF-I (10 ng/mL) for 48 h. The luteal cells were treated with visfatin at 0, 1, and 10 ng/mL dose for 48h. There was significant (P < 0.05) increase in estradiol (E₂) secretion from GCs at 10 ng/mL dose of visfatin and visfatin (10 ng/mL) +IGF-I (10 ng/mL). Visfatin also increased (P < 0.05) progesterone (P₄) secretion from cultured luteal cells at both 1 and 10 ng/mL dose. In GCs, visfatin in the presence of IGF-I increased the transcriptional abundance of cytochrome P45019A1 (CYP19A1), the gene for key enzyme aromatase. In luteal cells, the visfatin increased mRNA abundance of factors involved in progesterone synthesis viz. steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P45011A1 (CYP11A1), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B1). The present study provided evidence that visfatin is expressed in ovarian follicles and CL of buffalo ovary and visfatin has a stimulatory effect on estradiol and progesterone secretion in ovarian cells of water buffalo.

Thermoregulatory responses in riverine buffaloes against heat stress: An updated review

High heat and humidity stress have been a perpetual perilous for the buffalo's production and productivity in tropics and subtropics including India. Productive potential of livestock's species including buffaloes is maximum with in thermo-neutral zone (TNZ) and if ambient temperature exceeds TNZ and upper critical temperature expose livestock's to heat stress conditions. For decades, heat stress has been the prime factor to plummet buffalo's growth, development, reproduction and production in tropics and subtropics including India. In general, buffaloes are homeotherms and known as temperature regulators as they resist the variations in ambient temperatures. Generally, buffaloes like other livestock's display amalgamation of thermoregulatory responses to withstand the changes occurred in their micro and macro environment. These thermoregulatory responses are behavioural, physiological, neuro-endocrine and molecular responses acting synergistically to counteract the deleterious effects of heat stress. Amidst all responses, molecular responses play major role to confer thermo-tolerance through expression of highly conserved family of proteins known as heat shock proteins (HSPs). Despite of these thermoregulatory responses, heat stress prodigiously muddles buffalo's production and productivity. The present review highlights the thermoregulatory responses manifested by riverine buffaloes against heat stress.

Optimizing fiber and protein levels in diet of lactating Murrah buffaloes to ameliorate heat stress: Effect on physiological status and production performance

The objective of study was to assess the outcome of feeding six total mixed rations (TMR), differing in NDF and protein content, for their synergistic effect on ameliorating heat load of lactating Murrah buffaloes evident through improved physiological and production performance. Thirty six lactating Murrah buffaloes (587 ± 12.3, MY 9 ± 2.2, Parity 2.5 ± 1.5) were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial design with three levels of dietary NDF (30, 34.5 and 37% dietary NDF) and two levels of metabolizable protein (MP; 7.0% and 8.4%). Buffaloes were fed either of six dietary treatments: 30%NDF; 7.0% MP (CF1, as recommended), 34.5%NDF; 7.0% MP (MF1), 37%NDF; 7.0% MP (HF1), 30%NDF; 8.4% MP (CF2), 34.5%NDF; 8.4% MP (MF2) and 37%NDF; 8.4% MP (HF2). TMR offered with maize silage and respective concentrate for 90 days feeding trial. Fortnightly feed samples and weekly milk samples collection was done for analyses. Metabolic trial conducted in mid of experiment for estimating nutrient digestibility. Throughout the trial, THI level (79.7-83.8) denoted that buffaloes were exposed to stressful environment. Higher MP in diet reduced pulse rate in buffaloes as compared with lower MP diet. Rectal temperature was lower in Murrah buffaloes fed MF2 diet whereas; minimum breathing rate was recorded for high protein fed group. The MF2 diet increased dry matter intake (kg/d) by 2.7%, milk yield (kg/d) by 8.3% and feed efficiency (milk/DMI) by 7.2% as compared with CF1 group indicating reduced heat load. Increase in protein intake along with improved protein digestibility in MF2 group was recorded. Measured 6%FCM and ECM (kg/d), milk fat (%) and total solid (%) were higher in MF2 treatment group. Results revealed that 34.5% NDF and 8.4% MP have a positive influence on amelioration of heat stress in present experimental conditions.

Physiological and molecular aspects of heat-treated cultured granulosa cells of Egyptian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The physiological and molecular responses of granulosa cells (GCs) from buffalo follicles were investigated when there were in vitro heat stress conditions imposed. The cultured GCs were heat-treated at 40.5 °C for 24, 48 or 72 h while GCs of the control group were not heat-treated (37 °C). There were no differences in viability between control and heat-treated groups. There was an upward trend in increase in E₂ secretion as the duration of heat stress advanced, being greater (P ≤ 0.05) for the GCs on which heat stress was imposed for 72 as compared with 24 h. In contrast, P₄ release was less (P ≤ 0.05) from GCs heat-treated for 48 h than those cultured for 24 h and GCs of the control group. The relative abundance of ATP5F1A and SOD2 mRNA transcripts was consistent throughout the period when there was imposing of heat stress to sustain mitochondrial function. The relative abundance of CPT2 transcript was less in heat-treated GCs than in GCs of the control group. There was a greater relative abundance of SREBP1 and TNF-α mRNA transcripts after 48 h of heat-treatment of GCs than GCs of the control group. In conclusion, the results from the current study indicate buffalo GCs cultured when there was imposing of heat stress maintained normal viability, steroidogenesis and transcriptional profile. The stability of antioxidant status and increased transcription of genes regulating cholesterol biosynthesis and stress resistance may be defense mechanisms of buffalo GCs against heat stress.

Semen parameters and fertility potency of a cloned water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull produced from a semen-derived epithelial cell

Semen contains epithelial cells that can be cultured in vitro. For somatic cell nuclear transfer applications, it is essential to know whether clone(s) produced from semen-derived epithelial cells (SedECs) are healthy and reproductively competent. In this study, the semen and fertility profile of a cloned bull (C1) that was produced from a SedEC were compared with its donor (D1) and with two cloned bulls (C2, C3) that were produced from commonly used skin-derived fibroblast cells (SkdFCs). We observed variations in some fresh semen parameters (ejaculated volume and mass motility), frozen-thawed sperm parameters (plasma membrane integrity, and computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) indices), but values are within the normal expected range. There was no difference in sperm concentration of ejaculated semen and frozen-thawed semen parameters which include sperm motility, percentage of live and normal morphology sperm, and distance traveled through oestrus mucus. Following in vitro fertilization (IVF) experiments, zygotes from C1 had higher (P < 0.05) cleavage rates (81%) than C2, C3, and D1 (71%, 67%, and 75%, respectively); however, blastocyst development per cleaved embryo and quality of produced blastocysts did not differ. The conception rate of C1 was 46% (7/15) and C2 was 50% (8/15) following artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen. Established pregnancies resulted in births of 7 and 6 progenies sired by C1 and C2, respectively, and all calves show no signs of phenotypical abnormalities. These results showed that semen from a cloned bull derived from SedECs is equivalent to semen from its donor bull and bulls cloned from SkdFCs.

