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Jamwal S, Tyagi N, Kumar J, Kaushik JK, Kumar S, Mohanty AK. Simple method for isolation and culture of primary buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) endometrial epithelial cells (pBuEECs) and its characterization using high throughput proteomics approach. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 263:107449. [PMID: 38490065 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Early embryonic mortality resulting from insufficient interaction between the embryo and the uterus leads to the failure of pregnancy in livestock animals. Thus, it is imperative to comprehend the multifaceted process of implantation at molecular levels, which requires synchronized feto-maternal interaction. The in-vitro models serve as valuable tools to investigate the specific stages of implantation. The present study was undertaken to develop a simple method to isolate and culture the primary buffalo endometrial epithelial cells (pBuEECs), followed by proteome profiling of the proliferating cells. Collagenase I was used to separate uterine epithelial cells (UECs) from the ipsilateral uterine horn, and then the cells were separated using a cell strainer. After being seeded on culture plates, UECs developed colonies with characteristic epithelial shape and expressed important markers such as cytokeratin 18 (KRT18), progesterone receptor (PGR), β-estrogen receptor (ESR1), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), which were confirmed by PCR. The purity of epithelial cells was assessed using cytokeratin 18 immunostaining, which indicated approximately 99% purity in cultured cells. The proteome profiling of pBuEECs via high-throughput tandem mass spectrometry (MS), identified a total of 3383 proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed enrichment in various biological processes, including cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, localization, signaling, and developmental processes. Moreover, the KEGG pathway analysis highlighted associations with the ribosome, proteosome, oxidative phosphorylation, spliceosome, and cytoskeleton regulation pathways. In conclusion, these well characterized cells offer valuable in-vitro model to enhance the understanding of implantation and uterine pathophysiology in livestock animals, particularly buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Jamwal
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Nikunj Tyagi
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Jaideep Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Jai Kumar Kaushik
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Mohanty
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, India.
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Chang SY, Chen RS, Chang JYF, Chen MH. The temporospatial relationship between mouse dental pulp stem cells and tooth innervation. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:1075-1082. [PMID: 38618089 PMCID: PMC11010667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) exhibit versatile differentiation capabilities, including neural differentiation, prompting the hypothesis that they may be implicated in the neurodevelopment of teeth. This study aimed to explore the temporospatial dynamics between DPSCs and tooth innervation, employing immunofluorescence staining and fluorescent dye injections to investigate the distribution of DPSCs, neural stem cells (NSCs), nerve growth cones, and sensory nerves in developing mouse tooth germs at various stages. Materials and methods Immunofluorescence staining targeting CD146, Nestin, and GAP-43, along with the injection of AM1-43 fluorescent dye, were utilized to observe the distribution of DPSCs, NSCs, nerve growth cones, and sensory nerves in mouse tooth germs at different developmental stages. Results Positive CD146 immunostaining was observed in microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes within and around the tooth germ. The percentage of CD146-positive cells remained consistent between 4-day-old and 8-day-old second molar tooth germs. Conversely, Nestin expression in odontoblasts and their processes decreased in 8-day-old tooth germs compared to 4-day-old ones. Positive immunostaining for GAP-43 and AM1-43 fluorescence revealed the entry of nerve growth cones and sensory nerves into the pulp in 8-day-old tooth germs, while these elements were confined to the dental follicle in 4-day-old germs. No co-localization of CD146-positive DPSCs with nerve growth cones and sensory nerves was observed. Conclusion DPSCs and NSCs were present in dental pulp tissue before nerves penetrated the pulp. The decline in NSCs after nerve entry suggests a potential role for DPSCs and NSCs in attracting neural growth and/or differentiation within the pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ya Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Rung-Shu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Julia Yu Fong Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Huey Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ren J, Che J, Gong P, Wang X, Li X, Li A, Xiao C. Cross comparison representation learning for semi-supervised segmentation of cellular nuclei in immunofluorescence staining. Comput Biol Med 2024; 171:108102. [PMID: 38350398 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The morphological analysis of cells from optical images is vital for interpreting brain function in disease states. Extracting comprehensive cell morphology from intricate backgrounds, common in neural and some medical images, poses a significant challenge. Due to the huge workload of manual recognition, automated neuron cell segmentation using deep learning algorithms with labeled data is integral to neural image analysis tools. To combat the high cost of acquiring labeled data, we propose a novel semi-supervised cell segmentation algorithm for immunofluorescence-stained cell image datasets (ISC), utilizing a mean-teacher semi-supervised learning framework. We include a "cross comparison representation learning block" to enhance the teacher-student model comparison on high-dimensional channels, thereby improving feature compactness and separability, which results in the extraction of higher-dimensional features from unlabeled data. We also suggest a new network, the Multi Pooling Layer Attention Dense Network (MPAD-Net), serving as the backbone of the student model to augment segmentation accuracy. Evaluations on the immunofluorescence staining datasets and the public CRAG dataset illustrate our method surpasses other top semi-supervised learning methods, achieving average Jaccard, Dice and Normalized Surface Dice (NSD) indicators of 83.22%, 90.95% and 81.90% with only 20% labeled data. The datasets and code are available on the website at https://github.com/Brainsmatics/CCRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianran Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Jingyi Che
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Peicong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Anan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China.
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Esmaeilian Y, Yusufoglu S, Iltumur E, Bildik G, Oktem O. Visualizing Lipophagy as a New Mechanism of the Synthesis of Sex Steroids in Human Ovary and Testis Using Immunofluorescence Staining Method. Methods Mol Biol 2024. [PMID: 38411886 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2024_520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence, a transformative tool in cellular biology, is employed to dissect the intricate mechanisms of cholesterol trafficking in human reproductive tissues. Autophagy, a key player in cellular homeostasis, particularly lipophagy, emerges as a free cholesterol source for steroidogenesis. In this chapter, we describe a comprehensive immunofluorescence staining protocol, with details provided for the precise visualization of subcellular dynamics of mitochondria, lysosomes, and lipid droplets in ex vivo testicular tissue and primary luteal granulosa cell culture models, pivotal components in sex steroid biosynthesis. Here, we detail the culture, treatment, and immunofluorescence protocols, providing a comprehensive guide for researchers. The provided immunofluorescence toolkit serves as a valuable resource for researchers, paving way for advancements in human reproductive health to investigate the intricate interplay between autophagy, lipophagy, and cholesterol trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Esmaeilian
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Yusufoglu
- The Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ece Iltumur
- The Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gamze Bildik
- The Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ozgur Oktem
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- The Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lee YH, Huang CY, Hsieh YH, Yang CH, Hung YL, Chen YA, Lin YC, Lin CH, Lee JH, Wang MY, Kuo WH, Lin YY, Lu YS. A novel computer-assisted tool for 3D imaging of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in immunofluorescence-stained and optically cleared breast cancer specimens. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:121. [PMID: 38267903 PMCID: PMC10807239 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are the two most common immune checkpoints targeted in triple-negative breast cancer (BC). Refining patient selection for immunotherapy is non-trivial and finding an appropriate digital pathology framework for spatial analysis of theranostic biomarkers for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors remains an unmet clinical need. METHODS We describe a novel computer-assisted tool for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of PD-L1 expression in immunofluorescence-stained and optically cleared BC specimens (n = 20). The proposed 3D framework appeared to be feasible and showed a high overall agreement with traditional, clinical-grade two-dimensional (2D) staining techniques. Additionally, the results obtained for automated immune cell detection and analysis of PD-L1 expression were satisfactory. RESULTS The spatial distribution of PD-L1 expression was heterogeneous across various BC tissue layers in the 3D space. Notably, there were six cases (30%) wherein PD-L1 expression levels along different layers crossed the 1% threshold for admitting patients to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. The average PD-L1 expression in 3D space was different from that of traditional immunohistochemistry (IHC) in eight cases (40%). Pending further standardization and optimization, we expect that our technology will become a valuable addition for assessing PD-L1 expression in patients with BC. CONCLUSION Via a single round of immunofluorescence imaging, our approach may provide a considerable improvement in patient stratification for cancer immunotherapy as compared with standard techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yen Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Branch, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Center Branch, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yen-Shen Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Chung Shan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan.
