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Chacón M, Vázquez N, Alonso-Alonso S, Llames S, Pevida M, Alcalde I, Merayo-Lloves J, Meana Á. Evaluating the QileX-RhE skin corrosion test for chemical subcategorization in accordance with OECD TG 431. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 98:105816. [PMID: 38604524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Skin corrosion testing is integral to evaluating the potential harm posed by chemicals, impacting regulatory decisions on safety, transportation, and labeling. Traditional animal testing methods are giving way to in vitro alternatives, such as reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models, aligning with evolving ethical standards. This study evaluates the QileX-RhE test system's performance for chemical subcategorization within the OECD TG 431 framework. Results demonstrate its ability to differentiate subcategories, accurately predicting 83% of UN GHS Category 1A and 73% of UN GHS Category 1B/1C chemicals with 100% sensitivity in corrosive prediction. Additionally, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of the test method's performance by employing nuanced parameters such as positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), post-test odds and likelihood rations, offering valuable insights into the applicability and effectiveness of the QileX-RhE test method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chacón
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - N Vázquez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - S Alonso-Alonso
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - S Llames
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Ingeniería Tisular, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias (CCST), 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pevida
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Ingeniería Tisular, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias (CCST), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - I Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Á Meana
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Ingeniería Tisular, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias (CCST), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Kwak JI, Kim H, An YJ. Earthworm half-pipe assay: A new alternative in vivo skin corrosion test using invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119519. [PMID: 35618145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the efforts to introduce the principle of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) into animal testing, alternative in vitro skin corrosion test methods have been developed and standardized globally. However, alternative in vitro skin corrosion test methods have some limitations in terms of the use of humanely killed rats or commercial models and kits. The present study focused on the applicability of invertebrates as alternative in vivo skin models. Even though earthworm skin comprises the same biomolecules as human skin, the possibility of using earthworm skin as an alternative for skin testing remains unexplored. In this study, we developed a half-pipe tool for earthworm skin corrosion testing and optimized the test protocol. Subsequently, the applicability of the earthworm half-pipe assay for corrosion testing with six chemicals, including inorganic acids, organic acids, and alkalis, was investigated using stereomicroscopy and electron microscopy. It was observed that the specific concentrations for earthworm skin corrosion were lower than those for animal or in vitro tests. Therefore, the sensitivity of the earthworm half-pipe assay indicates that it could be useful as a screening tool before conducting in vivo animal tests or in vitro skin tests. This new method can contribute to research on alternative skin corrosion tests by reducing ethical issues, time, and cost while achieving effective results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Il Kwak
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Haemi Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Caloni F, De Angelis I, Hartung T. Replacement of animal testing by integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA): a call for in vivitrosi. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1935-1950. [PMID: 35503372 PMCID: PMC9151502 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alternative methods to animal use in toxicology are evolving with new advanced tools and multilevel approaches, to answer from one side to 3Rs requirements, and on the other side offering relevant and valid tests for drugs and chemicals, considering also their combination in test strategies, for a proper risk assessment. While stand-alone methods, have demonstrated to be applicable for some specific toxicological predictions with some limitations, the new strategy for the application of New Approach Methods (NAM), to solve complex toxicological endpoints is addressed by Integrated Approaches for Testing and Assessment (IATA), aka Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) or Defined Approaches for Testing and Assessment (DA). The central challenge of evidence integration is shared with the needs of risk assessment and systematic reviews of an evidence-based Toxicology. Increasingly, machine learning (aka Artificial Intelligence, AI) lends itself to integrate diverse evidence streams. In this article, we give an overview of the state of the art of alternative methods and IATA in toxicology for regulatory use for various hazards, outlining future orientation and perspectives. We call on leveraging the synergies of integrated approaches and evidence integration from in vivo, in vitro and in silico as true in vivitrosi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Isabella De Angelis
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,CAAT Europe, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
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Hu F, Santagostino SF, Danilenko DM, Tseng M, Brumm J, Zehnder P, Wu KC. Assessment of Skin Toxicity in an in Vitro Reconstituted Human Epidermis Model Using Deep Learning. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:687-700. [PMID: 35063406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Skin toxicity is a common safety concern associated with drugs that inhibit epidermal growth factor receptors as well as other targets involved in epidermal growth and differentiation. Recently, the use of a three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis model enabled large-scale drug screening and showed potential for predicting skin toxicity. Although a decrease in epidermal thickness was often observed when the three-dimensional reconstructed tissues were exposed to drugs causing skin toxicity, the thickness evaluation of epidermal layers from a pathologist was subjective and not easily reproducible or scalable. In addition, the subtle differences in thickness among tissues, as well as the large number of samples tested, made cross-study comparison difficult when a manual evaluation strategy was used. The current study used deep learning and image-processing algorithms to measure the viable epidermal thickness from multiple studies and found that the measured thickness was not only significantly correlated with a pathologist's semi-quantitative evaluation but was also in close agreement with the quantitative measurement performed by pathologists. Moreover, a sensitivity of 0.8 and a specificity of 0.75 were achieved when predicting the toxicity of 18 compounds with clinical observations with these epidermal thickness algorithms. This approach is fully automated, reproducible, and highly scalable. It not only shows reasonable accuracy in predicting skin toxicity but also enables cross-study comparison and high-throughput compound screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyao Hu
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California.
