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D’Aria S, Maquet C, Li S, Dhup S, Lepez A, Kohler A, Van Hée VF, Dadhich RK, Frenière M, Andris F, Nemazanyy I, Sonveaux P, Machiels B, Gillet L, Braun MY. Expression of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 is required for virus-specific mouse CD8 + T cell memory development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2306763121. [PMID: 38498711 PMCID: PMC10990098 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306763121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactate-proton symporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) facilitates lactic acid export from T cells. Here, we report that MCT1 is mandatory for the development of virus-specific CD8+ T cell memory. MCT1-deficient T cells were exposed to acute pneumovirus (pneumonia virus of mice, PVM) or persistent γ-herpesvirus (Murid herpesvirus 4, MuHV-4) infection. MCT1 was required for the expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells and the control of virus replication in the acute phase of infection. This situation prevented the subsequent development of virus-specific T cell memory, a necessary step in containing virus reactivation during γ-herpesvirus latency. Instead, persistent active infection drove virus-specific CD8+ T cells toward functional exhaustion, a phenotype typically seen in chronic viral infections. Mechanistically, MCT1 deficiency sequentially impaired lactic acid efflux from activated CD8+ T cells, caused an intracellular acidification inhibiting glycolysis, disrupted nucleotide synthesis in the upstream pentose phosphate pathway, and halted cell proliferation which, ultimately, promoted functional CD8+ T cell exhaustion instead of memory development. Taken together, our data demonstrate that MCT1 expression is mandatory for inducing T cell memory and controlling viral infection by CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania D’Aria
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Céline Maquet
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège4000, Belgium
| | - Shuang Li
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Suveera Dhup
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels1200, Belgium
| | - Anouk Lepez
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Kohler
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Vincent F. Van Hée
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels1200, Belgium
| | - Rajesh K. Dadhich
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels1200, Belgium
| | - Marine Frenière
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Andris
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Plateforme d’étude du métabolisme, Institut Necker, Inserm US 24 - CNRS UMS 3633, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris75015, France
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- WEL Research Institute, Welbio Department, Wavre1300, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Machiels
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège4000, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège4000, Belgium
| | - Michel Y. Braun
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
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2
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Chaudhry MZ, Borkner L, Kulkarni U, Berberich-Siebelt F, Cicin-Sain L. NFAT signaling is indispensable for persistent memory responses of MCMV-specific CD8+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012025. [PMID: 38346075 PMCID: PMC10890734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) induces a unique T cell response, where antigen-specific populations do not contract, but rather inflate during viral latency. It has been proposed that subclinical episodes of virus reactivation feed the inflation of CMV-specific memory cells by intermittently engaging T cell receptors (TCRs), but evidence of TCR engagement has remained lacking. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a family of transcription factors, where NFATc1 and NFATc2 signal downstream of TCR in mature T lymphocytes. We show selective impacts of NFATc1 and/or NFATc2 genetic ablations on the long-term inflation of MCMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses despite largely maintained responses to acute infection. NFATc1 ablation elicited robust phenotypes in isolation, but the strongest effects were observed when both NFAT genes were missing. CMV control was impaired only when both NFATs were deleted in CD8+ T cells used in adoptive immunotherapy of immunodeficient mice. Transcriptome analyses revealed that T cell intrinsic NFAT is not necessary for CD8+ T cell priming, but rather for their maturation towards effector-memory and in particular the effector cells, which dominate the pool of inflationary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zeeshan Chaudhry
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Borkner
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Upasana Kulkarni
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine, a joint venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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3