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Oza HH, Gilkes DM. Multiplex Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol for the Dual Imaging of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors 1 and 2 on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Samples. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2755:167-178. [PMID: 38319577 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3633-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common condition in rapidly proliferating tumors and occurs when oxygen delivery to the tissue is scarce. It is a prevalent feature in ~90% of solid tumors. The family of HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) proteins-HIF1α and HIF2α-are the main transcription factors that regulate the response to hypoxia. These transcription factors regulate numerous downstream gene targets that promote the aggressiveness of tumors and therefore have been linked to worse prognosis in patients. This makes them a potential biomarker to be tested in the clinical setting to predict patient outcomes. However, HIFs have been notoriously challenging to immunolabel, in part due to their fast turnover under normal oxygen conditions. In this work, we developed a multiplexed immunofluorescence (mIF) staining protocol for the simultaneous detection of HIF1α and HIF2α in the same formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh H Oza
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniele M Gilkes
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Royfman A, Khanal S, Avidor-Reiss T. Structural Analysis of Sperm Centrioles Using N-STORM. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2725:103-119. [PMID: 37856020 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3507-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
A prominent technical barrier when imaging swimming sperm is capturing a singular sperm cell's head and tail position simultaneously at a high resolution to understand their relationship in different stages of the sperm tail beating cycle. This is due to the sperm's high beating frequency, rotational movement, and the large difference in diameter between the head and tail. These intricacies increase the complexity of determining the position of a dynamic subcellular structure in the sperm neck, such as the centriole. We have developed a way to obtain this information by snap freezing mobile sperm at different stages of the sperm tail beating cycle and then analyzing them with super-resolution microscopy. This method captures the position of both the sperm head and tail at the microscale and centriolar substructure details at the nanoscale. This chapter describes the detailed procedures for the selection, preparation, antibody staining, 3D N-STORM imaging, and image quantification of bovine spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Royfman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sushil Khanal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Sorokin L, Corrêa LH. Whole-Mount Imaging of Adipose Tissue Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2713:307-322. [PMID: 37639132 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3437-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The adipose tissue comprises highly heterogeneous macrophage populations, which play critical roles in the regulation of adipose tissue function and dysfunction during health and disease. Whole-amount staining is a powerful technique for macrophage characterization within the 3D environment of the adipose tissue, enabling the visualization of different macrophage populations and their interaction with other cells within their in vivo niche. Due to the high-fat content and softness, freezing and sectioning of adipose tissue is difficult, and distortion of tissue morphology typically occurs, especially in the case of white adipose tissue. We describe here a whole-mount staining alternative for adipose tissue imaging that preserves all structures and allows high-resolution image acquisition. We address in a step-by-step manner how to perform immunofluorescence staining of different fat pads and how to optimally visualize cellular and acellular (extracellular matrix) constituents of the adipose tissue and its vasculature, as well as resident and infiltrating macrophage populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center (CIMIC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luis Henrique Corrêa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center (CIMIC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Oza HH, Ng E, Gilkes DM. Staining Hypoxic Areas of Frozen and FFPE Tissue Sections with Hypoxyprobe™. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2755:149-163. [PMID: 38319576 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3633-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs due to inadequate levels of oxygen in tissue and has been implicated in numerous diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Hypoxia activates hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) which mediate the expression of several downstream genes. Within the context of cancer biology, these genes affect cellular processes including metabolism, proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Pimonidazole hydrochloride (HCl) is an exogenous marker that is reduced and binds to thiols under hypoxic conditions resulting in adducts that can be visualized using antibodies such as Hypoxyprobe™. This chapter describes a method for using Hypoxyprobe™ to detect hypoxic areas in frozen and FFPE mouse samples by immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh H Oza
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esther Ng
- Department of Biology, The Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniele M Gilkes
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Xu Y, Xu J, Chen S, Zhou A, Huang G, Huang S, Yu D, Wu B. Identifying potential pathogenesis and immune infiltration in diabetic foot ulcers using bioinformatics and in vitro analyses. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:313. [PMID: 38041124 PMCID: PMC10693102 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are among the fastest-growing diseases worldwide. Recent evidence has emphasized the critical role of microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA networks in various chronic wounds, including DFU. In this study, we aimed to clarify the miRNA-mRNA axes associated with the occurrence of DFU. METHODS Expression profiles of miRNAs and mRNAs were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, and miRNA-mRNA regulatory axes were constructed through integrated bioinformatics analyses. We validated the miRNA-mRNA axes using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and dual-luciferase reporter assays. We conducted an immune infiltration analysis and confirmed the bioinformatics results using immunofluorescence staining. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to analyze the metabolic mechanisms. RESULTS miR-182-5p-CHL1/MITF and miR-338-3p-NOVA1 interactions were identified using in silico analysis. The qPCR results showed apparent dysregulation of these miRNA-mRNA axes in DFU. The dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-182-5p targeted CHL1 and MITF, and miR-338-3p targeted NOVA1. We conducted an immune infiltration analysis and observed that key genes correlated with decreased infiltration of M1 macrophages and resting mast cells in DFU. Immunofluorescence staining verified the co-localization of CHL1 and tryptase, while MITF and CD68 showed weak positive correlations. Metabolic pathways related to these three genes were identified using ssGSEA. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the miR-182-5p-CHL1/MITF and miR-338-3p-NOVA1 pathway interactions and decreased infiltration of M1 macrophages and resting mast cells may provide novel clues to the pathogenesis of DFU. TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical trial included in this study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( ChiCTR2200066660 ) on December 13, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianchang Xu
- The First Clinical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Sirong Chen
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Anbang Zhou
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Guangjing Huang
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Shidao Huang
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Dianbo Yu
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Biaoliang Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
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Shokrollahi Barough M, Jalili N, Shafiee S, Salehi M, Naseri N, Javidi MA, Hosseinzadeh A, Farahmand L. Anti-MUC1 nanobody can synergize the Tamoxifen and Herceptin effects on breast cancer cells by inducing ER, PR and HER2 overexpression. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110792. [PMID: 37633239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the most pressing concerns associated with breast cancer-targeted therapies is resistance to Tamoxifen and Herceptin. Such drug resistance is usually characterized by reduced expression of certain cell surface receptors. Some biological regimens can induce perceptible overexpression of these receptors in favor of drug responsiveness. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this research, drug-responsive MCF-7 and SKBR-3, along with drug-resistant MCF-7R (Tamoxifen resistant) and JIMT-1 (Herceptin resistant) breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D cultures were exposed to anti-MUC1 nanobody and then assessed for their ER, PR, and HER2 gene and protein expression using qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining analyses. Cell viability and the synergistic relationships of combination treatments were determined with MTT assay followed by CompuSyn software. Apoptotic cells were evaluated with Annexin V/propidium Iodide (PI) and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. RESULTS Anti-MUC1 exposure elevated the expression levels of ER (42 folds), PR (18.5 folds), and HER2 (4.7 folds). As a result of co-treatment, the IC50 levels for Tamoxifen and Herceptin were reduced by up to 10 and 3 folds, respectively. MCF-7R cells responded positively to Tamoxifen, as evidenced by a 5-fold reduction in the IC50 and enhanced apoptosis. CONCLUSION The ER, PR, and HER2 overexpression after MUC1 blocking could signal drug hypersensitization and facilitate drug resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Shokrollahi Barough
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran; Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Neda Jalili