Genetic diversity, relatedness and inbreeding of ranched and fragmented Cape buffalo populations in southern Africa

Wildlife ranching, although not considered a conventional conservation system, provides a sustainable model for wildlife utilization and could be a source of valuable genetic material. However, increased fragmentation and intensive management may threaten the evolutionary potential and conservation value of species. Disease-free Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) in southern Africa exist in populations with a variety of histories and management practices. We compared the genetic diversity of buffalo in national parks to private ranches and found that, except for Addo Elephant National Park, genetic diversity was high and statistically equivalent. We found that relatedness and inbreeding levels were not substantially different between ranched populations and those in national parks, indicating that breeding practices likely did not yet influence genetic diversity of buffalo on private ranches in this study. High genetic differentiation between South African protected areas highlighted their fragmented nature. Structure analysis revealed private ranches comprised three gene pools, with origins from Addo Elephant National Park, Kruger National Park and a third, unsampled gene pool. Based on these results, we recommend the Addo population be supplemented with disease-free Graspan and Mokala buffalo (of Kruger origin). We highlight the need for more research to characterize the genetic diversity and composition of ranched wildlife species, in conjunction with wildlife ranchers and conservation authorities, in order to evaluate the implications for management and conservation of these species across different systems.

Effect of replacing conventional feeds with tropical agricultural by-products on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and ruminal microbiota of water buffaloes

This study investigated the effect of replacing corn grain, soybean meal and wheat bran with tropical agricultural by-products, such as palm kernel cake (PKC), cassava residue and dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS), on the dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, ruminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ruminal microbial communities of water buffaloes. Thirty healthy 15-month-old crossbred water buffaloes with a similar initial body weight of 353.1 ± 23.7 kg were randomly allocated into three dietary experimental groups, and they were fed with same forage but three different concentrates for 50 days fattening. The dietary treatments were as following: typical concentrate (TC, 65% corn + 15% wheat bran + 15% soybean meal), partial replacement concentrate Ⅰ (PRC I, 50% corn + 22.5% corn gluten + 22.5% PKC) and partial replacement concentrate Ⅱ (PRC II, 50% corn + 22.5% cassava residue + 22.5% DDGS). The results showed that the average daily gain of the PRC II group was the highest, and the DMI, acid detergent fibre digestibility and neutral detergent fibre digestibility value of the three groups were different and in the following order: PRC II group > TC group > PRC I group. The crude protein digestibility of PRC II was higher than that of the TC and PRC I groups (p < .05). The ruminal concentrations of total SCFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate of TC group were higher than the other two groups (p < .05). The PRC I group had the highest Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratio (B/F) and relative abundance of the genus Prevotella, while the PRC II group had the lowest B/F and relative abundance of Prevotella. In conclusion, using PKC and corn gluten to completely replace common feed ingredients in the buffalo concentrate ration decreased, while using cassava residue and DDGS increased animal growth performance, mainly due to the different combination influenced nutrient digestibility and ruminal microbial community composition was shifted.

Expression of MTNR1A, steroid (ERα, ERβ, and PR) receptor gene transcripts, and the concentration of melatonin and steroid hormones in the ovarian follicles of buffalo

High ambient temperature exhibits a retrograde effect on buffalo reproduction because of heat stress. Moreover, melatonin is known to regulate reproductive changes in seasonally reproductive animals by binding to high affinity, G protein-coupled receptors. The MTNR1A gene is a prime receptor, mediating the effect of melatonin at the neuroendocrine level to control seasonal reproduction. In sheep, the role of melatonin is well known; however, studies have not been conducted in buffalo to determine its effect during favorable and unfavorable breeding seasons. Therefore, the present study aimed to (1) determine the expression of MTNR1A, ERα, ERβ, and PR gene transcripts in the ovarian follicles of buffalo during the summer and winter seasons and (2) analyze melatonin, 17β-estradiol, and progesterone concentrations in the follicular fluid of buffalo during both seasons. Murrah buffalo ovaries were collected during both the summer (May-June) and winter (December-January) seasons. All visible ovarian follicles were allocated into one of three groups: (1) small (8-9.9 mm); (2) medium (10-11.9 mm); and (3) large (12-14 mm). Follicular fluid was aspirated from each group of follicles for hormone analyses. The granulosa cells were processed for RNA extraction. Furthermore, they were subjected to real-time quantitative PCR to analyze the expression (relative quantification) of MTNR1A, ERα, ERβ, and PR in each follicular group. The expression of MTNR1A gene transcript decreased with the increasing size of the follicle and intrafollicular melatonin concentration. Expression of ERα and PR remained unaffected by the season and was similar (P > 0.05) in all groups. Expression of ERβ was higher (P < 0.05) in summer than winter; nevertheless, small-sized follicles from the summer exhibited higher (P < 0.05) expressions than medium- and large-sized follicles. The overall intrafollicular melatonin concentration was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with 17β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations. In conclusion, the decreased expression of MTNR1A and increased concentration of intrafollicular melatonin with the increasing size of the follicle indicates a probable role in folliculogenesis and ovulation in buffalo.

Effect of increasing pre-pubertal concentrate levels on reproductive and lactation performance of Nili-Ravi Buffalo heifers

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing total nutrient supply by increasing level of concentrate supplementation in forage-based diet of growing Nili-Ravi buffalo replacement heifers on pre-pubertal growth rate and its impact on age at puberty and post-pubertal productive and reproductive performance. Twenty-eight Nili-Ravi buffalo heifers of 7 ± 1 month age were divided into 3 groups. The treatments were 3 levels of concentrate (crude protein (CP) = 17.9%, metabolisable energy (ME) = 2.66 Mcal/kg), i.e. 0.5, 1, and 1.5% of the body weight referred as low, medium, and high treatments, respectively. Irrespective of pre-pubertal treatment, all the heifers received similar feed after puberty up to completion of their first lactation. The results of the study showed a similar response across the treatments in age, weight, and condition at puberty, weight at calving, lactation length, and yield. The medium and high treatments resulted in poor reproductive performance because of higher services per conception and less number of heifers confirmed conceived compared with low treatment. The low treatment resulted in less mortality compared with medium and high treatments. The feeding cost per animal at puberty, conception, and calving was lowest for treatment low as compared with medium and high. In conclusion, the results of the study showed that Nili-Ravi buffalo heifers achieved puberty at 23 months with feeding of concentrate (CP = 17.9%, ME = 2.66 Mcal/kg) during pre-pubertal stage at the rate of 0.5% of the body weight with better reproductive performance.

Analysis of meiotic segregation by triple-color fish on both total and motile sperm fractions in a t(1p;18) river buffalo bull

Chromosomal aberrations are relatively frequent pathologies in both humans and animals. Among them, translocations present a specific meiotic segregation pattern able to give a higher percentage of unbalanced gametes that can induce fertility problems. In this study, the meiotic segregation patterns of 1p, 1q and 18 Bubalus bubalis chromosomes were analyzed in both total sperm fraction and motile sperm fraction of a t(1p;18) carrier and a control bulls by triple-color FISH analysis with a pool of specific BAC probes. The frequencies of each total sperm fraction products in the carrier resulting from alternate, adjacent I, adjacent II and 3:1 segregation were 39%, 20%, 1% and 38%, respectively. On the other hand, the frequencies of each motile sperm fraction products in the carrier resulting from alternate, adjacent I, adjacent II and 3:1 segregation were 93%, 5%, 0% and 2%, respectively. The frequencies of normal sperms in the carrier were 27% and 69% in total sperm fraction and motile sperm fraction, respectively. The frequencies detected in motile sperm fraction were also validated by comparison with bull’s progeny. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the meiotic segregation patterns in motile sperm fractions of B. bubalis bull carrying a chromosomal translocation. These data suggest that translocation has a very limited effect on aneuploidy in the gametes, and therefore, on the reproductive abilities of the bull.