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van der Wulp W, Luu W, Ressing ME, Schuurman J, van Kasteren SI, Guelen L, Hoeben RC, Bleijlevens B, Heemskerk MHM. Antibody-epitope conjugates deliver immunogenic T-cell epitopes more efficiently when close to cell surfaces. MAbs 2024; 16:2329321. [PMID: 38494955 PMCID: PMC10950288 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2329321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated delivery of immunogenic viral CD8+ T-cell epitopes to redirect virus-specific T cells toward cancer cells is a promising new therapeutic avenue to increase the immunogenicity of tumors. Multiple strategies for viral epitope delivery have been shown to be effective. So far, most of these have relied on a free C-terminus of the immunogenic epitope for extracellular delivery. Here, we demonstrate that antibody-epitope conjugates (AECs) with genetically fused epitopes to the N-terminus of the antibody can also sensitize tumors for attack by virus-specific CD8+ T cells. AECs carrying epitopes genetically fused at the N-terminus of the light chains of cetuximab and trastuzumab demonstrate an even more efficient delivery of the T-cell epitopes compared to AECs with the epitope fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain. We demonstrate that this increased efficiency is not caused by the shift in location of the cleavage site from the N- to the C-terminus, but by its increased proximity to the cell surface. We hypothesize that this facilitates more efficient epitope delivery. These findings not only provide additional insights into the mechanism of action of AECs but also broaden the possibilities for genetically fused AECs as an avenue for the redirection of multiple virus-specific T cells toward tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. van der Wulp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W. Luu
- Genmab, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. E. Ressing
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - S. I. van Kasteren
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - R. C. Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - M. H. M. Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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van der Wulp W, Remst DFG, Kester MGD, Hagedoorn RS, Parren PWHI, van Kasteren SI, Schuurman J, Hoeben RC, Ressing ME, Bleijlevens B, Heemskerk MHM. Antibody-mediated delivery of viral epitopes to redirect EBV-specific CD8 + T-cell immunity towards cancer cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:58-68. [PMID: 37945970 PMCID: PMC10794138 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated delivery of immunogenic epitopes to redirect virus-specific CD8+ T-cells towards cancer cells is an emerging and promising new therapeutic strategy. These so-called antibody-epitope conjugates (AECs) rely on the proteolytic release of the epitopes close to the tumor surface for presentation by HLA class I molecules to eventually redirect and activate virus-specific CD8+ T-cells towards tumor cells. We fused the immunogenic EBV-BRLF1 epitope preceded by a protease cleavage site to the C-terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of cetuximab and trastuzumab. We evaluated these AECs and found that, even though all AECs were able to redirect the EBV-specific T-cells, AECs with an epitope fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain resulted in higher levels of T-cell activation compared to AECs with the same epitope fused to the light chain of an antibody. We observed that all AECs were depending on the presence of the antibody target, that the level of T-cell activation correlated with expression levels of the antibody target, and that our AECs could efficiently deliver the BRLF1 epitope to cancer cell lines from different origins (breast, ovarian, lung, and cervical cancer and a multiple myeloma). Moreover, in vivo, the AECs efficiently reduced tumor burden and increased the overall survival, which was prolonged even further in combination with immune checkpoint blockade. We demonstrate the potential of these genetically fused AECs to redirect the potent EBV-specific T-cells towards cancer in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn van der Wulp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Dennis F G Remst
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michel G D Kester
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Renate S Hagedoorn
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul W H I Parren
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mirjam H M Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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5
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Sun Y, Luo B, Liu Y, Wu Y, Chen Y. Immune damage mechanisms of COVID-19 and novel strategies in prevention and control of epidemic. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130398. [PMID: 36960050 PMCID: PMC10028144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has diverse clinical manifestations, which is the main feature of the disease, and the fundamental reason is the different immune responses in different bodies among the population. The damage mechanisms of critical illness by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, such as hyperinflammatory response, a double-edged function of type I interferon, and hyperactivation of the complement system, are the same as other critical illnesses. Targeting specific immune damage mechanisms of COVID-19, we scored the first to put forward that the responses of T cells induced by acute virus infection result in "acute T-cell exhaustion" in elderly patients, which is not only the peripheral exhaustion with quantity reduction and dysfunction of T cells but also the central exhaustion that central immune organs lost immune homeostasis over peripheral immune organs, whereas the increased thymic output could alleviate the severity and reduce the mortality of the disease with the help of medication. We discovered that immune responses raised by SARS-CoV-2 could also attack secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, lymphoid nodes, and kidneys, in addition to the lung, which we generally recognize. Integrated with the knowledge of mechanisms of immune protection, we developed a coronavirus antigen diagnostic kit and therapeutic monoclonal antibody. In the future, we will further investigate the mechanisms of immune damage and protection raised by coronavirus infection to provide more scientific strategies for developing new vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Immunology, People’s Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Institute of Immunology, People’s Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueping Liu