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soodabe Shafiee
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Salehi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Naseri
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Javidi
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysooda Hosseinzadeh
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Yao Y, Yim EKF. Testing the Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) in Topography-Mediated Stem Cell Differentiation by Inhibiting FAK Phosphorylation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:297-308. [PMID: 36587106 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation can be modulated by the substrate topographies. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been identified as a key regulator in topography-induced stem cell mechanotransduction. This chapter will describe a protocol to study the effect of FAK phosphorylation inhibition on topography-mediated stem cell differentiation. The FAK phosphorylation was inhibited using a FAK inhibitor and the effects on stem cell differentiation were examined using western blot and immunofluorescence staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Regenerative Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Regenerative Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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Ni C, Zhu Z, Zhou Z, Xiang N. High-Throughput Separation and Enrichment of Rare Malignant Tumor Cells from Large-Volume Effusions by Inertial Microfluidics. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2679:193-206. [PMID: 37300617 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3271-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Detection of malignant tumor cells (MTCs) in pleural effusions is essential for determining the malignancy. However, the sensitivity of MTC detection is significantly decreased due to the existence of a massive number of background blood cells in large-volume samples. Herein, we provide a method for on-chip separation and enrichment of MTCs from malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) by integrating an inertial microfluidic sorter with an inertial microfluidic concentrator. The designed sorter and concentrator are capable of focusing cells toward the specified equilibrium positions by inducing intrinsic hydrodynamic forces, enabling the size-based sorting of cells and the removal of cell-free fluids for cell enrichment. A 99.9% removal of background cells and a nearly 1400-fold ultrahigh enrichment of MTCs from large-volume MPEs can be achieved by this method. The concentrated high-purity MTC solution can be used directly for cytological examination by immunofluorescence staining, enhancing the accurate identification of MPEs. The proposed method can also be employed for the detection and count of rare cells in various clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixian Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Wieland F, Schumacher A, Roumans N, van Blitterswijk C, LaPointe V, Rademakers T. Methodological approaches in aggregate formation and microscopic analysis to assess pseudoislet morphology and cellular interactions. Open Res Eur 2022; 2:87. [PMID: 37645341 PMCID: PMC10446072 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14894.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Microscopy has revolutionised our view on biology and has been vital for many discoveries since its invention around 200 years ago. Recent developments in cell biology have led to a strong interest in generating spheroids and organoids that better represent tissue. However, the current challenge faced by many researchers is the culture and analysis of these three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. With the technological improvements in reconstructing volumetric datasets by optical sections, it is possible to quantify cells, their spatial arrangement, and the protein distribution without destroying the physical organization. We assessed three different microwell culture plates and four analysis tools for 3D imaging data for their applicability for the analysis of 3D cultures. A key advantage of microwell plates is their potential to perform high-throughput experiments in which cell cultures are generated and analysed in one single system. However, it was shown that this potential could be impacted by the material composition and microwell structure. For example, antibody staining was not possible in a hydrogel microwell, and truncated pyramid-structured microwells had increased background fluorescence due to their structure. Regarding analysis tools, four different software, namely CellProfiler, Fiji/ImageJ, Nikon GA3 and Imaris, were compared for their accuracy and applicability in analysing datasets from 3D cultures. The results showed that the open-access software, CellProfiler and Fiji, could quantify nuclei and cells, yet with varying results compared to manual counting, and may require post-processing optimisation. On the other hand, the GA3 and Imaris software packages showed excellent versatility in usage and accuracy in the quantification of nuclei and cells, and could classify cell localisation. Together these results provide critical considerations for microscopic imaging and analysis of 3D cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Wieland
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anika Schumacher
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Roumans
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa LaPointe
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Rademakers
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Serine 216 constitutes a protein kinase C phosphorylation motif located within the DNA binding domain of estrogen receptor α (ERα). In this chapter, we present experimental procedures confirming that mouse ERα is phosphorylated at serine 216 in peripheral blood neutrophils and in neutrophils that infiltrate the uterus, as well as the role of phosphoserine 216 in neutrophil migration. A phospho-peptide antibody (αP-S216) was utilized in Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and double immunofluorescence staining to detect this phosphorylation of an endogenous ERα. Both immunohistochemistry (with αP-S216 or neutrophil marker Ly6G antibody) and double immunofluorescence staining of mouse uterine sections prepared from C3H/HeNCrIBR females revealed that phosphorylated ERα was expressed in all infiltrating neutrophils during hormonal cycles but not in any other of the other uterine cells. Neutrophils infiltrate the uterus from the bloodstream. White blood cells (WBC) were prepared from peripheral blood of C3H/HeNCrIBR females or males and double immunostained. Blood neutrophils also expressed phosphorylated ERα but in only about 20% of cells in both sexes. Only the neutrophils expressing phosphorylated ERα spontaneously migrated in in vitro Transwell migration assays and infiltrated the uterus in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Shindo
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rick Moore
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - MyeongJin Yi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
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Nersesian S, Boudreau JE. Manual Immunofluorescence of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Tumor Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2508:169-181. [PMID: 35737240 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2376-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence (IF) of tumor tissues has become a key tool in the study of cancer. With a wide variety of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) preserved tissues available, there are possibilities to assess large cohorts using archived tissue which may have archived associated clinical outcomes. Although best practice guidelines for the assessment of tissues have been published, a standardized method for immunofluorescence of FFPE tumor tissues is elusive. Here we provide a protocol for using classical secondary fluorescent antibodies that bind directly to the primary antibody of interest. This protocol can easily be adapted to use several primary antibodies, of different species, with unique secondary fluorophores that correspond to each species of origin. It can also be adapted for cyclic amplification-based immunofluorescence of FFPE tissues. We aim to provide a beginner-friendly and highly accessible method for immunofluorescence of FFPE-embedded tissues, hoping to enable more laboratories to take on this highly informative technique and empower them to begin IF analysis in their own tissues of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nersesian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Jeanette E Boudreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Barravecchia I, De Cesari C, Forcato M, Scebba F, Pyankova OV, Bridger JM, Foster HA, Signore G, Borghini A, Andreassi M, Andreazzoli M, Bicciato S, Pè ME, Angeloni D. Microgravity and space radiation inhibit autophagy in human capillary endothelial cells, through either opposite or synergistic effects on specific molecular pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021. [PMID: 34936031 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity and space radiation (SR) are two highly influential factors affecting humans in space flight (SF). Many health problems reported by astronauts derive from endothelial dysfunction and impaired homeostasis. Here, we describe the adaptive response of human, capillary endothelial cells to SF. Reference samples on the ground and at 1g onboard permitted discrimination between the contribution of microgravity and SR within the combined responses to SF. Cell softening and reduced motility occurred in SF cells, with a loss of actin stress fibers and a broader distribution of microtubules and intermediate filaments within the cytoplasm than in control cells. Furthermore, in space the number of primary cilia per cell increased and DNA repair mechanisms were found to be activated. Transcriptomics revealed the opposing effects of microgravity from SR for specific molecular pathways: SR, unlike microgravity, stimulated pathways for endothelial activation, such as hypoxia and inflammation, DNA repair and apoptosis, inhibiting autophagic flux and promoting an aged-like phenotype. Conversely, microgravity, unlike SR, activated pathways for metabolism and a pro-proliferative phenotype. Therefore, we suggest microgravity and SR should be considered separately to tailor effective countermeasures to protect astronauts' health.