Multivariate analysis of body morphometric traits in conjunction with performance of reproduction and milk traits in crossbred progeny of Murrah × Jafarabadi buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in North-Eastern Brazil

We studied the relationship between body morphometric traits, and their underlying association with milk production (MP), lactation length (LL), first calving interval (FCI) and subsequent calving interval (CI) of crossbred progeny of Murrah × Jafarabadi buffalo aiming to assist in selection programs. We carried out principal component analysis (PCA) of the body morphometric traits, which include breast width (BW), thigh width (THW), hip width (HW), rump width (RW), rump length (RL), body depth (BD), body length (BL), height withers (HEW), rear height (RH), shoulder width (SW), thorax width (TW), loin width (LW), distance from the head to ischium (DHI), and thoracic perimeter (TP). We determined the association of morphometric traits with milk/reproduction traits using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The analysis revealed that the first six PCA accounted for 82.14% of the total observed variation, and the traits THW, HW, TW, LW, RW, HEW, TP, RH, and BW, accounted for almost half (48.00%) of the total variance indicating a higher contribution in body structural conformation. The first canonical function was significant (p<0.05), accounted for 72.46% of the total variance, and the canonical correlation was 0.56, indicating the dependence between both groups of traits. Higher canonical loadings were obtained for LL (0.49), FCI (0.46), BW (-0.71), BL (-0.56), DHI (-0.34), HEW, (-0.38) and TP (-0.50). These traits were most important for the derivation of canonical statistical variables, and presented a higher canonical correlations (r) between the dependent (LL/FCI) and independent (BW, BL, DHI, HEW and TP) groups. The results could suggest that the body morphometric traits THW, HW, TW, LW, RW, HEW, BD, TP, RH, and BW could play important role in body structural composition, indicating a suitable functional type, and aid designing of selection programs for buffalo breeding.

Effect of plastic foreign body impaction on rumen function and heavy metal concentrations in various body fluids and tissues of buffaloes

Rumen impaction by plastic waste (PW) is a common condition in the developing countries where ruminants are reared under extensive grazing. As heavy metals (HM) are used in the manufacture of plastic, we hypothesized that buffaloes with PW impaction would have suboptimal rumen function and higher content of HM in the rumen fluid, sera and body tissues. Buffaloes at an abattoir were categorized into impacted with PW or not (Group C and B, respectively; n = 30/group). From the animals of group C and B, rumen fluid and sera were collected ante-mortem, while muscle, liver and kidney were collected after exsanguination. Blood and rumen fluid of stall-fed buffaloes (Group A; n = 15) served as known negative control. Rumen function was assessed by protozoal density, motility, pH, methylene blue reduction time (MBRT) and sedimentation activity time (SAT). Concentration of HM such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) in the body fluids, tissues and impacted PW was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). A significant decrease in the rumen protozoal density, motility and increase (P < 0.05) in the rumen fluid pH, MBRT and SAT were observed in group C as compared to group A and B. Concentration of Pb, Hg and Cd showed a moderate to strong significant negative correlation with rumen function indicators. Quantitatively, Cu content (ppm) was highest in PW with 0.9 ± 0.04. The concentration of HM in the body fluids and tissues was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in group C, but was below the toxic levels. In stall-fed buffaloes, Hg, Pb and Cd were undetectable in body fluids. Collectively, the results indicate that long term exposure of buffaloes to HM from PW affect the health, productivity and increase the risk of entering the food chain.

Chitosan associated with whole raw soybean in diets for Murrah buffaloes on ruminal fermentation, apparent digestibility and nutrients metabolism

This study aimed to investigate the effects of chitosan and whole raw soybean on nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilization, microbial protein synthesis, blood metabolites, feeding behavior, ruminal fermentation, digesta kinetics, and reticular flow of nutrients of buffaloes. Four ruminally-cannulated Murrah buffaloes (351 ± 15 kg of initial BW) were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged as 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: the first factor was whole raw soybean (WRS), and the second factor was chitosan (CHI) with or without their inclusion in diets. Intake and apparent digestibility of ether extract (p < .01; p = .04, respectively), non-fiber carbohydrates intake (p = .03) and apparent ruminal digestibility of dry matter (p = .01) were affected by diets. An interaction effect or tendency was observed for microbial nitrogen (p = .09), concentrations, ruminal ammonia nitrogen (p = .05), total volatile fatty acid (p = .03). Association of chitosan with whole raw soybean has potential effects as a modulator of rumen fermentation; therefore, chitosan can be applied as an alternative non-ionophore for Murrah buffaloes.

Unusual interplay of contrasting selective pressures on β-defensin genes implicated in male fertility of the Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

BACKGROUND

The buffalo, despite its superior milk-producing ability, suffers from reproductive limitations that constrain its lifetime productivity. Male sub-fertility, manifested as low conception rates (CRs), is a major concern in buffaloes. The epididymal sperm surface-binding proteins which participate in the sperm surface remodelling (SSR) events affect the survival and performance of the spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract (FRT). A mutation in an epididymal secreted protein, beta-defensin 126 (DEFB-126/BD-126), a class-A beta-defensin (CA-BD), resulted in decreased CRs in human cohorts across the globe. To better understand the role of CA-BDs in buffalo reproduction, this study aimed to identify the BD genes for characterization of the selection pressure(s) acting on them, and to identify the most abundant CA-BD transcript in the buffalo male reproductive tract (MRT) for predicting its reproductive functional significance.

RESULTS

Despite the low protein sequence homology with their orthologs, the CA-BDs have maintained the molecular framework and the structural core vital to their biological functions. Their coding-sequences in ruminants revealed evidence of pervasive purifying and episodic diversifying selection pressures. The buffalo CA-BD genes were expressed in the major reproductive and non-reproductive tissues exhibiting spatial variations. The Buffalo BD-129 (BuBD-129) was the most abundant and the longest CA-BD in the distal-MRT segments and was predicted to be heavily O-glycosylated.

CONCLUSIONS

The maintenance of the structural core, despite the sequence divergence, indicated the conservation of the molecular functions of the CA-BDs. The expression of the buffalo CA-BDs in both the distal-MRT segments and non-reproductive tissues indicate the retention the primordial microbicidal activity, which was also predicted by in silico sequence analyses. However, the observed spatial variations in their expression across the MRT hint at their region-specific roles. Their comparison across mammalian species revealed a pattern in which the various CA-BDs appeared to follow dissimilar evolutionary paths. This pattern appears to maintain only the highly efficacious CA-BD alleles and diversify their functional repertoire in the ruminants. Our preliminary results and analyses indicated that BuBD-129 could be the functional ortholog of the primate DEFB-126. Further studies are warranted to assess its molecular functions to elucidate its role in immunity, reproduction and fertility.

Importance of lipid metabolism on oocyte maturation and early embryo development: Can we apply what we know to buffalo?

The knowledge about the biological events that regulate lipid metabolism in oocytes and embryos in buffalo is scarce. Lipogenesis, lipolysis, transport and oxidation of fatty acids (FAs) occur in gametes and embryonic cells of all mammalian species, as an intrinsic component of energy metabolism. In oocytes and cumulus cells, degradation of lipids is responsible for the production of ATP that is essential for the metabolic processes that lead to oocyte maturation in in vivo and in vitro culture conditions. Similarly, throughout embryo development, blastomeres have the capacity to use exogenous and/or endogenous lipid reserves to serve as an energy source necessary for early embryonic development. In addition, supplementation of culture media with L-carnitine to promote lipid metabolism during in vitro oocyte maturation and early embryonic development leads to an improved embryo quality. The limited scientific evidence available in buffalo indicates there is relatively greater oocyte lipid content as compared with many other species that undergoes a dynamic distribution during folliculogenesis and follicle maturation and that has a positive effect on oocyte maturation and embryo development when there is L-carnitine supplementation of the media. Advances in the understanding of the biological peculiarities of lipid metabolism, and the consequences of its alteration on the quality of buffalo gametes and embryos, therefore, are necessary to design specific culture media and laboratory procedures as a strategy to increase in vitro-derived embryo production rates.