- Institute of Immunology, People’s Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, People’s Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, People’s Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongwen Chen,
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6
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Yan L, Chen Y, Han Y, Tong C. Role of CD8 + T cell exhaustion in the progression and prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by sepsis: a prospective observational study. BMC Emerg Med 2022; 22:182. [PMCID: PMC9675152 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-022-00733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD8+ T cells are important for protective immunity against intracellular pathogens. Excessive amounts of antigen and/or inflammatory signals often lead to the gradual deterioration of CD8+ T cell function, a state called “exhaustion”. However, the association between CD8+ T cell exhaustion and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has not been studied. This study was conducted to elucidate how CD8+ T cells and inhibitory receptors were related to the clinical prognosis of ARDS. Methods A prospective observational study in an emergency department enrolled patients who were diagnosed with sepsis-associated ARDS according to the sepsis-3 criteria and Berlin definition. Peripheral blood samples were collected within 24 h post recruitment. CD8+ T cell count, proliferation ratio, cytokine secretion, and the expression of coinhibitory receptors were assayed. Results Sixty-two patients with ARDS met the inclusion criteria. CD8+ T cell counts and proliferation rates were dramatically decreased in non-surviving ARDS patients. Increasing programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression on the CD8+ T cell surface was seen in patients with worse organ function, while an increasing level of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) was associated with a longer duration of the shock. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that low CD8+ T cell percentages and increased inhibitory molecule expression were significantly associated with a worse survival rate. Conclusions CD8+ T cells and coinhibitory receptors are promising independent prognostic markers of sepsis-induced ARDS, and increased CD8+ T cell exhaustion is significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12873-022-00733-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yumei Chen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yi Han
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chaoyang Tong
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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7
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Harnessing anti-cytomegalovirus immunity for local immunotherapy against solid tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116738119. [PMID: 35749366 PMCID: PMC9245622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116738119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor infiltration by T cells profoundly affects cancer progression and responses to immunotherapy. However, the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment can impair the induction, trafficking, and local activity of antitumor T cells. Here, we investigated whether intratumoral injection of virus-derived peptide epitopes could activate preexisting antiviral T cell responses locally and promote antitumor responses or antigen spreading. We focused on a mouse model of cytomegalovirus (CMV), a highly prevalent human infection that induces vigorous and durable T cell responses. Mice persistently infected with murine CMV (MCMV) were challenged with lung (TC-1), colon (MC-38), or melanoma (B16-F10) tumor cells. Intratumoral injection of MCMV-derived T cell epitopes triggered in situ and systemic expansion of their cognate, MCMV-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. The MCMV CD8+ T cell epitopes injected alone provoked arrest of tumor growth and some durable remissions. Intratumoral injection of MCMV CD4+ T cell epitopes with polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid (pI:C) preferentially elicited tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, promoted tumor clearance, and conferred long-term protection against tumor rechallenge. Notably, secondary proliferation of MCMV-specific CD8+ T cells correlated with better tumor control. Importantly, intratumoral injection of MCMV-derived CD8+ T cell-peptide epitopes alone or CD4+ T cell-peptide epitopes with pI:C induced potent adaptive and innate immune activation of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, CMV-derived peptide epitopes, delivered intratumorally, act as cytotoxic and immunotherapeutic agents to promote immediate tumor control and long-term antitumor immunity that could be used as a stand-alone therapy. The tumor antigen-agnostic nature of this approach makes it applicable across a broad range of solid tumors regardless of their origin.