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Wang J, Dong Y, Muthuchamy M, Zawieja DC, Peng X. Analysis of Lymphatic Vessel Formation by Whole-Mount Immunofluorescence Staining. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2319:153-9. [PMID: 34331253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1480-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Pathological alterations of lymphatic structure and function interfere with lymph transport, resulting in a wide range of clinical disorders that include edema, tissue inflammation, and metabolic syndromes. Mesentery contains abundant lymphatic vessels and plays an important role in transporting absorbed lipid from the intestine. In this manuscript, we describe a whole-mount staining method on isolated mouse mesentery with VEGFR3, Prox1, and Lyve1 antibodies to visualize the morphology of lymphatic vessels.
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Prabhasawat P, Chirapapaisan C, Ngowyutagon P, Ekpo P, Tangpagasit W, Lekhanont K, Sikarinkul R, Matamnan S, Boonwong C, Pinitpuwadol W, Thamphithak R, Sukon N, Neti N. Efficacy and outcome of simple limbal epithelial transplantation for limbal stem cell deficiency verified by epithelial phenotypes integrated with clinical evaluation. Ocul Surf 2021; 22:27-37. [PMID: 34214675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and outcome of simple limbal epithelial transplantation (SLET) for limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) using epithelial phenotype detection integrated with clinical manifestation. METHODS This prospective multicenter study included patients with LSCD who underwent autologous SLET (autoSLET) and living-related allogenic SLET (Lr-alloSLET). All patients were assessed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and impression cytology with immunofluorescence staining (ICIF) before and after surgery. The criteria for success were the presence of a clinically non-conjunctivalized cornea and corneal epithelium detected by IVCM or ICIF. Otherwise, the case would be considered a failure. Visual improvement and risk factors for SLET failure were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 28 eyes of 26 patients (11 autoSLET and 17 Lr-alloSLET) were included. The median age was 53 years (range, 35-63), and the follow-up time was 29.5 months (range, 17.5-39.8). The overall survival rate was 89.3% at 2 years and 75.6% at 3 years with no difference between autoSLET and Lr-alloSLET (p = 0.24). Seven eyes subsequently underwent penetrating keratoplasty. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that all corneal buttons had corneal epithelium and limbal stem cell markers. Visual improvement was achieved in both SLET groups (p < 0.001). Failed SLET developed between 5 and 32 months postoperatively. However, absolute risk factors for SLET failure were unidentified. CONCLUSION The efficacy of autoSLET and Lr-alloSLET for LSCD was excellent. Limbal explants can regenerate and restore the corneal surface while maintaining the characteristics of limbal stem cells as shown by epithelial phenotype detection and immunohistochemistry integrated with clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinnita Prabhasawat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chareenun Chirapapaisan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Panotsom Ngowyutagon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattama Ekpo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wimolwan Tangpagasit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Prathumthani, Thailand
| | - Kaevalin Lekhanont
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Rosanun Sikarinkul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Golden Jubilee Medical Center, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Sutthicha Matamnan
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chawikan Boonwong
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warinyupa Pinitpuwadol
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ranida Thamphithak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nutchaya Sukon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nutnicha Neti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhou X, Du J, Qing L, Mee T, Xu X, Wang Z, Xu C, Jia X. Identification of sensory and motor nerve fascicles by immunofluorescence staining after peripheral nerve injury. J Transl Med 2021; 19:207. [PMID: 33985539 PMCID: PMC8117274 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02871-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inappropriate matching of motor and sensory fibers after nerve repair or nerve grafting can lead to failure of nerve recovery. Identification of motor and sensory fibers is important for the development of new approaches that facilitate neural regeneration and the next generation of nerve signal-controlled neuro-prosthetic limbs with sensory feedback technology. Only a few methods have been reported to differentiate sensory and motor nerve fascicles, and the reliability of these techniques is unknown. Immunofluorescence staining is one of the most commonly used methods to distinguish sensory and motor nerve fibers, however, its accuracy remains unknown. Methods In this study, we aim to determine the efficacy of popular immunofluorescence markers for motor and sensory nerve fibers. We harvested the facial (primarily motor fascicles) and sural (primarily sensory fascicles) nerves in rats, and examined the immunofluorescent staining expressions of motor markers (choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), tyrosine kinase (TrkA)), and sensory markers [neurofilament protein 200 kDa (NF-200), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and Transient receptor potential vanillic acid subtype 1 (TRPV1)]. Three methods, including the average area percentage, the mean gray value, and the axon count, were used to quantify the positive expression of nerve markers in the immunofluorescence images. Results Our results suggest the mean gray value method is the most reliable method. The mean gray value of immunofluorescence in ChAT (63.0 ± 0.76%) and TRKA (47.6 ± 0.43%) on the motor fascicles was significantly higher than that on the sensory fascicles (ChAT: 49.2 ± 0.72%, P < 0.001; and TRKA: 29.1 ± 0.85%, P < 0.001). Additionally, the mean gray values of TRPV1 (51.5 ± 0.83%), NF-200 (61.5 ± 0.62%) and CGRP (37.7 ± 1.22%) on the motor fascicles were significantly lower than that on the sensory fascicles respectively (71.9 ± 2.32%, 69.3 ± 0.46%, and 54.3 ± 1.04%) (P < 0.001). The most accurate cutpoint occurred using CHAT/CRCP ratio, where a value of 0.855 had 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity to identify motor and sensory nerve with an area under the ROC curve of 1.000 (P < 0.001). Conclusions A combination of ChAT and CGRP is suggested to distinguish motor and sensory nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijie Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children'S Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Liming Qing
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Thomas Mee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Zhuoran Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Cynthia Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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21
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Krämer MS, Feil R, Schmidt H. Analysis of Gene Expression Using lacZ Reporter Mouse Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2224:29-45. [PMID: 33606204 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1008-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Reporter mice transgenically expressing the bacterial (E. coli) lacZ gene encoding β-galactosidase (β-gal, EC 3.2.1.23) are a versatile and extensively used tool to study gene expression and cell lineage patterns. Enzymatic activity of the β-gal reporter can be effectively visualized at cellular resolution either histochemically using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) or by immunofluorescent detection using a β-gal-specific antibody. Here, we summarize protocols for the localization of β-gal expressing cells in whole embryos or organs as well as in histological tissue sections of lacZ reporter mice and discuss their limitations and common pitfalls.