Changes in milk yield and composition of colostrum and regular milk from four buffalo breeds in China during lactation

BACKGROUND

Chinese local buffalos are mainly used as draft animals because of their low productivity but their crossbreeding with Murrah and Nili-Ravi breeds can produce offspring with a greatly improved milk yield. However, no studies have reported the characteristics of milk produced during lactation by these crossbred buffalo.

RESULTS

This study investigated changes in yield, and the physicochemical composition of milk of Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Murrah×local, Murrah×Nili-Ravi×local buffalos with milk yields of 1022.49 ± 90.26 kg, 1193.02 ± 97.65 kg, 805.46 ± 76.57 kg and 1499.35 ± 105.32 kg respectively over a 210-day period. The protein, fat, ash and total solids contents of milk from the hybrids decreased, but the yield of these nutritional components increased because of the greater improvement in milk yield. As lactation progressed, lactose content increased, but this change was not significant after the 15th day postpartum; the protein content decreased whereas fat content increased significantly during the first three days; ash content changed significantly during the first 24 h postpartum but further changes were not significant. Gel electrophoresis was used to identify the protein profile with no difference found between the four breeds.

CONCLUSION

After crossbreeding, the milk production of triple-crossbred buffalo was higher than Murrah, Nili-Ravi and the local Chinese buffalo, making it a potential resource for the Chinese dairy market. The results of this experiment will provide basic data for making better use of buffalo milk, planning crossbreeding programs, and establishing standards for buffalo milk. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of stem cell factor on in vitro growth of buffalo oocytes

Stem cell factor (SCF) plays important roles in primordial follicle activation, oocyte growth and survival, granulosa cell proliferation, theca cell recruitment, and ovarian steroidogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SCF on in vitro growth of buffalo oocytes. Oocyte-granulosa cell complexes (OGCs) were dissected from early antral follicles of slaughtered buffalo ovaries and cultured for 6 days in media supplemented with 0, 50 or 100 ng/mL SCF. In vitro grown oocytes were further cultured for in vitro maturation for 24 h. The results showed that SCF significantly (P < 0.05) increased oocyte diameter in vitro. The percentages of surviving oocytes were 60, 81 and 92 in 0, 50 and 100 ng/mL SCF supplemented group, respectively. SCF promoted formation of antrum-like structures in culture. The results also showed that SCF enhanced the maturation of in vitro grown buffalo oocytes. Here, 14% in vitro grown oocytes reached metaphase II (MII) stage in 50 ng/mL SCF supplemented group, whereas the percentage was increased to 26% in 100 ng/mL SCF treated group. These results show that SCF supports the growth, viability and nuclear maturation of buffalo oocytes in vitro.

Melatonin-improved buffalo semen quality during nonbreeding season under tropical condition

The role of melatonin in protecting spermatozoa from different kinds of injury has been widely reported. The present study aimed to test whether treatment of buffalo bulls with melatonin could ameliorate sperm function during nonbreeding season under tropical condition. Ten Murrah buffalo bulls were randomly allocated into control and treated groups of equal numbers of bulls to study the effect of melatonin on semen characteristics, seminal plasma constituents, blood plasma hormonal levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities during nonbreeding season. Treated bulls were implanted with melatonin (18 mg/50 kg of body weight) for a period of 2 mo. During this period, semen was collected twice a week, and blood samples were collected weekly to determine plasma concentration of melatonin and LH and activities of antioxidant enzymes. During nonbreeding season, melatonin implantation improved semen characteristics by increasing (P < 0.05) percentages of sperm with forward motility, viability, total motile sperm, and rapid motility, average path, curvilinear, and straight-line velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement and decreasing (P < 0.05) percentages of abnormal sperm and linearity index as compared to the control group. Furthermore, melatonin implantation increased (P < 0.05) seminal plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, and cholesterol and decreased (P < 0.05) seminal plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity. In addition, melatonin-implanted bulls exhibited an increase (P < 0.05) in red blood cells superoxide dismutase activity compared to untreated bulls. In conclusion, melatonin implantation successfully improved semen quality of buffalo bulls during nonbreeding season under tropical condition.

Responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes to visually attractive stationary devices baited with 4-methylguaiacol and certain repellent compounds in waterbuck odour

BACKGROUND

A blend of compounds (pentanoic acid, guaiacol, δ-octalactone and geranylacetone) identified in waterbuck (Kobus defassa) body odour referred to as waterbuck repellent compounds (WRC) and a synthetic repellent 4-methylguaiacol have previously been shown to repel tsetse flies from the morsitans group. However, these repellents have not been evaluated on palpalis group tsetse flies. In this study, we evaluated the effect of these repellents on catches of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (major vector of human sleeping sickness) in biconical traps and on sticky small targets which are visually attractive to palpalis group flies. The attractive devices were baited with different doses and blends of the repellent compounds. We also assessed the effect of removal of individual constituents in the synthetic blend of WRC on catches of G. f. fuscipes.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

The study was conducted in western Kenya on four islands of Lake Victoria namely Big Chamaunga, Small Chamaunga, Manga and Rusinga. The tsetse fly catches from the treatments were modeled using a negative binomial regression to determine their effect on catches. In the presence of WRC and 4-methylguaiacol (released at ≈2 mg/h and ≈1.4 mg/h respectively), catches of G. f. fuscipes were significantly reduced by 33% (P<0.001) and 22% (P<0.001) respectively in biconical traps relative to control. On sticky small targets the reduction in fly catches were approximately 30% (P<0.001) for both 4-methylguiacol and WRC. In subtractive assays, only removal of geranylacetone from WRC significantly increased catches (by 1.8 times; P <0.001) compared to the complete blend of WRC.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE

We conclude that WRC and 4-methylguaiacol reduce catches of G. f. fuscipes at stationary visually attractive traps and suggest that they may serve as broad spectrum repellents for Glossina species. We recommend further studies to investigate the effects of these compounds on reduction of G. f. fuscipes attracted to human hosts as this may lead to development of new strategies of reducing the prevalence and incidence of sleeping sickness.