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8
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Méndez-Lagares G, Chin N, Chang WLW, Lee J, Rosás-Umbert M, Kieu HT, Merriam D, Lu W, Kim S, Adamson L, Brander C, Luciw PA, Barry PA, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ. Cytomegalovirus mediates expansion of IL-15-responsive innate-memory cells with SIV killing function. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e148542. [PMID: 34153005 DOI: 10.1172/jci148542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interindividual immune variability is driven predominantly by environmental factors, including exposure to chronic infectious agents such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). We investigated the effects of rhesus CMV (RhCMV) on composition and function of the immune system in young macaques. Within months of infection, RhCMV was associated with impressive changes in antigen presenting cells, T cells, and NK cells-and marked expansion of innate-memory CD8+ T cells. These cells express high levels of NKG2A/C and the IL-2 and IL-15 receptor beta chain, CD122. IL-15 was sufficient to drive differentiation of the cells in vitro and in vivo. Expanded NKG2A/C+CD122+CD8+ T cells in RhCMV-infected macaques, but not their NKG2-negative counterparts, were endowed with cytotoxicity against class I-deficient K562 targets and prompt IFN-γ production in response to stimulation with IL-12 and IL-18. Because RhCMV clone 68-1 forms the viral backbone of RhCMV-vectored SIV vaccines, we also investigated immune changes following administration of RhCMV 68-1-vectored SIV vaccines. These vaccines led to impressive expansion of NKG2A/C+CD8+ T cells with capacity to inhibit SIV replication ex vivo. Thus, CMV infection and CMV-vectored vaccination drive expansion of functional innate-like CD8 cells via host IL-15 production, suggesting that innate-memory expansion could be achieved by other vaccine platforms expressing IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Méndez-Lagares
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Ning Chin
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - W L William Chang
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Graduate Group in Immunology, and.,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Hung T Kieu
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - David Merriam
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Wenze Lu
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa - AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul A Luciw
- California National Primate Research Center.,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- California National Primate Research Center.,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Direct Evidence for Viral Antigen Presentation during Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060731. [PMID: 34200578 PMCID: PMC8229173 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine models of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have revealed an immunological phenomenon known as “memory inflation” (MI). After a peak of a primary CD8+ T-cell response, the pool of epitope-specific cells contracts in parallel to the resolution of productive infection and the establishment of a latent infection, referred to as “latency.” CMV latency is associated with an increase in the number of cells specific for certain viral epitopes over time. The inflationary subset was identified as effector-memory T cells (iTEM) characterized by the cell surface phenotype KLRG1+CD127−CD62L−. As we have shown recently, latent viral genomes are not transcriptionally silent. Rather, viral genes are sporadically desilenced in a stochastic fashion. The current hypothesis proposes MI to be driven by presented viral antigenic peptides encoded by the corresponding, stochastically expressed viral genes. Although this mechanism suggests itself, independent evidence for antigen presentation during viral latency is pending. Here we fill this gap by showing that T cell-receptor transgenic OT-I cells that are specific for peptide SIINFEKL proliferate upon adoptive cell transfer in C57BL/6 recipients latently infected with murine CMV encoding SIINFEKL (mCMV-SIINFEKL), but not in those latently infected with mCMV-SIINFEKA, in which antigenicity is lost by mutation L8A of the C-terminal amino acid residue.
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10
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van der Gracht ET, Schoonderwoerd MJ, van Duikeren S, Yilmaz AN, Behr FM, Colston JM, Lee LN, Yagita H, van Gisbergen KP, Hawinkels LJ, Koning F, Klenerman P, Arens R. Adenoviral vaccines promote protective tissue-resident memory T cell populations against cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e001133. [PMID: 33293355 PMCID: PMC7725098 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoviral vectors emerged as important platforms for cancer immunotherapy. Vaccination with adenoviral vectors is promising in this respect, however, their specific mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Here, we assessed the development and maintenance of vaccine-induced tumor-specific CD8+ T cells elicited upon immunization with adenoviral vectors. METHODS Adenoviral vaccine vectors encoding the full-length E7 protein from human papilloma virus (HPV) or the immunodominant epitope from E7 were generated, and mice were immunized intravenously with different quantities (107, 108 or 109 infectious units). The magnitude, kinetics and tumor protection capacity of the induced vaccine-specific T cell responses were evaluated. RESULTS The adenoviral vaccines elicited inflationary E7-specific memory CD8+ T cell responses in a dose-dependent manner. The magnitude of these vaccine-specific CD8+ T cells in the circulation related to the development of E7-specific CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells, which were maintained for months in multiple tissues after vaccination. The vaccine-specific CD8+ T cell responses conferred long-term protection against HPV-induced carcinomas in the skin and liver, and this protection required the induction and accumulation of CD8+ TRM cells. Moreover, the formation of CD8+ TRM cells could be enhanced by temporal targeting CD80/CD86 costimulatory interactions via CTLA-4 blockade early after immunization. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data show that adenoviral vector-induced CD8+ T cell inflation promotes protective TRM cell populations, and this can be enhanced by targeting CTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Ja Schoonderwoerd