| | | | | | - Min Tseng
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jochen Brumm
- Department of Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Philip Zehnder
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kai Connie Wu
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California.
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5
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Cui M, Wiraja C, Zheng M, Singh G, Yong K, Xu C. Recent Progress in Skin‐on‐a‐Chip Platforms. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Cui
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
- Continental‐NTU Corporate Lab Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Mengjia Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 00000 China
| | - Gurvinder Singh
- School of Biomedical Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
- The Biophotonics and MechanoBioengineering Lab The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Ken‐Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
- The Biophotonics and MechanoBioengineering Lab The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 00000 China
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6
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Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Gill LJ, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Inorganic Hydroxides as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:16S-35S. [PMID: 34514896 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211018381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reviewed the safety of inorganic hydroxides, which function in cosmetics primarily as pH adjusters. Representatives from the cosmetic industry have indicated these ingredients are used in depilating and hair waving/straightening formulations to raise pH values. The Panel considered relevant data related to these ingredients. The Panel concluded that these inorganic hydroxides are safe in hair straighteners and depilatories under conditions of recommended use; users should minimize skin contact. These ingredients are safe for all other present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be nonirritating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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Kathuria H, Handral HK, Cha S, Nguyen DTP, Cai J, Cao T, Wu C, Kang L. Enhancement of Skin Delivery of Drugs Using Proposome Depends on Drug Lipophilicity. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1457. [PMID: 34575533 PMCID: PMC8469902 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the propylene glycol-based liposomes named 'proposomes' in enhancing skin permeation of drugs with different physicochemical properties. Ibuprofen, tofacitinib citrate, rhodamine B, and lidocaine were loaded into proposomes. These drug formulations were analyzed for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro skin permeation. The confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed on skin treated with calcein and rhodamine B laden proposomes. The transdermal delivery relative to physicochemical properties of drugs such as logP, melting point, molecular weight, solubility, etc., were analyzed. We tested the safety of the proposomes using reconstructed human skin tissue equivalents, which were fabricated in-house. We also used human cadaver skin samples as a control. The proposomes had an average diameter of 128 to 148 nm. The drug's entrapment efficiencies were in the range of 42.9-52.7%, translating into the significant enhancement of drug permeation through the skin. The enhancement ratio was 1.4 to 4.0, and linearly correlated to logP, molecular weight, and melting point. Confocal imaging also showed higher skin permeation of calcein and rhodamine B in proposome than in solution. The proposome was found safe for skin application. The enhancement of skin delivery of drugs through proposomes was dependent on the lipophilicity of the drug. The entrapment efficiency was positively correlated with logP of the drug, which led to high drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kathuria
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (H.K.); (S.C.); (D.T.P.N.)
| | - Harish K. Handral
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138668, Singapore;
| | - Saera Cha
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (H.K.); (S.C.); (D.T.P.N.)
| | - Diep T. P. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (H.K.); (S.C.); (D.T.P.N.)