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Yoshida M, Hirashio S, Doi T, Masuda Y, Shimizu A, Masaki T. Low-Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy to Assess Histopathological Resolution of Class V Lupus Nephritis: A Case Report. Case Rep Nephrol Dial 2021; 11:36-47. [PMID: 33708798 PMCID: PMC7923700 DOI: 10.1159/000509470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is most frequently associated with poor outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). LN manifests as histopathological changes in the kidney caused by immune complex formation and deposition. In particular, immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposits are frequently observed by immunofluorescence staining, which helps to establish the diagnosis of LN. In this case report, we describe a 57-year-old woman with SLE who had been undergoing treatment on an outpatient basis for 11 years. Her first and second renal biopsies revealed class V LN with a coarsely granular pattern of IgG deposition in the peripheral capillary walls. However, her third renal biopsy showed no IgG deposition, which indicated histopathological resolution of her class V LN. We used low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM) to examine the three-dimensional structural alterations in her glomerular basement membranes. In this report, we describe findings that indicated resorption of epithelial deposits, that is, resolution of LN. The results of repeated kidney biopsies confirmed by LV-SEM suggested the possibility of a state unrelated to LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yoshida
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shuma Hirashio
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiki Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukinari Masuda
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Masaki
- Department of Nephrology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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Holst MR, Nielsen SSE, Nielsen MS. Mapping Receptor Antibody Endocytosis and Trafficking in Brain Endothelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2367:193-205. [PMID: 32813236 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the brain is a tremendous problem for the academic society and the industry. One solution with a huge potential is to use endocytic receptors as carriers. Here we describe how endocytic activity and subcellular trafficking of a specific receptor in brain endothelial cells can be characterized in three steps. (1) Labeling, endocytosis, and trafficking of a specific receptor at given time points in a pulse-chase experiment. (2) Fixed antibody labeling and co-staining of subcellular markers for image acquisition. (3) Analysis and quantification of co-localization between the receptor and subcellular markers in ImageJ.
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Schwartz C, Voehringer D. Identification of Murine Basophils by Flow Cytometry and Histology. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2163:367-75. [PMID: 32766990 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0696-4_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Here, we describe how murine basophils can be detected in vivo by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. Basophils constitute a homogeneous population of CD4-CD19-CD49b+IgE+ cells in flow cytometric analysis. When IgE levels are low, one can also use anti-FcεRI or anti-CD200R3 antibodies instead of anti-IgE. For immunofluorescence staining, we use an anti-Mcpt8 antibody since Mcpt8 is a specific marker for murine basophils. We describe how to prepare the tissue to cut cryo-sections and how to perform the staining using a tyramide-based amplification kit.
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25
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Yamaguchi T, Fujimoto T, Takahashi T. Method for Efficient Observation of Caveolin-1 in Plasma Membrane by Microscopy Imaging Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2169:43-52. [PMID: 32548817 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0732-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is currently one of the more powerful and versatile techniques available for biological studies. With conventional biological immunofluorescence microscopy, caveolin-1 (CAV1) is visualized as numerous small dots, which are often distributed as a linear array or along the edge of the cell. Although its presence, as well as that of other proteins, can be detected by conventional immunofluorescence microscopy, those results do not clarify whether two different proteins exist in the plasma membrane of a specimen or how they are distributed two-dimensionally. Here, we describe an unroofing procedure that clearly reveals CAV1 localization in a single plane of the plasma membrane and also demonstrate a super-resolution structured illumination microscopy technique for observation of CAV1 in the plasma membrane.
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Han YH, Li B, Wen Y. Distribution, quantity and gene expression of mechanoreceptors in ligaments and tendons of knee joint in rabbits. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:233-40. [PMID: 32356233 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Here we investigated the morphology, quantity, distribution and gene expression of mechanoreceptors in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), patellar tendon (PaT) and popliteal tendon (PoT) of the knee joint. Twelve 6-month-old rabbits were divided into two groups. In one group, the ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL, PaT and PoT were collected to observe the morphology, distribution and quantity of mechanoreceptors. In another group, the ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL, PaT and PoT of bilateral knee joints were used to determine S100B, CGRP and NEFM gene levels. Five types of mechanoreceptors were observed including Ruffini corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Golgi-tendon bodies, atypical mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings. The total amount of mechanoreceptors was significantly lower in MCL, LCL, PaT and PoT as compared with ACL and PCL (P < 0.001). All examined mechanoreceptors were present in ACL, PCL and LCL. However, no Pacinian corpuscles and Golgi-tendon bodies were found in MCL and PoT as well as Pacinian corpuscles were not observed in PaT. The present study indicated that the levels of NEFM was significantly lower in PCL, MCL, LCL, PaT and PoT as compared with ACL (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in CGRP level between ACL and other ligaments except LCL (P > 0.05). Thus, the quantity, type and gene expression of mechanoreceptors are different in various ligaments. Thus, the quantity and distribution of mechanoreceptors may be related to ligament's function.