Stimulating effects of Quercetin (QUE) in tris citric acid extender on post thaw quality and in vivo fertility of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull spermatozoa

Aim of this study was to evaluate the stimulating effects of quercetin (QUE) on post thaw quality and in vivo fertility of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull spermatozoa. QUE is a well-known flavonoid having antioxidant properties to scavenge free radicals. Semen was collected from three buffalo bull through artificial vagina (42 °C) and were evaluated initially for volume, motility, concentration, followed by dilution in five extenders (n = 5 aliquots, control, C = no QUE; treatment 1, T1 = 50 μM QUE; treatment 2, T2 = 100 μM QUE; treatment 3, T3 = 150 μM QUE and treatment 4, T4 = 200 μM QUE supplementation). The experiment was repeated thrice (n = 3 replicates). At post dilution, sperm progressive motility (PM, %) plasma membrane integrity (PMI, %), supra vital plasma membrane integrity (SVPMI, %) and acrosome integrity (ACR-1, %) of buffalo bull were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in extenders supplemented with QUE than C. At thawing, sperm PM of buffalo bull was higher in T3 and T4 than C, T1 and T2. Sperm SVPMI was significantly higher in T2, T3 and T4 than C and T1. Sperm ACR-I was higher in T3 and T4 than C, T1 and T2. Sperm DNA integrity was higher in T4 than C. QUE supplementation increased in vitro semen quality during 30 and 60 min of incubation at 37 °C than C. The in vivo fertility was higher in T3 and T4 than C (%, 61.82 vs. 65.22 vs. 46.90). It is concluded that QUE @ 150 and 200 μM improved post thaw semen quality and in vivo fertility of buffalo bull.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ovarian follicles and promotes oocyte maturation and early embryonic development

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been discovered and characterized for several decades, yet its expression pattern in non-neuronal tissues like ovary and potential mechanism during oocyte maturation are still poorly understood. Thus the present study was devised to determine the expression pattern and mechanism of BDNF during buffalo oocyte maturation. The results revealed that BDNF was presented at different stages of buffalo ovarian follicles as well as during oocyte maturation and early embryo development. BDNF's receptor p75 was detected in granulosa cells, cumulus cells, oocytes, and early embryos, while another receptor neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor, type2 (NTRK2) was only identified in granulosa cells and cumulus cells. To determine the effect of BDNF on oocyte maturation and early embryo development, different concentrations (0, 1, 10, 100 ng/mL) of BDNF were added into the in vitro maturation media, respectively. It was divulged that 10 ng/mL BDNF promoted the in vitro maturation rate of buffalo oocytes and the blastocysts rate of embryos cultured in vitro (P < 0.05). Then through using NTRK2 inhibitor K-252a, we found BDNF and its receptor NTRK2 in cumulus cells played an essential role during oocyte maturation. Moreover, to further investigate the underlying mechanism by which BDNF enhances oocyte maturation, RT-qPCR was performed. 10 ng/mL BDNF treatment could decrease the expression level of apoptosis-related genes CCASP9, FAS, up-regulate the expression level of receptor gene NTRK2, cell proliferation-related genes CCNB1, PCNA, gap junction-related genes GJA4, GJA1 as well as cumulus cells expansion-related genes HAS2, PTX3 and TNFAIP6 (P < 0.05). Altogether, our results showed for the first time that BDNF was expressed throughout buffalo ovarian follicle development, oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis. Furthermore, BDNF treatment could improve the efficiency of buffalo oocyte maturation through regulating genes expression in cumulus cells and then promote early embryo development.

Genotype of MTNR1A gene regulates the conception rate following melatonin treatment in water buffalo

Buffaloes have tendency to show seasonal reproduction and remain in anestrus due to limited ovarian activity during summer. The seasonal reproductive behavior is ascribed the effect of melatonin related to photoperiod. Treating animals with melatonin could be a possible strategy to overcome the problem. The role of MTNR1A gene has not been fully explained in the buffalo. Therefore, we conducted a study on 114 buffalo heifers to detect the polymorphic site in MTNR1A gene and further treated them with melatonin implants to investigate the role of most frequent genotype following melatonin treatment on pregnancy. The present investigation is the first to investigate the association between melatonin treated different MTNR1A genotype buffalo and pregnancy. We confirmed SNP at position 72 in 812 bp fragment exon II of MTNR1A gene. RFLP of PCR products with Hpa I enzyme resulted in three genotypes: TT (812bp), CT (812, 743, 69bp) and CC (743, 69bp). Next, buffaloes of each genotype (TT, CC, CT; n = 28 for each) were treated with melatonin implants to compare the conception rate with their corresponding untreated control (n = 10 for each genotype). Melatonin concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) for the treatment groups of all genotypes compared to their respective untreated control from day 1-28. The pregnancy rate was significantly associated with the MTNR1A genotype. The conception rate was higher (P < 0.05) for TT genotype than for the other genotypes of buffaloes treated with melatonin. Furthermore, buffaloes of TT genotype treated with melatonin started exhibiting estrus activity soon from second week of melatonin treatment (14.1 ± 2.1; range: 10-17 days) and were found to be 7.8 times more likely to become pregnant compared to other genotypes following melatonin treatment. In conclusion, TT genotype of MTNR1A gene is more sensitive to melatonin treatment that favours pregnancy in buffaloes during summer.

Economic values and selection indices for production and reproduction traits of Iranian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Iranian buffalo plays a critical role in supplying a portion of the income and the necessities of the rural population. The first step to design a breeding program is difinition of breeding goal (BG), a linear combination of breeding values for various traits and their economic values (EV). The current study was aimed at determining EVs for important traits of Iranian buffaloes, namely milk yield (MY), milk fat (MF), age at the first calving (AFC), and calving interval (CI), as well as at estimating the genetic response of applying various types of selection indices. Economic and management data of 50 buffalo herds from various main regions of buffalo rearing in Iran were collected. The EVs were estimated using a simple profit function. Five selection indices were constructed by combining information on various traits. The EVs for BG traits of MY, MF, AFC, and CI were 0.18, 4.66, - 0.36, and - 1.87 US$, respectively. The highest predicted genetic gain in BG was 16.95 and came from applying the selection index that included all traits. The smallest genetic gain (4.93) was predicted for the index with only AFC included. Predicted genetic gain from an index that included production traits and AFC as a reproduction trait (16.9) was higher than that from the index with only production traits (16.15). Results showed that inclusion of reproductive traits in the selection index had a positive effect on genetic gain for breeding goal.

Metabolomics Reveals that Crossbred Dairy Buffaloes Are More Thermotolerant than Holstein Cows under Chronic Heat Stress

Heat stress (HS) threatens the worldwide dairy industry by decreasing animal production performance and health. Holstein cows and dairy buffaloes are the most important dairy animals, but their differences in the metabolic mechanism of thermotolerance remain elusive. In this study, we used serum metabolomics to evaluate the differences in thermotolerance between Holstein cows and crossbred dairy buffaloes under chronic heat stress (HS) and thermal-neutral conditions. In response to HS, the body temperatures and respiratory rates were increased more for Holstein cows than for dairy buffaloes (38.78 vs 38.24 °C, p < 0.001; 43.6 vs 32.5 breaths/min, p < 0.001). HS greatly affected serum metabolites associated with amino acids, fatty acids, and bile acids. The enriched metabolic pathways of these serum metabolites are closely related to HS. We demonstrated that buffaloes adapt to HS by adopting a metabolism of branched-chain amino acids and ketogenic amino acids and gluconeogenesis, but Holstein cows decrease the effect of HS with citrulline and proline metabolism. Both physiological parameters and serum metabolic profiles indicate that dairy buffaloes are more thermotolerant than Holstein cows, providing the feasibility to vigorously develop the buffalo dairy industry in tropical and subtropical regions.