- Department of Gasteroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Duikeren
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ayse N Yilmaz
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia M Colston
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lian N Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Klaas Pjm van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Jac Hawinkels
- Department of Gasteroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Abassi L, Cicin-Sain L. The avid competitors of memory inflation. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:162-168. [PMID: 33039898 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) coevolve with their hosts and latently persist in the vast majority of adult mammals. Therefore, persistent T-cell responses to CMV antigens during virus latency offer a fascinating perspective on the evolution of the T-cell repertoire in natural settings. We addressed here the life-long interactions between CMV antigens presented on MHC-I molecules and the CD8 T-cell response. We present the mechanistic evidence from the murine model of CMV infection and put it in context of clinical laboratory results. We will highlight the remarkable parallels in T-cell responses between the two biological systems, and focus in particular on memory inflation as a result of competitive processes, both between viral antigenic peptides and between T-cell receptors on the host's cytotoxic lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abassi
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), A Joint Venture of HZI and MHH, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany.
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12
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Takamura S. Impact of multiple hits with cognate antigen on memory CD8+ T-cell fate. Int Immunol 2020; 32:571-581. [PMID: 32506114 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-driven activation of CD8+ T cells results in the development of a robust anti-pathogen response and ultimately leads to the establishment of long-lived memory T cells. During the primary response, CD8+ T cells interact multiple times with cognate antigen on distinct types of antigen-presenting cells. The timing, location and context of these antigen encounters significantly impact the differentiation programs initiated in the cells. Moderate re-activation in the periphery promotes the establishment of the tissue-resident memory T cells that serve as sentinels at the portal of pathogen entry. Under some circumstances, moderate re-activation of T cells in the periphery can result in the excessive expansion and accumulation of circulatory memory T cells, a process called memory inflation. In contrast, excessive re-activation stimuli generally impede conventional T-cell differentiation programs and can result in T-cell exhaustion. However, these conditions can also elicit a small population of exhausted T cells with a memory-like signature and self-renewal capability that are capable of responding to immunotherapy, and restoration of functional activity. Although it is clear that antigen re-encounter during the primary immune response has a significant impact on memory T-cell development, we still do not understand the molecular details that drive these fate decisions. Here, we review our understanding of how antigen encounters and re-activation events impact the array of memory CD8+ T-cell subsets subsequently generated. Identification of the molecular programs that drive memory T-cell generation will advance the development of new vaccine strategies that elicit high-quality CD8+ T-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Holtappels R, Freitag K, Renzaho A, Becker S, Lemmermann NA, Reddehase MJ. Revisiting CD8 T-cell 'Memory Inflation': New Insights with Implications for Cytomegaloviruses as Vaccine Vectors. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030402. [PMID: 32707744 PMCID: PMC7563500 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine models of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have revealed an exceptional kinetics of the immune response. After resolution of productive infection, transient contraction of the viral epitope-specific CD8 T-cell pool was found to be followed by a pool expansion specific for certain viral epitopes during non-productive ‘latent’ infection. This phenomenon, known as ‘memory inflation’ (MI), was found to be based on inflationary KLRG1+CD62L− effector-memory T cells (iTEM) that depend on repetitive restimulation. MI gained substantial interest for employing CMV as vaccine vector by replacing MI-driving CMV epitopes with foreign epitopes for generating high numbers of protective memory cells specific for unrelated pathogens. The concept of an MI-driving CMV vector is questioned by human studies disputing MI in humans. A bias towards MI in experimental models may have resulted from systemic infection. We have here studied local murine CMV infection as a route that is more closely matching routine human vaccine application. Notably, KLRG1−CD62L+ central memory T cells (TCM) and conventional KLRG1−CD62L− effector memory T cells (cTEM) were found to expand, associated with ‘avidity maturation’, whereas the pool size of iTEM steadily declined over time. The establishment of high avidity CD8 T-cell central memory encourages one to pursue the concept of CMV vector-based vaccines.