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Abstract
Studies on islet of Langerhans physiology are crucial to understand the role of the endocrine pancreas in diabetes pathogenesis and the development of new therapeutic approaches. However, so far most research addressing islet of Langerhans biology relies on islets obtained via enzymatic isolation from the pancreas, which is known to cause mechanical and chemical stress, thus having a major impact on islet cell physiology. To circumvent the limitations of islet isolation, we have pioneered a platform for the study of islet physiology using the pancreas tissue slice technique. This approach allows to explore the detailed three-dimensional morphology of intact pancreatic tissue at a cellular level and to investigate islet cell function under near-physiological conditions. The described procedure is less damaging and faster than alternative approaches and particularly advantageous for studying infiltrated and structurally damaged islets. Furthermore, pancreas tissue slices have proven valuable for acute studies of endocrine as well as exocrine cell physiology in their conserved natural environment. We here provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of mouse pancreas tissue slices, the assessment of slice viability, and the study of pancreas cell physiology by hormone secretion and immunofluorescence staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Panzer
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian M Cohrs
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Speier
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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28
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Abstract
Dynamin-like protein 1 (Drp1) is the master regulator of mitochondrial fission. Drp1 translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondrial outer membrane to execute the scission process. Here we describe an immunofluorescence-based method to measure the mitochondrial translocation of Drp1 and quantify Drp1-related mitochondrial fission by labeling the mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 in fixed cell culture.
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Wang L, Jiang L, Liu G, Wu C, Liu B, Liu L, Lv Z, Gong L, Song X. Molecular characterization and expression of TAK-binding proteins (TAB1-3) in Larimichthys crocea infected by Vibrio parahemolyticus and LPS. Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 98:108-118. [PMID: 31051196 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
TAK1-binding proteins (TABs) are important immune protein involved in various intracellular signalling pathways. Here, TAB1-3 (lcTAB1-3) were characterized from Larimichthys crocea. The predicted 1524 bp coding sequence of lcTAB1 encoded a 507-residue protein, while lcTAB2 (2271 bp) and lcTAB3 (1836 bp) encoded 756 and 611 residue proteins, respectively. Their sequence shared conserved domain structures and functional sites with their orthologs from other species. The expression of lcTAB1-3 were detected in all tested tissues, which were upregulated in spleen, liver and kidney following Vibrio parahemolyticus infection. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that lcTAB1 were localized in cytoplasm, while lcTAB2 and lcTAB3 were in the endsome. Moreover, the NF-κB protein level was obviously upregulated after the co-overexpression of lcTAK1 and lcTABs, higher than that after the overexpression of lcTAK1 or lcTABs alone. Co-immunoprecipitation proved the direct interaction of lcTAB1/lcTAB2/lcTAB3 and lcTAK1. These findings indicated the roles of lcTABs in immune response of Larimichthys crocea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
| | - Changwen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
| | - Bingjian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
| | - Liqin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
| | - Li Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
| | - Xinjin Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
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Chen S, Ding H, Yao X, Xie L. Isolation and Culture of Single Myofiber and Immunostaining of Satellite Cells from Adult C57BL/6J Mice. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3313. [PMID: 33654822 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofiber isolation followed with ex vivo culture could recapitulate and visualize satellite cells (SCs) activation, proliferation, and differentiation. This approach could be taken to understand the physiology of satellite cells and the molecular mechanism of regulatory factors, in terms of the involvement of intrinsic factors over SCs quiescence, activation, proliferation and differentiation. Single myofiber culture has several advantages that the traditional approach such as FASC and cryosection could not compete with. For example, myofiber isolation and culture could be used to observe SCs activation, proliferation and differentiation at a continuous manner within their physiological "niche" environment while FACS or cryosection could only capture single time-point upon external stimulation to activate satellite cells by BaCl2, Cardiotoxin or ischemia. Furthermore, in vitro transfection with siRNA or overexpression vector could be performed under ex vivo culture to understand the detailed molecular function of a specific gene on SCs physiology. With these advantages, the physiological state of SCs could be analyzed at multiple designated time-points by immunofluorescence staining. In this protocol, we provide an efficient and practical protocol to isolate single myofiber from EDL muscle, followed with ex vivo culture and immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Hongrong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Xiangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 510070, China.,Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Liwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 510070, China.,Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 510282, China
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Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), with their close association with cancer metastasis, the most aggressive feature of solid tumors, represent an important aspect of "liquid biopsy," which provides minimally- or noninvasive approaches for cancer detection and disease status monitoring. CTC analysis has shown the potential clinical applications in several cancer types and has been approved by FDA for clinical use in advanced breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer prognosis. In this chapter, we describe a CTC isolation method using a cell size and deformability-based system, Parsortix, and the immunofluorescence staining method to detect CTCs with both epithelial and mesenchymal features. We also describe a repeated fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach to detect alterations of multiple genomic regions on the same CTCs after immunofluorescence analysis. This approach allows the study of CTCs as a biomarker for cancer detection, prognosis, and therapeutic response monitoring, as well as the study of the heterogeneity of CTCs and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Guo
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elzbieta Stankiewicz
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Xueying Mao
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical nucleic acids structures involved in key regulatory and pathological roles in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses: the development of specific antibodies and fluorescent probes represent an invaluable tool to understand their biological relevance. We here present three protocols for the visualization of G4s in cells, both uninfected and HSV-1 infected, using a specific antibody and a fluorescent G4 ligand, and the effect of the fluorescent ligand on a G4 binding protein, nucleolin, upon binding of the molecule to the nucleic acids structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Ifuji A, Kuga T, Nakayama Y. Air-drying of cells enables visualization of antiparallel microtubule overlaps in the spindle midzone. MethodsX 2018; 5:431-437. [PMID: 30013942 PMCID: PMC6043910 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunofluorescence staining is used extensively to examine various types of cellular events. However, even when an antibody can detect its epitopes in western blotting, it sometimes fails to detect its epitopes when used for immunofluorescence staining. One example is the antiparallel microtubule overlaps in the anaphase and telophase spindle midzone, which functions as a signaling scaffold for cleavage furrow specification. It has been believed that it cannot be visualized by immunofluorescence staining due to the highly dense structure of microtubule overlaps (Ifuji et al., 2017). Here, we show a simple method for visualization of antiparallel microtubule overlaps in the anaphase and telophase spindle midzone. Air-drying cells before fixation enables visualization of antiparallel microtubule overlaps in the anaphase and telophase spindle midzone, which cannot be visualized by the conventional method. Simple method that requires minimal usage of equipment. Commonly used anti-tubulin antibodies can be used in this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ifuji
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kuga
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Yamashita A, Kondo K, Kunishima Y, Iseki S, Kondo T, Ota MS. Postnatal development of bitter taste avoidance behavior in mice is associated with ACTIN-dependent localization of bitter taste receptors to the microvilli of taste cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:2579-83. [PMID: 29278699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste avoidance behavior (BAB) plays a fundamental role in the avoidance of toxic substances with a bitter taste. However, the molecular basis underlying the development of BAB is unknown. To study critical developmental events by which taste buds turn into functional organs with BAB, we investigated the early phase development of BAB in postnatal mice in response to bitter-tasting compounds, such as quinine and thiamine. Postnatal mice started to exhibit BAB for thiamine and quinine at postnatal day 5 (PD5) and PD7, respectively. Histological analyses of taste buds revealed the formation of microvilli in the taste pores starting at PD5 and the localization of type 2 taste receptor 119 (TAS2R119) at the microvilli at PD6. Treatment of the tongue epithelium with cytochalasin D (CytD), which disturbs ACTIN polymerization in the microvilli, resulted in the loss of TAS2R119 localization at the microvilli and the loss of BAB for quinine and thiamine. The release of ATP from the circumvallate papillae tissue due to taste stimuli was also declined following CytD treatment. These results suggest that the localization of TAS2R119 at the microvilli of taste pores is critical for the initiation of BAB.