Transcriptional and translational abundance of Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2, 4, 6, 7 and their receptors BMPR1A, 1B and BMPR2 in buffalo ovarian follicle and the role of BMP4 and BMP7 on estrogen production and survival of cultured granulosa cells

BMPs and their receptors modulate the granulosa cell (GC) function in the follicle of domestic animals. Since little is known on BMPs in the buffalo, the present study was aimed to investigate the expression of BMP2, 4, 6, 7 and their receptors BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2 in the GC and theca cells (TC) of ovarian follicles and the role of BMP4 and BMP7 on buffalo GC. Follicles were classified into four groups based on size and E₂ level in the follicular fluid as follows: (i) Group1(4-6 mm; <0.5 ng/mL) (ii) Group 2 (7-9 mm; 0.5-5 ng/mL) (iii) Group 3 (10-13 mm; 5-40 ng/mL) and (iv) Group 4 (dominant follicle) (>13 mm; >180 ng/mL). The results revealed that except BMP6, BMP2, 4 7 and receptors BMPR1A, BMPR1B and BMPR2 showed a minimum of 1.5-2 fold increase in mRNA expression in the GC of dominant follicle as compared to other follicle classes. In the dominant follicle, a two-fold increase in BMP4 and BMP7 expression was observed in the TC. At 100 ng/mL, the BMP4 and BMP7 either alone or in combination maximally down-regulated CASPASE3 and stimulated the transcripts of PCNA, FSHR and CYP19A1 that was supported by E₂ secretion in the granulosa cell culture suggesting their role in cell survival and E2 production. In conclusion, GC and TC of dominant follicles express BMP 2, 4, 6, 7 and their receptors BMPR1A, BMPR1B and BMPR2. BMP4 and BMP7 stimulate E₂ production and promote GC survival.

Metabolic and hormonal adaptation in Bubalus bubalis around calving and early lactation

Pregnancy and lactation are physiological periods that result in an increased metabolic demand that, if not satisfied, could provoke a threat to homeostasis. In this study changes in the values of Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, insulin, thyroid hormones, milk composition and yield were investigated in buffaloes during the late pregnancy and early lactation. From a total of 50 buffaloes, blood samples were collected -7±5 days before expected calving; +7±5; +30±5 and +50±5 days post-partum; milk samples were collected at the same post-partum time points. On serum samples, the values of Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, insulin, Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were evaluated. On milk, fat %, protein %, lactose %, somatic cells score (SCS), milk yield and daily milk production (DMP) were assessed. Peripartum period significantly influenced all studied parameters (P<0.05). Milk constituents and productivity statistically changed throughout monitoring period (P<0.005). Milk yield resulted positively correlated with insulin and TSH values, negatively correlated with NEFA and BHB. Insulin was negatively correlated with lactose % and positively correlated with SCS. The obtained results showed that the peripartum period and lactation are accompanied by marked changes in some biochemical variables and in the thyroid hormones values in Italian Mediterranean Buffaloes. Moreover, the relationship found between TSH values and milk yield seems to suggest a possible role of thyroid gland on the maintenance of lactogenesis. This study underlines the importance of monitoring the hormonal status of buffalo during the transition period in order to understand when adjustments of regulatory mechanisms break through physiological limits predisposing the buffalo to metabolic problems.

Influence of season, age and management on scrotal thermal profile in Murrah bulls using scrotal infrared digital thermography

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of non-genetic factors on scrotal thermographic profile viz., proximal pole temperature (PPT °C), mid pole temperature (MPT °C), distal pole temperature (DPT °C) and ocular temperature (OcT) of Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) breeding bulls. A total of 109 buffalo bulls, maintained at three semen stations (SS), were monitored for scrotal surface and ocular temperatures using infrared thermography twice daily during rainy, winter and summer seasons using an FLIR i5 infrared camera and temperatures were measured. Thermograms were analysed by FLIR QuickReport v.1.2 SP2 software. Statistical analysis revealed that semen station, season, temperature humidity index (THI), housing system and timing of observations had significant (P < 0.05) effect on scrotal surface temperature (SST) and OcT. In SS-I, the PPT and MPT were significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared to SS-II and SS-III. THI had significant (P < 0.05) effect on SST and OcT, whereas PPT (°C), MPT (°C), DPT (°C) and OcT (°C) values during high THI (>80.88; <0.05) period were higher as compared to medium THI period (70.06-80.88) and during low THI period (<70.06). Temperature gradient (TG) of the testes was significantly (P < 0.05) higher during low THI period (4.50 ± 0.06 °C) as compared to medium THI (2.38 ± 0.03 °C) and high THI (1.61 ± 0.05 °C). Season of the year had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the SST and OcT. During the rainy season, PPT (34.50 ± 0.09 °C), MPT (33.44 ± 0.12 °C) and DPT (32.11 ± 0.15 °C) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared to winter and summer seasons. Age of the bulls had non-significant effect on SST and OcT but had a marked influence on thermal profile of scrotum. It could be concluded semen station, season, temperature humidity index, housing system and timing of observations had a significant influence on scrotal surface temperature. The monitoring of scrotal surface temperature by infrared thermography was found to be useful in evaluating the effects of thermal stress on physiology and health of buffalo bulls.

Effects of preovulatory follicle size on estradiol concentrations, corpus luteum diameter, progesterone concentrations and subsequent pregnancy rate in buffalo cows (Bubalus bubalis)

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of preovulatory follicle (POF) size on estradiol concentrations, luteal profile (CL diameter and progesterone concentration) and subsequent pregnancy rate in Murrah buffalo cows. The buffalo cows (n = 49) were synchronized for estrus by two doses of PGF₂α given 11 days apart. The buffalo cows were inseminated during standing estrus and again after 24 h. Ovaries were scanned at estrus and 24 h intervals until ovulation, thereafter on days 5, 12 and 16 post-ovulation to examine the POF and CL diameter. Size of POF at estrus was divided into three categories; I: 10 to ≤12; II: >12.0 to ≤14.0; III: >14.0-16.0 mm. Blood samples were collected for estradiol (on day of estrus) and progesterone concentration (on days 5, 12 and 16). The estradiol concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in category II than category I with the greatest (P < 0.05) concentrations estimated in category III. A positive correlation (P < 0.05) between POF and progesterone concentration, CL diameter and progesterone concentration was observed on all sampling day. Pregnant buffalo cows exhibited greater (P < 0.05) plasma progesterone as compared with their non-pregnant counterpart. Greater pregnancy rates were observed with an increased size of POF (χ² = 2.9, P > 0.05). It was concluded that the POFs having diameters between 12 and 16 mm are mature enough to be transformed into CL of such optimum diameter and can secrete optimum progesterone concentrations that can sustain the pregnancy in Murrah buffalo cows.

PCR-SSCP analysis of MDGI gene and its association with milk production traits in river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

In this study, we investigated the genetic variation within 3'UTR of Mammary-Derived Growth Inhibitor (MDGI) gene of buffalo using PCR-SSCP and sequencing; and also analyzed association of polymorphism with the milk production traits. The study revealed two conformational patterns, 'A' and 'B' among 234 Mehsana buffaloes maintained with their records in the field and at farm. The frequency of SSCP variant 'A' was found to be invariably high in the buffalo population under study. Further, association analysis of SSCP variants with various milk production and milk quality traits indicated no significant effect on any of the traits investigated. Sequencing of SSCP variant 'A' showed homozygous G/G and A/A and 'B' had heterozygous G/C and A/G at positions +124 and +140 respectively, in the 3'UTR of buffalo MDGI. The preliminary results showed the substantial variations in the distribution of SSCP variants' frequencies within Mehsana buffaloes, however these variants had non-significant association with milk yield, fat yield and fat percentage in Mehsana buffaloes.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) synergistically promote steroidogenesis and survival of cultured buffalo granulosa cells

The present study investigated the combined effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) on estradiol (E₂) secretion and relative abundance of mRNA for aromatase enzyme (CYP19A1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and BCL-2 associated X protein (BAX) in cultured buffalo granulosa cells (GCs). Follicles were isolated and classified into four groups based on size and E₂ concentration in follicular fluid (FF): Small, 4-6mm diameter, E₂<0.5ng/ml; Medium, 7-9mm, E₂=0.5-5ng/ml; Large, 10-13mm, E₂=5-40ng/ml; Preovulatory (PFs), >14mm, E₂>180ng/ml. The GCs of PF were cultured in 24 well cell culture plates and allowed to become 75-80% confluent. Then cultured GCs were treated with FGF2 (200ng/ml) and VEGF-A (100ng/ml) separately and in combination for three incubation periods (24, 48 and 72h). Estradiol secretion was greater in GCs treated with FGF2+VEGF-A compared to FGF2 or VEGF-A at all incubation periods and was greatest (P<0.05) at 72h of incubation. The relative abundance of CYP19A1 and PCNA mRNA were relatively consistent with the amount E₂ secretion. In contrast, the relative abundance of Bax mRNA was less in GCs treated with the combination of FGF2 and VEGF-A as compared to either FGF2 or VEGF-A alone and the least concentration (P<0.05) was at 72h of incubation. Findings with use of immunocytochemistry of cells treated with these factors were consistent to the relative abundance of mRNA transcript for the factor. The present findings indicate that FGF2 and VEGF-A may function in a synergistic manner to promote steroidogenesis and survival of cultured buffalo GCs.