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14
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Tcf1 + cells are required to maintain the inflationary T cell pool upon MCMV infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2295. [PMID: 32385253 PMCID: PMC7211020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus-based vaccine vectors offer interesting opportunities for T cell-based vaccination purposes as CMV infection induces large numbers of functional effector-like cells that accumulate in peripheral tissues, a process termed memory inflation. Maintenance of high numbers of peripheral CD8 T cells requires continuous replenishment of the inflationary T cell pool. Here, we show that the inflationary T cell population contains a small subset of cells expressing the transcription factor Tcf1. These Tcf1+ cells resemble central memory T cells and are proliferation competent. Upon sensing viral reactivation events, Tcf1+ cells feed into the pool of peripheral Tcf1− cells and depletion of Tcf1+ cells hampers memory inflation. TCR repertoires of Tcf1+ and Tcf1− populations largely overlap, with the Tcf1+ population showing higher clonal diversity. These data show that Tcf1+ cells are necessary for sustaining the inflationary T cell response, and upholding this subset is likely critical for the success of CMV-based vaccination approaches. Upon infection with cytomegalovirus, CD8+ T cells undergo prolific expansion in a process known as memory inflation. Here the authors define a population of Tcf1 expressing cells within the inflationary pool that is critical in fuelling this process.
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15
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Reverse TCR repertoire evolution toward dominant low-affinity clones during chronic CMV infection. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:434-441. [PMID: 32205883 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution is a key feature of T cell immunity. During acute immune responses, T cells harboring high-affinity T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) are preferentially expanded, but whether affinity maturation by clonal selection continues through the course of chronic infections remains unresolved. Here we investigated the evolution of the TCR repertoire and its affinity during the course of infection with cytomegalovirus, which elicits large T cell populations in humans and mice. Using single-cell and bulk TCR sequencing and structural affinity analyses of cytomegalovirus-specific T cells, and through the generation and in vivo monitoring of defined TCR repertoires, we found that the immunodominance of high-affinity T cell clones declined during the chronic infection phase, likely due to cellular senescence. These data showed that under conditions of chronic antigen exposure, low-affinity TCRs preferentially expanded within the TCR repertoire, with implications for immunotherapeutic strategies.
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16
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Li SY, Zhang ZN, Jiang YJ, Fu YJ, Shang H. Transcriptional insights into the CD8 + T cell response in mono-HIV and HCV infection. J Transl Med 2020; 18:96. [PMID: 32093694 PMCID: PMC7038596 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease progression in the absence of therapy varies significantly in mono-HIV and HCV infected individuals. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in restricting lentiviral replication and determining the rate of disease progression during HIV and HCV mono- and co-infection. Thus, understanding the similarities in the characteristics of CD8+ T cells in mono-HIV and HCV infection at the transcriptomic level contributes to the development of antiviral therapy. In this study, a meta-analysis of CD8+ T cell gene expression profiles derived from mono-HIV and HCV infected individuals at different stages of disease progression, was conducted to understand the common changes experienced by CD8+ T cells. Methods Five microarray datasets, reporting CD8+ T cell mRNA expression of the mono-HIV and HCV infected patients, were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified via integrative meta-analysis of expression data (INMEX) program. Network analysis methods were used to assess protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks, Gene Ontology (GO) terms and pathway enrichment for DEGs. MirDIP and miRDB online prediction tools were used to predict potential microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting hub genes. Results First, we identified 625 and 154 DEGs in the CD8+ T cells originating from mono-HIV and HCV chronic progressor patients, respectively, compared to healthy individuals. Among them, interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) including ISG15, IFIT3, ILI44L, CXCL8, FPR1 and TLR2, were upregulated after mono-HIV and HCV infection. Pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that the “cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction” and “NF-kappa B” signaling pathways were upregulated after mono-HIV and HCV infection. In addition, we identified 92 and 50 DEGs in the CD8+ T cells of HIV non-progressor and HCV resolver patients, respectively, compared with corresponding chronic progressors. We observed attenuated mitosis and reduced ISG expression in HIV non-progressors and HCV resolvers compared with the corresponding chronic progressors. Finally, we identified miRNA-143-3p, predicted to target both IFIT3 in HIV and STAT5A in HCV infection. Conclusions We identified DEGs and transcriptional patterns in mono-HIV and HCV infected individuals at different stages of disease progression and identified miRNA-143-3p with potential to intervene disease progression, which provides a new strategy for developing targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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17
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Vaccine Vectors Harnessing the Power of Cytomegaloviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040152. [PMID: 31627457 PMCID: PMC6963789 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) species have been gaining attention as experimental vaccine vectors inducing cellular immune responses of unparalleled strength and protection. This review outline the strengths and the restrictions of CMV-based vectors, in light of the known aspects of CMV infection, pathogenicity and immunity. We discuss aspects to be considered when optimizing CMV based vaccines, including the innate immune response, the adaptive humoral immunity and the T-cell responses. We also discuss the antigenic epitopes presented by unconventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in some CMV delivery systems and considerations about routes for delivery for the induction of systemic or mucosal immune responses. With the first clinical trials initiating, CMV-based vaccine vectors are entering a mature phase of development. This impetus needs to be maintained by scientific advances that feed the progress of this technological platform.