| | - Junyu Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Tong Cao
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore;
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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8
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The Anti-Ageing and Whitening Potential of a Cosmetic Serum Containing 3- O-ethyl-l-ascorbic Acid. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050406. [PMID: 33946734 PMCID: PMC8146548 DOI: 10.3390/life11050406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin ageing has many manifestations such as wrinkles, dryness, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors, especially solar ultraviolet light (UVB), contribute to skin ageing; its main features are brown spots, alterations in melanin pigmentation, and a decrease in collagen and hyaluronic acid linked to oxidative stress. Several studies showed that topical products containing ingredients with antioxidant activity can reduce oxidative damage; to provide a maximum anti-ageing effect to the skin, topical products can combine various ingredients. C-SHOT SERUM contains a combination of two molecules with a proven anti-ageing activity: a high percentage (30%) of a more stable vitamin C derivative, 3-O-ethyl-l-ascorbic acid, and lactic acid (1%). The product showed a high biocompatibility, assessed through an MTT assay on keratinocytes and on Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE, SkinEthic); the anti-ageing activity was demonstrated on human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes by a statistically significant increase in collagen production and a reduction of a UVB-induced DNA damage marker (γ-H2AX histone), indicating DNA protection. Moreover, a depigmenting activity, shown by a highly significant decrease in melanin content on treated Reconstructed Human Pigmented Epidermis (RHPE), was assessed. According to the data of our study, the tested product contrasts the effect of skin ageing and irregular pigmentation due to the physiological decline of the skin.
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Mini CA, Dreossi SAC, Abe FR, Maria-Engler SS, Oliveira DP. Immortalized keratinocytes cells generates an effective model of Epidermal Human Equivalent for irritation and corrosion tests. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 71:105069. [PMID: 33309870 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional skin models, also named 3D skin models, human skin equivalents (HSEs), or Human Epidermal Equivalents (HEEs), have been increasingly used for chemical assessments in terms of efficacy and safety. Considering this, we developed an HEE model using immortalized HaCaT cells, aiming to overcome the limitation of primary tissue source. Our 3D model (HaCaT-HEE) exhibited important markers of cell differentiation (CK10, CK14, involucrin, and filaggrin), although the stratum corneum was shown to be modest. Besides, the model showed a good prediction potential considering membrane permeability, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in distinguishing irritant and corrosive effects after exposure to selected chemicals recommended by the OECD protocols. We also validated the formazan determination for the MTT method using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). For that, we considered carry over, linearity, reproducibility/robustness, accuracy, precision, selectivity, and matrix effect, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline. Based on our results, we can conclude that our model has an acceptable predictive value for the safety evaluation of compounds after skin exposure, with the great advantage of being constructed using immortalized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP/USP), University of São Paulo/USP - Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Human Toxicology, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - S A C Dreossi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP/USP), University of São Paulo/USP - Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Human Toxicology, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - F R Abe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP/USP), University of São Paulo/USP - Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Human Toxicology, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - S S Maria-Engler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF/USP), University of São Paulo/USP - Skin Biology and Melanoma Group, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - D P Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP/USP), University of São Paulo/USP - Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Human Toxicology, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil.
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Desprez B, Adriaens E, Alépée N. Real world-like simulations show efficient predictive power of in vitro skin corrosion tests used as stand-alone and in combination and how can toxicologists take advantage of them. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 70:105043. [PMID: 33130053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically, performance of in vitro toxicology test methods has been evaluated and considered for regulatory purposes based on sensitivity & specificity values derived from validation studies. Other indicators are however useful to evaluate in vitro tests such as positive & negative predictive values (PPV & NPV), likelihood ratios (LRs) or odds ratio (OR). These indicators, which are routinely used in diagnostic tests, if adapted and adequately applied to in vitro tests would help determine their realistic predictive power in real world-like situation and help risk assessors know how they can rely on in vitro tests used for their safety assessments. This paper performs a series of simulations considering the actual distribution in ECHA C&L inventory of skin corrosive chemicals to calculate several of these indicators of performance (PPV, NPV, LRs, OR). It shows applied examples of predictive power on EpiSkin™ and SkinEthic™ RHE two validated in vitro skin corrosive tests, explains how to build testing strategies based on these examples, compares so called 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' approaches, and demonstrates the number of tests required, and how risk assessors can practically take advantage of this.