Freezability of water buffalo spermatozoa is improved with the addition of catalase in cryodiluent

BACKGROUND

Catalase enzyme is usually distributed in mammalian seminal plasma, where it decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen and enhances sperm survivability.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of catalase (0, 100, 200 or 300 IU/ml) added in tris-citric acid (TCA) based extender on motion characteristics, viability and DNA integrity of bubaline spermatozoa at post dilution (PD) and post thawing (PT) stages of cryopreservation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of semen was done in four Nili-Ravi bulls with an artificial vagina (42 degree C). Qualified semen samples from each bull were further subdivided into four aliquots for dilution with the experimental TCA extender containing either 0.0 (T1), 100 IU (T2), 200 IU (T3) or 300 IU (T4) catalase (activity12660 U/mg).

RESULTS

At PT, mean computer progressive motility, average path velocity, straight line velocity, curvilinear velocity, visual motility and DNA integrity were higher (P < 0.05) in catalase fortified treatment groups as compared with control. Regarding plasma membrane integrity and supra-vital plasma membrane integrity, at PT the mean values were higher (P < 0.05) in T4 as compared with control. At PD and PT, mean acrosomal integrity of buffalo bull spermatozoa was higher (P < 0.05) in T4 group as compared with control.

CONCLUSION

Addition of catalase at a concentration of 300IU/ml in TCA cryodiluent improved the freezability of water buffalo spermatozoa.

Up-regulation of milk secretion with modified microclimate through manipulating plasminogen-plasmin system in Murrah buffaloes during hot dry season

The present study was aimed at determining changes in milk yield and composition along with the plasminogen-plasmin system of milk, plasma hormones, and metabolites of buffaloes during hot dry season (air temperature range 39.7 to 44.8 °C) under two different management systems. Buffaloes were divided in two groups of six animals each: control and treatment, where treatment group animals accessed benefit of mist and fan cooling from 9:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., while control group animals were devoid of it. Duration of experiment was 6 weeks. Under mist and fan cooling system, buffaloes experienced better comfort by alleviating environmental stress as their physiological responses such as rectal temperature, respiration rate, pulse rate, and forehead and middorsal temperatures were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared to control, which subsequently resulted higher milk yield by 4.44 % (P < 0.001). Analysis of milk samples revealed higher concentration of plasminogen (7.99 vs 6.27 μg/ml; P < 0.01) and β-casein (1.09 vs 0.92 g/dl; P < 0.001) and lower plasmin level (0.178 vs 0.194 μg/ml; P < 0.05) in buffaloes under the treatment group compared to that under the control. Plasma glucose level was higher (P < 0.001) by 21.08 %, whereas cortisol, norepinephrine, and NEFA levels were lower (P < 0.001) by 19.19, 15.38, and 11.41 %, respectively, in treatment animals. However, exposure of buffaloes to cooling system did not alter composition and calcium content of milk, GH, and epinephrine level in plasma. Hence, it may be concluded that provision of cooling system during summer was effective to minimize environmental stress and improve milk production by manipulation of the PG-PL system in buffaloes.

Identification of suitable combinations of in vitro sperm-function test for the prediction of fertility in buffalo bull

The present study assessed sperm functional characteristics in the frozen-thawed semen of buffalo bulls and estimated their relationship with field fertility. Frozen semen samples from three different freezing operations each from nine Murrah buffalo bulls were used for the assessment of different sperm functions related to fertilizing potential. Bulls were classified into high (n = 2), medium (n = 5), and low (n = 2) fertile based on adjusted field fertility. The sperm functions estimated included membrane integrity using carboxyfluorescein diacetate-propidium iodide, acrosome reaction status using fluorescein isothiocyanate peanut agglutinine, status of apoptosis using Annexin-V, protamine deficiency using Chromomycin A₃, membrane stability using Merocyanine 540 and lipid peroxidation status using 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene. The relationship between the proportion of live acrosome-intact spermatozoa and fertility was positive and significant (r = 0.59; P = 0.001). The proportion of moribund spermatozoa showed a significantly negative correlation with fertility (r = -0.50; P = 0.008). Similarly, the relationship of spermatozoa with unstable membrane (r = -0.51; P = 0.007), necrotic (r = - 0.42; P = 0.028), early necrotic (r = -0.42; P = 0.031), and apoptotic spermatozoa (r = -0.39; P = 0.046) with bull fertility was negative and significant. The correlation between the protamine-deficient spermatozoa and fertility was negative, but not significant. Among different combinations of tests, live acrosome-intact spermatozoa and lipid peroxidation status of spermatozoa revealed high positive correlation with buffalo bull fertility (adjusted R² = 0.73, C[p] = 0.80). These preliminary findings may help in developing tools for assessing fertility of buffalo bulls, once validated in more animals.

Follicle-stimulating hormone-induced rescue of cumulus cell apoptosis and enhanced development ability of buffalo oocytes

The effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on apoptotic status of cumulus cells, expression of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes, and development rate of in vitro fertilization-produced buffalo embryos were investigated. FSH supplementation in in vitro maturation-medium resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the expression of proapoptotic genes namely, BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), cytochrome c, and caspase-3 and increase in the expression of antiapoptotic genes such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in cumulus cells of mature oocyte. Cumulus expansion, oocyte maturation, cleavage, and blastocyst development rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in 5 and 10-μg/mL FSH-supplemented groups as compared with control. Significant increase in the expression of FSH receptor messenger RNA was also found with 5 and 10-μg/mL FSH (P < 0.05). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay confirmed that the population of apoptotic cumulus cells of matured oocytes was reduced in the FSH-treated groups as compared with control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that FSH may attenuate apoptosis in cumulus cells via mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway by increasing XIAP expression, resulting in a more favorable ratio of BCL2/BAX expression and decreasing the cytochrome c and caspase-3 expression, eventually contributing to developmental competence of oocytes. The information generated will help in improving the in vitro embryo production program in buffalo.

Dry period cooling ameliorates physiological variables and blood acid base balance, improving milk production in murrah buffaloes

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of evaporative cooling during late gestation on physiological responses, blood gas and acid base balance and subsequent milk production of Murrah buffaloes. To investigate this study sixteen healthy pregnant dry Murrah buffaloes (second to fourth parity) at sixty days prepartum were selected in the months of May to June and divided into two groups of eight animals each. One group of buffaloes (Cooled/CL) was managed under fan and mist cooling system during dry period. Group second buffaloes (Noncooled/NCL) remained as control without provision of cooling during dry period. The physiological responses viz. Rectal temperature (RT), Respiratory rate (RR) and Pulse rate were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group 2, with the provision of cooling. Skin surface temperature at thorax was significantly lower in cooled group relative to noncooled group. Blood pH and pO2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in heat stressed group as compared to the cooled group. pCO2, TCO2, HCO3, SBC, base excess in extracellular fluid (BEecf), base excess in blood (BEb), PCV and Hb were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in cooled group as compared to noncooled group. DMI was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in cooled relative to noncooled animals. Milk yield, FCM, fat yield, lactose yield and total solid yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cooled group of Murrah buffaloes.