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35
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Abstract
Colonization and penetration of the epithelium is the infection-initiating route of mucosal pathogens. The epithelium counteracts infection by eliciting host cell responses while maintaining the mucosal barrier function. The obligate human sexually transmitted bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or gonococcus (GC) infects the female reproductive tract primarily from the endocervical epithelium. Due to lack of an infection model that mimics all aspects of human infections in the female reproductive tract, GC pathogenesis is poorly understood. This protocol takes advantage of the viability and functional integrity of human cervical tissues propagated in culture to generate an ex vivo infection model. This tissue model maintains the nature of the infection target and environment without any manipulation such as immortalization of epithelial cells by viruses. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, the interaction of GC with the endocervical epithelium was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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36
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Ifuji A, Kuga T, Kaibori Y, Saito Y, Nakayama Y. A novel immunofluorescence method to visualize microtubules in the antiparallel overlaps of microtubule-plus ends in the anaphase and telophase midzone. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:347-357. [PMID: 28942021 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell division, in which duplicated chromosomes are separated into two daughter cells, is the most dynamic event during cell proliferation. Chromosome movement is powered mainly by microtubules, which vary in morphology and are organized into characteristic structures according to mitotic progression. During the later stages of mitosis, antiparallel microtubules form the spindle midzone, and the irregular formation of the midzone often leads to failure of cytokinesis, giving rise to the unequal segregation of chromosomes. However, it is difficult to analyze the morphology of these microtubules because microtubules in the antiparallel overlaps of microtubule-plus ends in the midzone are embedded in highly electron-dense matrices, impeding the access of anti-tubulin antibodies to their epitopes during immunofluorescence staining. Here, we developed a novel method to visualize selectively antiparallel microtubule overlaps in the midzone. When cells are air-dried before fixation, aligned α-tubulin staining is observed and colocalized with PRC1 in the center of the midzone of anaphase and telophase cells, suggesting that antiparallel microtubule overlaps can be visualized by this method. In air-dried cells, mCherry-α-tubulin fluorescence and β-tubulin staining show almost the same pattern as α-tubulin staining in the midzone, suggesting that the selective visualization of antiparallel microtubule overlaps in air-dried cells is not attributed to an alteration of the antigenicity of α-tubulin. Taxol treatment extends the microtubule filaments of the midzone in air-dried cells, and nocodazole treatment conversely decreases the number of microtubules, suggesting that unstable microtubules are depolymerized during the air-drying method. It is of note that the air-drying method enables the detection of the disruption of the midzone and premature midzone formation upon Aurora B and Plk1 inhibition, respectively. These results suggest that the air-drying method is suitable for visualizing microtubules in the antiparallel overlaps of microtubule-plus ends of the midzone and for detecting their effects on midzone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ifuji
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kuga
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kaibori
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Youhei Saito
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Qi Y, Pradipta AR, Li M, Zhao X, Lu L, Fu X, Wei J, Hsung RP, Tanaka K, Zhou L. Cinchonine induces apoptosis of HeLa and A549 cells through targeting TRAF6. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2017; 36:35. [PMID: 28231796 PMCID: PMC5324264 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer cells are known to over-express TRAF6 that is critical for both AKT and TAK1 activations. The Really Interesting New Gene (RING) domain of TRAF6 is believed to be responsible for the E3 ligase activity, ZINC fingers of TRAF6 provide critical support for the activity of the RING domain which is critical for both AKT and TAK1 activations. Methods We employed computational docking program to identify small molecules that could effectively and competitively bind with the RING domain of TRAF6, which is believed to be responsible for its E3 ligase activity. MTT assay and flow cytometry were employed to analyze apoptosis of cancer cells. Signaling pathways were detected using immunoprecipitation and western blotting, and immunofluorescence was pursued to assess the nature of binding of cinchonine to TRAF6. We also performed animal experiments to test effect of cinchonine in vivo. Results Cinchonine, a naturally occurring Cinchona alkaloid identified from the docking study, could bind to TRAF6 in HeLa and A549 cells and induce apoptosis of these cancer cells. We found that AKT ubiquitination and phosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of TAK1 were decreased. These activities would lead to subsequent suppression anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, while elevating pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Immunofluorescence staining unambiguously demonstrated the binding of cinchonine specifically at the RING domain of TRAF6 in cells, thereby validating the computational modeling. Animal experiments showed that cinchonine could suppress tumor growth in mice without showing significant acute toxicity. Conclusion These investigations suggest that through competitive binding with the RING domain of TRAF6, cinchonine could induce apoptosis via inhibiting AKT and TAK1 signaling pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0502-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ambara R Pradipta
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Miao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuegang Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard P Hsung
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA.,Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya street, Kazan, 420008, Russia.,JST-PRESTO, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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Li Y, Sun Q, Feng Y, Liu X, Gao H. An improved immunofluorescence staining method for chloroplast proteins. Plant Cell Rep 2016; 35:2285-2293. [PMID: 27473527 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An improved immunofluorescence staining method significantly facilitates the visualization of the subcellular localization of interested proteins in chloroplasts. As an important technical approach, immunofluorescence staining is widely used in the subcellular localization study of interested proteins. During the study of the functions of chloroplast division proteins, immunofluorescence staining was frequently adopted. Previously, a method has been developed to study the localization of a chloroplast division protein, FtsZ. However, it is laborious and time-consuming. In this study, we report a modified immunofluorescence staining method, in which protoplasts were isolated from leaf tissues, and then fixed for immunofluorescence staining. The time of the experiment was significantly reduced to several hours. Furthermore, we used correction pen in the fixation procedure and a new way to coat the slide, which greatly saved the cost of the experiment. With the chloroplast division protein ARC6 as an example, we can get a good fluorescence signal. Moreover, the localization of ARC6 in two chloroplast division mutants, arc3 and arc5, and three other plant species, such as cabbage, radish and pea, was also successfully analyzed with our new method. Overall, the immunofluorescence staining method we reported here is very practical, and it significantly facilitates the visualization of the subcellular localization of interested proteins in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiong Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hongbo Gao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Majumder P, Chu JF, Chatterjee B, Swamy KBS, Shen CKJ. Co-regulation of mRNA translation by TDP-43 and Fragile X Syndrome protein FMRP. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:721-738. [PMID: 27518042 PMCID: PMC5073124 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