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Sanabria-de la Torre R, Fernández-González A, Quiñones-Vico MI, Montero-Vilchez T, Arias-Santiago S. Bioengineered Skin Intended as In Vitro Model for Pharmacosmetics, Skin Disease Study and Environmental Skin Impact Analysis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E464. [PMID: 33142704 PMCID: PMC7694072 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to be an update of Bioengineered Artificial Skin Substitutes (BASS) applications. At the first moment, they were created as an attempt to replace native skin grafts transplantation. Nowadays, these in vitro models have been increasing and widening their application areas, becoming important tools for research. This study is focus on the ability to design in vitro BASS which have been demonstrated to be appropriate to develop new products in the cosmetic and pharmacology industry. Allowing to go deeper into the skin disease research, and to analyze the effects provoked by environmental stressful agents. The importance of BASS to replace animal experimentation is also highlighted. Furthermore, the BASS validation parameters approved by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) are also analyzed. This report presents an overview of the skin models applicable to skin research along with their design methods. Finally, the potential and limitations of the currently available BASS to supply the demands for disease modeling and pharmaceutical screening are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanabria-de la Torre
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-González
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María I. Quiñones-Vico
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero-Vilchez
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Granada University, 18016 Granada, Spain
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12
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Lee HR, Sung JH. Effect of culture condition on cell viability and gel contraction in a skin chip. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Evaluation of phototoxicity of tattoo pigments using the 3 T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test and a 3D human reconstructed skin model. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Development of an in-house reconstructed human epidermis model as an alternative method in skin corrosion assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104779. [PMID: 31962200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Defining the corrosive properties of chemical products generally involves the use of animal models for human health safety assessment. However, a few alternatives to animal experimentation are currently internationally accepted in order to reduce animal suffering. One of these alternatives makes use of in vitro reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models and predicts corrosive potential based on the evaluation of cell viability after topical exposure. These models rely on its similarity to human skin, both functional and histological, and are currently worldwide marketed by a few private companies. In this manuscript, we describe the fundamentals of the production of a Do It Yourself (DIY) RhE model, and the operating procedures for the assessment of skin corrosion based on the guidelines proposed for the development of new alternative methods for skin corrosion. Our results indicate that the DIY-RhE model resembles the anatomy of the normal human epidermis as seen by immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, barrier properties of DIY-RhE were assessed by the measure of Transepithelial Electrical Resistance. Applicability of DIY-RhE for the assessment of skin corrosion was evaluated by measuring cell viability after topical exposure of twelve reference chemicals for 3 and 60 min. Predictive performance resulted in 100% sensitivity, 100% specificity and 100% accuracy matching current requirements for new RhE models proposed for the discrimination of corrosives and non-corrosives.
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Suhail S, Sardashti N, Jaiswal D, Rudraiah S, Misra M, Kumbar SG. Engineered Skin Tissue Equivalents for Product Evaluation and Therapeutic Applications. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900022. [PMID: 30977574 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current status of skin tissue equivalents that have emerged as relevant tools in commercial and therapeutic product development applications is reviewed. Due to the rise of animal welfare concerns, numerous companies have designed skin model alternatives to assess the efficacy of pharmaceutical, skincare, and cosmetic products in an in vitro setting, decreasing the dependency on such methods. Skin models have also made an impact in determining the root causes of skin diseases. When designing a skin model, there are various chemical and physical considerations that need to be considered to produce a biomimetic design. This includes designing a structure that mimics the structural characteristics and mechanical strength needed for tribological property measurement and toxicological testing. Recently, various commercial products have made significant progress towards achieving a native skin alternative. Further research involve the development of a functional bilayered model that mimics the constituent properties of the native epidermis and dermis. In this article, the skin models are divided into three categories: in vitro epidermal skin equivalents, in vitro full-thickness skin equivalents, and clinical skin equivalents. A description of skin model characteristics, testing methods, applications, and potential improvements is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Suhail
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Naseem Sardashti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Devina Jaiswal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Western New England University, 1215 Wilbrahan Road, Springfield, MA, 01119, USA
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, 229 Trumbull St, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA
| | - Manoj Misra
- Unilever R&D, 40 Merritt Blvd, Trumbull, CT, 06611, USA
