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Ferrara D, Beccaria M, Cordero CE, Purcaro G. Microwave-assisted extraction in closed vessel in food analysis. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300390. [PMID: 37654060 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is an important technique in analytical chemistry. It offers several advantages over traditional extraction methods, such as improved extraction efficiency, shorter extraction times, reduced solvent consumption, and enhanced analyte recovery. Using microwaves, heat is directly applied to the sample, leading to rapid and efficient extraction of target compounds by enhancing the solubility and diffusion of the target compounds, thus requiring lower solvent volume. Therefore, MAE can be considered a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective option facilitating the transition toward greener and more sustainable analytical chemistry workflows. This contribution systematically reviews the application of MAE to a selection of target compounds/compounds classes of relevance for food quality and safety assessment. As inclusion criteria, MAE active temperature control and molecularly-resolved characterization of the extracts were considered. Contents include a brief introduction of the principles of operation, available systems characteristics, and key parameters influencing extraction efficiency and selectivity. The application section covers functional food components (e.g., phenols, diterpenes, and carotenoids), lipids, contaminants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mineral oil hydrocarbons), pesticides, veterinary drug residues, and a selection of process contaminants and xenobiotics of relevance for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Ferrara
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Beccaria
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chiara E Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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2
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Bauwens G, Gorska A, Purcaro G. The role of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in mineral oil determination. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04718-3. [PMID: 37147559 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) contain a wide structural diversity of molecules, for which the reference method of analysis is the online coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID). These compounds are very heterogeneous from a toxicological viewpoint, and an accurate risk assessment when dealing with a MOH contamination can only be performed if sufficient information is available on the types of structures present (i.e., number of carbons, degree of alkylation, number of aromatic rings). Unfortunately, the separation performances of the current LC-GC-FID method are insufficient for such characterization, not even mentioning the possible coelution of interfering compounds which additionally hinder MOH determination. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), while mostly used for confirmation purposes in the past, starts to prove its relevance for overcoming the weaknesses of the LC-GC method and reaching even better the analytical requirements defined in the latest EFSA opinion. The present paper therefore aims at highlighting how GC × GC has contributed to the understanding of the MOH topic, how it has developed to meet the requirements of MOH determination, and how it could play a role in the field for overcoming many of the current analytical and toxicological challenges related to the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Gorska
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
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3
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Bauwens G, Cavaco Soares A, Lacoste F, Ribera D, Blomsma C, Berg I, Campos F, Coenradie A, Creanga A, Zwagerman R, Purcaro G. Investigation of the effect of refining on the presence of targeted mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons in coconut oil. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:392-403. [PMID: 36608113 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2164621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to investigate the impact of refining on coconut oil particularly on the most toxicologically relevant fraction of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) contamination, namely the fraction composed by the three to seven aromatic rings. A fully integrated platform consisting of a liquid chromatography (LC), a comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography (GC) (LC-GC × GC) and flame ionization detector (FID) was used to obtained a more detailed characterization of the MOAH sub-classes distribution. The revised EN pr 16995:2017-08 official method was used for preparing the samples, both with and without the auxiliary epoxidation step. Crude coconut oil was spiked with different MOAH standards, namely naphthalenes, alkylated naphthalenes, benzo(a)pyrene, and its alkylated homologues. Refining was modelled by deodorization at 230 °C, stripping with 10 kg/h of steam under 1 mbar vacuum for 3 h. Complete removal of the naphthalenes and reduction of more than 98.8% of the benzo(a)pyrenes was observed. Epoxidation had a significant impact on the MOAH fraction with more than three rings, but with a high dependency on the sample matrix, being significantly less evident in the refined samples than in the crude ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Coen Blomsma
- VERNOF, Association of the Dutch manufacturers of edible oils and fats, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands
| | - Iekje Berg
- Sime Darby Oils, Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Campos
- Archer Daniels Midland Company, ADM Hamburg AG - Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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4
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Hochegger A, Pantò S, Jones N, Leitner E. One-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic approaches for the characterization of post-consumer recycled plastic materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:2447-2457. [PMID: 36820911 PMCID: PMC10149440 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In September 2022, the European Commission published its new regulation on recycled plastic materials for food contact. It allows newly developed, non-authorized technologies and approaches, or so-called novel technologies, to be deployed in the field to generate the data needed for establishing regulatory and/or fit for purpose processes. The data shall be generated by using suitable methods, but the regulation does not give a more detailed description on those. In this study, commercially purchased buckets made of post-consumer recycled polypropylene were screened, using a number of different analytical approaches. Sample preparation methods, analysis techniques, and the data and information generated were compared. The results clearly demonstrate the need for a detailed characterization of such materials and the advantages and disadvantages of the analysis using conventional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and mass spectrometery as well as two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hochegger
- University of Technology Graz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sebastiano Pantò
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nick Jones
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Leitner
- University of Technology Graz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
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5
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Grigaliūnaitė I, Ruiz-Méndez MV. Cleaner lipid processing: Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) and short path distillation. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 2023. [PMID: 37516465 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Today, regulations and consumer awareness demand production technologies with minimum impact on the environment and maximum utilization of available resources. In the field of lipids, two well-known technologies for avoiding the use of organic solvents and chemicals stand out: supercritical (Sc) fluids and short path distillation (SPD). To date, both technologies involve high operating costs that have limited their application to selected high value-added products which are high temperature sensitive. However, improvements in process control and materials make further implementation of these techniques possible. In this chapter, an integrative review has been carried out with the aim of compiling the literature on the application of these technologies to lipid extraction, micronization and fractionation of liquid mixtures. Special attention has been paid to the separation of compounds by both technologies: deacidification, partial purification of acylglycerol compounds, isolation of unsaponifiable compounds and separation of toxic and polluting compounds.