Effect of pour-on alphacypermethrin on feed intake, body condition score, milk yield, pregnancy rates, and calving-to-conception interval in buffaloes

The aims of this study were to assess the efficacy of alphacypermethrin (ACYP) on pediculosis due to Haematopinus tuberculatus and to evaluate the influence of the treatment on productive and reproductive performance in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) reared in an intensive system. The trial was performed on 56 pluriparous buffaloes at 86.8 ± 8.1 d in milk. The animals underwent individual louse count and were divided into 2 homogenous groups according to louse count, age, number of lactations, days in milk, live BW, BCS, pregnancy status, and milk yield. Group A (n = 28) was treated by a pour-on formulation of ACYP, and Group S (n = 28) was treated by pour-on saline solution. Individual louse counts were performed weekly on 10 buffaloes in each group. Feed intake was recorded daily and the total mixed ration, individual ingredients, and orts were analyzed to calculate DM ingestion. Individual milk yield was recorded daily and milk samples were analyzed at the beginning of the trial, after 4 wk, and at the end of the trial to assess milk composition. Individual BCS was also evaluated simultaneously. Finally, the animals underwent synchronization of ovulation starting 4 wk after treatment and the pregnancy rate and the calving-conception interval were evaluated. Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test and ANOVA for repeated measures. The infestation was constant in Group S, whereas no lice were present in Group A throughout the study. Daily DMI was similar in the 2 groups (16.7 ± 0.4 vs. 16.3 ± 0.3 kg/d in Group A vs. Group S, respectively), although buffaloes in Group A showed higher (P < 0.05) BCS score at the end of the trial (7.39 ± 0.1 vs. 7.14 ± 0.1 in Group A vs. Group S, respectively). The average milk yield/buffalo was higher (P < 0.05) in Group A compared to Group S (10.58 ± 0.1 vs. 10.39 ± 0.1 kg in Group A vs. Group S, respectively) and this was mainly due to the higher milk production recorded in buffaloes at less than 75 d in milk (11.81 ± 0.1 vs. 11.45 ± 0.1 kg in Group A vs. Group S, respectively). Despite of a similar fertility rate (90.5 vs. 80.9% in Group A vs. Group S, respectively), a lower (P < 0.05) calving-conception interval was recorded in Group A compared to Group S (118 ± 16 vs. 177 ± 16 d in Group A vs. Group S, respectively). In addition to the pour-on treatment against pediculosis, productive and reproductive performance were also improved. This represents a significant improvement in dairy buffalo herd management.

Behaviour-Related Scalar Habitat Use by Cape Buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer)

Studies of habitat use by animals must consider behavioural resource requirements at different scales, which could influence the functional value of different sites. Using Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, we tested the hypotheses that behaviour affected use between and within habitats, hereafter referred to as macro- and microhabitats, respectively. We fitted GPS-enabled collars to fifteen buffalo and used the distances and turning angles between consecutive fixes to cluster the resulting data into resting, grazing, walking and relocating behaviours. Distance to water and six vegetation characteristic variables were recorded in sites used for each behaviour, except for relocating, which occurred too infrequently. We used multilevel binomial and multinomial logistic regressions to identify variables that characterised seasonally-preferred macrohabitats and microhabitats used for different behaviours. Our results showed that macrohabitat use was linked to behaviour, although this was least apparent during the rainy season, when resources were most abundant. Behaviour-related microhabitat use was less significant, but variation in forage characteristics could predict some behaviour within all macrohabitats. The variables predicting behaviour were not consistent, but resting and grazing sites were more readily identifiable than walking sites. These results highlight the significance of resting, as well as foraging, site availability in buffalo spatial processes. Our results emphasise the importance of considering several behaviours and scales in studies of habitat use to understand the links between environmental resources and animal behavioural and spatial ecology.

In the elephant's seed shadow: the prospects of domestic bovids as replacement dispersers of three tropical Asian trees

As populations of the world's largest animal species decline, it is unclear how ecosystems will react to their local extirpation. Due to the unique ecological characteristics of megaherbivores such as elephants, seed dispersal is one ecosystem process that may be affected as populations of large animals are decimated. In typically disturbed South Asian ecosystems, domestic bovids (cattle, Bosprimigenius, and buffalo, Bubalus bubalis) may often be the species most available to replace Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) as endozoochorous dispersers of large-fruited mammal-dispersed species. We use feeding trials, germination trials, and movement data from the tropical moist forests of Buxa Tiger Reserve (India) to examine whether domestic bovids are viable replacements for elephants in the dispersal of three large- fruited species: Dillenia indica, Artocarpus chaplasha, and Careya arborea. We find that (1) once consumed, seeds are between 2.5 (C. arborea) and 26.5 (D. indica) times more likely to pass undigested into elephant dung than domestic bovid dung; and (2) seeds from elephant dung germinated as well as or better than seeds taken from bovid dung for all plant species, with D. indica seeds from elephant dung 1.5 times more likely to germinate. Furthermore, since wild elephants have less constrained movements than even free-roaming domestic bovids, we calculate that maximum dispersal by elephants is between 9.5 and 11.2 times farther than that of domestic bovids, with about 20% of elephant-dispersed seeds being moved farther than the maximum distance seeds are moved by bovids. Our findings suggest that, while bovids are able to disperse substantial numbers of seeds over moderate distances for two of the three study species, domestic bovids will be unable to routinely emulate the reliable, long-distance dispersal of seeds executed by elephants in this tropical moist forest. Thus while domestic bovids can attenuate the effects of losing elephants as dispersers, they may not be able to prevent the decline of various mammal-dispersed fruiting species in the face of overhunting, habitat fragmentation, and climate change.

Thermal comfort indices of female Murrah buffaloes reared in the Eastern Amazon

The study aimed to develop new and more specific thermal comfort indices for buffaloes reared in the Amazon region. Twenty female Murrah buffaloes were studied for a year. The animals were fed in pasture with drinking water and mineral supplementation ad libitum. The following parameters were measured twice a week in the morning (7 AM) and afternoon (1 PM): air temperature (AT), relative air humidity (RH), dew point temperature (DPT), wet bulb temperature (WBT), black globe temperature (BGT), rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), and body surface temperature (BST). The temperature and humidity index (THI), globe temperature and humidity index (GTHI), Benezra's comfort index (BTCI), and Ibéria's heat tolerance index (IHTI) were calculated so they could be compared to the new indices. Multivariate regression analyses were carried out using the canonical correlation model, and all indices were correlated with the physiological and climatic variables. Three pairs of indices (general, effective, and practical) were determined comprising the buffalo comfort climatic condition index (BCCCI) and the buffalo environmental comfort index (BECI). The indices were validated and a great agreement was found among the BCCCIs (general, effective, and practical), with 98.3 % between general and effective a.nd 92.6 % between general and practical. A significant correlation (P < 0.01) was found between the new indices and the physiological and climatic variables, which indicated that these may be used in pairs to diagnose thermal stress in buffaloes reared in the Amazon.