| | - Sangamesh G Kumbar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Verdin A, Cazier F, Fitoussi R, Blanchet N, Vié K, Courcot D, Momas I, Seta N, Achard S. An in vitro model to evaluate the impact of environmental fine particles (PM0.3-2.5) on skin damage. Toxicol Lett 2019; 305:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Matsuzawa T, Nakano M, Oikawa A, Nakamura Y, Matsue H. Three-Dimensional Epidermal Model from Human Hair Follicle-Derived Keratinocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1993:123-137. [PMID: 31148083 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9473-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) epidermal models reconstructed from human skin-derived keratinocytes have been utilized as an alternative to animal testing and models, not only in toxicology, but also in skin biology. Although there are currently several reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) models commercially available, the donors of the keratinocytes are not identified in these models. A tailor-made system is needed to investigate the individual differences in RHE derived from each donor.It is possible to make an individual RHE using each donor's keratinocytes, which are usually obtained by invasive procedures such as skin excision or biopsy. To overcome this drawback, we established an RHE model using keratinocytes derived from plucked hair follicles as a less invasive procedure under conditions without feeder cells, serum, or matrix proteins. In this chapter, we provide a method of isolation and two-dimensional (2D) culture of keratinocytes derived from adult human plucked hair follicles including the outer root sheath (ORS). We also provide a detailed protocol for establishing an RHE model by culturing the keratinocytes under a 3D culture condition. We believe that our less invasive technique will provide a useful tool for investigating individual RHE in both normal and disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Matsuzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Michiyo Nakano
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayako Oikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Kim S, Choi KH, Yun J. Exploration of alternative test methods to evaluate phototoxicity of ophthalmic agents by using Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea cell lines and 3D human reconstituted cornea models. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196735. [PMID: 29782497 PMCID: PMC5962060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chemicals have been reported to induce phototoxicity. The absorbance of light energy within the sunlight range is a common characteristic of phototoxicity. The 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test (PT) in 3T3 mouse skin fibroblasts has been used to identify the phototoxic potential induced by excited chemicals after exposure to ultra violet (UV). However, as phototoxicity may occur in ocular cells, it is necessary to develop a more suitable test for cornea-derived cells. In this study, we attempted to establish a new in vitro PT method in rabbit corneal cell lines (SIRC). We evaluated five ophthalmic agents, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline, for their cytotoxic potential and in vitro phototoxicity. The results obtained using 3D human corneal models revealed that the UV-induced eye tissue toxicity by the test substances showed good correlation with those obtained using the in vitro phototoxicity test. However, the results from the 3D PT for ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline in the 3D human cornea model were only partially comparable. Therefore, we suggest the SIRC cell line as a new phototoxicity test model; however, a sequential testing strategy, such as 3D PT, was also proposed to obtain relevant information for topical eye agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kim
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong 2-ro, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksandaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Choi
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong 2-ro, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksandaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Alexander FA, Wiest J. Automated transepithelial electrical resistance measurements of the EpiDerm reconstructed human epidermis model. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:469-472. [PMID: 28268373 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7590741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of exogenous substances on human skin is critical for toxicology assessment. To address this, numerous artificial models of the topmost layer of human skin, so-called reconstructed human epidermis (RhE), have been created in an attempt to produce a clear analogue for testing. Unfortunately, current testing modalities still rely on endpoint assays and are not capable of monitoring time-resolved changes in barrier function without using numerous redundant samples. In this work, a novel, time-resolved approach is realized by monitoring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of MatTek EpiDerm® reconstructed human epidermis model, utilizing an automated protocol with the Intelligent Mobile Lab for in vitro diagnostics (IMOLA-IVD).
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Verheyen GR, Braeken E, Van Deun K, Van Miert S. Evaluation of existing (Q)SAR models for skin and eye irritation and corrosion to use for REACH registration. Toxicol Lett 2016; 265:47-52. [PMID: 27865849 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The performance of the (Q)SAR models Derek Nexus, Toxtree and Case Ultra for the prediction of skin and eye irritation/corrosion is investigated. For irritation and corrosion of the skin, 117 compounds and for the eye, 125 compounds were listed. The balance between the groups positive and negative for irritation and corrosion was maintained. The obtained predictions were compared with experimental data and the numbers of true and false positives and negatives were determined. Based on these results several performance parameters of the tested (Q)SAR models were calculated. Despite all the efforts to make good and valid models, the results indicate a poor predictivity of the current models: a lot of compounds were not predicted, were out of the applicability domain or were predicted wrong. Considering our results, it can be concluded that the tested models are not yet sufficiently powerful for implementation. Possibly the training-sets used within the current models are not yet comprehensive enough or the incorporated data are not of enough quality. Although the use of these models as stand-alone evaluation is not recommended, these models can be of value as weight-of-evidence in the context of expert knowledge in an Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert R Verheyen
- RADIUS Group, Thomas More University College, Campus Kempen, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440, Geel, Belgium.