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Hochegger A, Wagenhofer R, Savić S, Mayrhofer E, Washüttl M, Leitner E. Combination of Multidimensional Instrumental Analysis and the Ames Test for the Toxicological Evaluation of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:16401-16409. [PMID: 36524957 PMCID: PMC9801419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAHs) include mutagenic and carcinogenic substances and are considered a potential health risk. Current methods address the total MOAH content but cannot address the actual toxicological hazard of individual components. This work presents a combined methodology closing those gaps: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to determine the MOAH content. To characterize present substance classes, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied. Preparative HPLC separated MOAHs into subgroups, which were tested with a miniaturized Ames test evaluating DNA reactivity of isolated fractions. Combining these methods allowed a correlation between present subgroups and DNA reactivity. The developed approach was applied to a mineral oil and distinguished between not DNA-reactive mono- and diaromatics and DNA-reactive tri- and polyaromatics, providing a proof of concept. Hereinafter, it will be applied to diverse sample matrices including mineral oils, food, and food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hochegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhard Wagenhofer
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sanja Savić
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisa Mayrhofer
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Washüttl
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Isola AL, Carrillo JC, Lemaire P, Niemelä H, Steneholm A. Lack of human-relevant adversity of MOSH retained in tissues: Analysis of adversity and implications for regulatory assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 137:105284. [PMID: 36402242 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mineral oils (food grade white oil or liquid paraffin) have historically been safely used in a number of sensitive end-uses, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food. Recent concern that certain mineral hydrocarbons (branched and cyclo-alkanes) may accumulate in human tissues has prevented European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) from deriving guidance values for food exposures. Analysis of human and animal tissue indicate that an unresolved cloud of mostly highly branched alkanes and alkylated cycloalkanes within the C20-C35 range is consistently present in all tissues. This critical review thoroughly assesses the retention of "mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons" (MOSH) in human and animal tissues and evaluates if the presence of MOSH is considered adverse and appropriate to use for risk assessment, generation of guidance values for food exposure and/or generation of derivation of health-based guidance values. An adversity framework was utilized to perform an in-depth weight of the evidence analysis, and it was concluded that mere presence of MOSH does not translate to hazard identification, and is not considered adverse. In light of this conclusion, it would not be appropriate to utilize this endpoint as the point of departure to calculate a health guidance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Isola
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801-3059, USA; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - J C Carrillo
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., PO Box 162, 2051, AN, The Hague, the Netherlands; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Lemaire
- Total Fluides, 24 Cours Michelet-La Défense 10, F-92069, Paris La Défense Cedex, France; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Niemelä
- CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - A Steneholm
- Nynas AB, PO Box 10 700, SE-121 29, Stockholm, Sweden; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Bauwens G, Conchione C, Sdrigotti N, Moret S, Purcaro G. QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MINERAL OIL IN FISH FEED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR AND LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-COMPREHENSIVE MULTIDIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETER/FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR. J Chromatogr A 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Polyakova A, van Leeuwen S, Peters R. Review on chromatographic and specific detection methodologies for unravelling the complexity of MOAH in foods. Anal Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nerín C, Bourdoux S, Faust B, Gude T, Lesueur C, Simat T, Stoermer A, Van Hoek E, Oldring P. Guidance in selecting analytical techniques for identification and quantification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:620-643. [PMID: 35081016 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2012599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous approaches and methodologies for assessing the identity and quantities of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMs). They can give different results and it can be difficult to make meaningful comparisons. The initial approach was to attempt to prepare a prescriptive methodology but as this proved impossible; this paper develops guidelines that need to be taken into consideration when assessing NIAS. Different approaches to analysing NIAS in FCMs are reviewed and compared. The approaches for preparing the sample for analysis, recommended procedures for screening, identification, and quantification of NIAS as well as the reporting requirements are outlined. Different analytical equipment and procedures are compared. Limitations of today's capabilities are raised along with some research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nerín
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación Analítica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Birgit Faust
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting (TERC), Dow Olefinverbund GmbH, Schkopau, Germany
| | - Thomas Gude
- Swiss Quality Testing Services, Dietikon, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lesueur
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Danone, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Simat
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Stoermer
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging, Freising, Germany
| | - Els Van Hoek
- Organic Contaminants & Additives, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Oldring
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Sherwin Williams, Witney, UK
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Franz R, Welle F. Recycling of Post-Consumer Packaging Materials into New Food Packaging Applications—Critical Review of the European Approach and Future Perspectives. Sustainability 2022; 14:824. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The European strategy for plastics, as part of the EU’s circular economy action plan, should support the reduction in plastic waste. One key element in this action plan is the improvement of the economics and quality of recycled plastics. In addition, an important goal is that by 2030, all plastics packaging placed on the EU market must either be reusable or can be recycled in a cost-effective manner. This means that, at the end, a closed-loop recycling of food packaging materials should be established. However, the use of recyclates must not result in less severe preventive consumer protection of food packaging materials. This may lead to a conservative evaluation of authorities on post-consumer recyclates in food packaging applications. On the other hand, over-conservatism might over-protect the consumer and generate insurmountable barriers to the application of post-consumer recyclates for food packaging and, hence, counteract the targets of circular economy. The objective of this review is to provide an insight into the evaluation of post-consumer recyclates applied in direct contact to food. Safety assessment criteria as developed by the European Food Safety Authority EFSA will be presented, explained, and critically discussed.
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