For proper mammalian brain development and functioning, the translation of many neuronal mRNAs needs to be repressed without neuronal activity stimulations. We have discovered that the expression of a subclass of neuronal proteins essential for neurodevelopment and neuron plasticity is co-regulated at the translational level by TDP-43 and the Fragile X Syndrome protein FMRP. Using molecular, cellular and imaging approaches, we show that these two RNA-binding proteins (RBP) co-repress the translation initiation of Rac1, Map1b and GluR1 mRNAs, and consequently the hippocampal spinogenesis. The co-repression occurs through binding of TDP-43 to mRNA(s) at specific UG/GU sequences and recruitment of the inhibitory CYFIP1-FMRP complex by its glycine-rich domain. This novel regulatory scenario could be utilized to silence a significant portion of around 160 common target mRNAs of the two RBPs. The study establishes a functional/physical partnership between FMRP and TDP-43 that mechanistically links several neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Yuan YP, Huang K, Xu YM, Chen XC, Li HH, Cai BZ, Liu Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Lin CM. Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling control the regeneration of amputated rodent vibrissae follicles. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:1-8. [PMID: 26742765 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-015-9648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although mammals are notoriously poor at regeneration compared with many lower-order species, the hair follicle, particular to mammals, is capable of regeneration following partial amputation. The detailed internal mechanism of this phenomenon is still unclear. Development and regrowth of the hair follicle depends on dermal-epidermal interaction within the hair follicle. Previous studies have shown that Wnt/β-catenin, Shh, Bmp, PDGF, TGF and Notch signals all take part in the development and growth of the hair follicle, and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling additionally plays an indispensable role in hair follicle morphogenesis and regrowth. In this study, we investigated the localization, as well as, protein levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling molecules during amputated whisker follicle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Yuan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Keng Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Min Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Cai Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Hong Li
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Zhi Cai
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Min Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Ververis K, Marzully S, Samuel CS, Hewitson TD, Karagiannis TC. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Histone Deacetylases in Kidney Tissue Sections. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1397:279-89. [PMID: 26676140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3353-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent microscope imaging technologies are increasing in their applications and are being used on a wide scale. However methods used to quantify the level of fluorescence intensity are often not utilized-perhaps given the result may be immediately seen, quantification of the data may not seem necessary. However there are a number of reasons given to quantify fluorescent images including the importance of removing potential bias in the data upon observation as well as quantification of large numbers of images gives statistical power to detect subtle changes in experiments. In addition discreet localization of a protein could be detected without selection bias that may not be detectable by eye. Such data will be deemed useful when detecting the levels of HDAC enzymes within cells in order to develop more effective HDAC inhibitor compounds for use against multiple diseased states. Hence, we discuss a methodology devised to analyze fluorescent images using Image J to detect the mean fluorescence intensity of the 11 metal-dependent HDAC enzymes using murine kidney tissue sections as an example.
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Chu YJ, Lee JY, Shin SR, Kim GJ. A Method for Cell Culture and Maintenance of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea in Agar Stab. Indian J Microbiol 2015; 55:460-3. [PMID: 26543273 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-015-0536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) are predominantly found and closely linked with geochemical cycling of nitrogen in non-extreme habitats. However, these strains have mainly been investigated using liquid cultures of enriched cells. Here, we provide an agar stab as a simple and reliable means of cultivating and maintaining AOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jin Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yong-Bong Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757 Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yong-Bong Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757 Korea
| | - So-Ra Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yong-Bong Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757 Korea
| | - Geun-Joong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yong-Bong Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757 Korea
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Abstract
Centrosomes are small cytoplasmic organelles that function as major microtubule-organizing centres during interphase and mitosis. In cancer cells, centrosomes are frequently abnormal in number, size, and structure. Numerous studies have reported centrosome aberrations in human tumors where they frequently increase with malignant progression and advanced disease stage. However, there are a number of caveats when analyzing centrosomes in human tissue. Besides the actual immunodetection and quantification of centrosomes, which can be difficult and cumbersome, centrosome aberrations require a careful evaluation in the cellular context in which they occur. This chapter highlights the importance of careful interpretation of centrosome aberrations in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Duensing
- Division of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Hashiba M, Huq A, Tomino A, Hirakawa A, Hattori T, Miyabe H, Tsuda M, Takeyama N. Neutrophil extracellular traps in patients with sepsis. J Surg Res 2014; 194:248-54. [PMID: 25438956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been identified as an important aspect of innate immunity. We examined whether sepsis had any influence on ex vivo generation of NETs by neutrophils. MATERIALS AND METHODS We isolated neutrophils from consecutive patients with sepsis (n = 17) and without sepsis (n = 18) admitted to the intensive care unit. Neutrophils were activated by incubation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) to induce release of NETs, and NET formation was assessed by measuring the extracellular DNA level. Immunolabeling and fluorescence imaging were also performed. Extracellular killing of bacteria by NETs was studied by co-culture of Escherichia coli and neutrophils in the presence of a phagocytosis inhibitor. To assess in vivo NET formation, plasma levels of cell-free DNA and histones were measured. RESULTS After stimulation with PMA, neutrophils isolated from septic patients released 4.08 ± 1.02% of their total DNA, whereas neutrophils from nonseptic patients released 29.06 ± 2.94% (P = <0.0001). Immunofluorescent staining of released DNA, elastase, and myeloperoxidase also revealed similar results. Neutrophils from nonseptic patients showed effective extracellular killing of E coli through NETs, whereas neutrophils from septic patients did not (P < 0.001). Plasma levels of cell-free DNA and histones were higher in septic patients than nonseptic patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The ex vivo generation of NETs is downregulated in neutrophils isolated from patients with sepsis. However, it is unclear whether in vivo NET formation is also impaired during sepsis, so further investigation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Hashiba
- Department of Emergency & Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aminul Huq
- Department of Emergency & Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Tomino
- Department of Emergency & Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hirakawa
- Department of Emergency & Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hattori
- Department of Emergency & Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Miyabe
- Department of Emergency & Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tsuda
- Department of Emergency & Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoshi Takeyama
- Department of Emergency & Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan.
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Ito D, Komatsu T, Gohara K. Measurement of saturation processes in glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse densities during long-term development of cultured rat cortical networks. Brain Res 2013; 1534:22-32. [PMID: 23948099 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the saturation processes of excitatory and inhibitory synapse densities during the long-term development of cultured neuronal networks. For this purpose, we performed a long-term culture of rat cortical cells for 35 days in vitro (DIV). During this culture period, we labeled glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses separately using antibodies against vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) and vesicular transporter of γ-aminobutyric acid (VGAT). The densities and distributions of both types of synaptic terminals were measured simultaneously. Observations and subsequent measurements of immunofluorescence demonstrated that the densities of both types of antibody-labeled terminals increased gradually from 7 to 21-28 DIV. The densities did not show a further increase at 35 DIV and tended to become saturated. Triple staining with VGluT1, VGAT, and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) enabled analysis of the distribution of both types of synapses, and revealed that the densities of the two types of synaptic terminals on somata were not significantly different, but that glutamatergic synapses predominated on the dendrites during long-term culture. However, some neurons did not fall within this distribution, suggesting differences in synapse distribution on target neurons. The electrical activity also showed an initial increase and subsequent saturation of the firing rate and synchronized burst rate during long-term culture, and the number of days of culture to saturation from the initial increase followed the same pattern under this culture condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ito
- Division of Functional Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
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