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18
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van den Berg SPH, Pardieck IN, Lanfermeijer J, Sauce D, Klenerman P, van Baarle D, Arens R. The hallmarks of CMV-specific CD8 T-cell differentiation. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:365-373. [PMID: 30989333 PMCID: PMC6647465 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, large T-cell responses are elicited that remain high or even increase over time, a phenomenon named memory T-cell inflation. Besides, the maintained robust T-cell response, CMV-specific T cells seem to have a distinctive phenotype, characterized by an advanced differentiation state. Here, we will review this "special" differentiation status by discussing the cellular phenotype based on the expression of CD45 isoforms, costimulatory, inhibitory and natural killer receptors, adhesion and lymphocyte homing molecules, transcription factors, cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. In addition, we focus on whether the differentiation state of CMV-specific CD8 T cells is unique in comparison with other chronic viruses and we will discuss the possible impact of factors such as antigen exposure and aging on the advanced differentiation status of CMV-specific CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P H van den Berg
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris N Pardieck
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Delphine Sauce
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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19
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Cicin-Sain L. Cytomegalovirus memory inflation and immune protection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:339-347. [PMID: 30972476 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection induces powerful and sustained T-cell responses against a few selected immunodominant antigenic epitopes. This immune response was named memory inflation, because it does not contract in the long term, and may even expand over months and years of virus latency. It is by now understood that memory inflation does not occur at the expense of the naïve T-cell pool, but rather as a competitive selection process within the effector pool, where viral antigens with higher avidity of TCR binding and with earlier expression patterns outcompete those that are expressed later and bind TCRs less efficiently. It is also understood that inflationary epitopes require processing by the constitutive proteasome in non-hematopoietic cells, and this likely implies that memory inflation is fuelled by direct low-level antigenic expression in latently infected cells. This review proposes that these conditions make inflationary epitopes the optimal candidates for adoptive immunotherapy of CMV disease in the immunocompromised host. At present, functional target CMV epitopes have been defined only for the most common HLA haplotypes. Mapping the uncharacterized inflationary epitopes in less frequent HLAs may, thus, be a strategy for the identification of optimal immunotherapeutic targets in patients with uncommon haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany. .,Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), A Joint Venture of HZI and MHH, Braunschweig, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, Braunschweig, Germany.
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20
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Picarda G, Benedict CA. Cytomegalovirus: Shape-Shifting the Immune System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:3881-3889. [PMID: 29866770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systems-based based approaches have begun to shed light on extrinsic factors that contribute to immune system variation. Among these, CMV (HHV-5, a β-herpesvirus) imposes a surprisingly profound impact. Most of the world's population is CMV+, and the virus goes through three distinct infection phases en route to establishing lifelong détente with its host. Immune control of CMV in each phase recruits unique arms of host defense, and in turn the virus employs multiple immune-modulatory strategies that help facilitate the establishment of lifelong persistence. In this review, we explain how CMV shapes immunity and discuss the impact it may have on overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Picarda
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and .,Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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