| | - Els Braeken
- RADIUS Group, Thomas More University College, Campus Kempen, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Deun
- RADIUS Group, Thomas More University College, Campus Kempen, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - Sabine Van Miert
- RADIUS Group, Thomas More University College, Campus Kempen, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440, Geel, Belgium
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Planz V, Lehr CM, Windbergs M. In vitro models for evaluating safety and efficacy of novel technologies for skin drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 242:89-104. [PMID: 27612408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For preclinical testing of novel therapeutics, predictive in vitro models of the human skin are required to assess efficacy, absorption and safety. Simple as well as more sophisticated three-dimensional organotypic models of the human skin emerged as versatile and powerful tools simulating healthy as well as diseased skin states. Besides addressing the demands of research and industry, such models serve as valid alternative to animal testing. Recently, the acceptance of several models by regulatory authorities corroborates their role as important building block for preclinical development. However, valid assessment of readout parameters derived from these models requires suitable analytical techniques. Standard analytical methods are mostly destructive and limited regarding in-depth investigation on molecular level. The combination of adequate in vitro models with modern non-invasive analytical modalities bears a great potential to address important skin drug delivery related questions. Topics of interest are for instance the assessment of repeated dosing effects and xenobiotic biotransformation, which cannot be analyzed by destructive techniques. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current in vitro skin models differing in functional complexity and mimicking healthy as well as diseased skin states. Further, benefits and limitations regarding analytical evaluation of efficacy, absorption and safety of novel drug carrier systems applied to such models are discussed along with a prospective view of anticipated future directions. In addition, emerging non-invasive imaging modalities are introduced and their significance and potential to advance current knowledge in the field of skin drug delivery is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Planz
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Spriggs S, Sheffield D, Olayanju A, Kitteringham NR, Naisbitt DJ, Aleksic M. Effect of Repeated Daily Dosing with 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene on Glutathione Biosynthesis and Nrf2 Activation in Reconstructed Human Epidermis. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:5-15. [PMID: 27492222 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays a major role in skin detoxification processes due to its ability to conjugate electrophilic exogenous compounds with, and sometimes without, catalysis by glutathione-s-transferase (GST). GST activity has been demonstrated both in skin and in most in vitro skin equivalents but so far studies have focussed on chemical clearance (conjugate identification and rate of conjugation) and did not consider the GSH lifecycle (conjugation, recycling, synthesis). We used the model skin sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to investigate the effects of chemical exposure on GSH lifecycle in reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). We demonstrated that the RHE model is suitable to carry out repeated cycles of 2-h exposure to DNCB over a 3-day period. After each exposure to DNCB, the level of GSH is diminished in a dose dependent manner. After a 22-h recovery period, GSH is replenished back to initial levels. Accumulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the cytosol also occurs within the 2 h of exposure to DNCB but returns to baseline during each recovery period, demonstrating that activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway offers a rapid response to chemical stress. The amount of dinitrophenyl-glutathione (DNP-SG) formed with DNCB (1) increased between the first and second exposure and (2) reached a plateau between the second and third exposure. Collectively, these data suggest that the metabolic capacity of skin may not be fixed in time but defence mechanisms might be activated in response to exposure to exogenous compounds, resulting in their accelerated clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Spriggs
- *Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK;
| | - David Sheffield
- *Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Adedamola Olayanju
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, the University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, the University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, the University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Maja Aleksic
- *Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
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Morales M, Pérez D, Correa L, Restrepo L. Evaluation of fibrin-based dermal-epidermal organotypic cultures for in vitro skin corrosion and irritation testing of chemicals according to OECD TG 431 and 439. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:89-96. [PMID: 27448499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models have been used for in vitro testing of the potential harmful effects of exposure to chemical compounds on health. In the past, skin irritation and corrosion were evaluated in animal models; however, in recent years, due to the bioethics implications of the method and, to minimize the use of experimental animals, alternative procedures have been proposed. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in its test guidelines (TG) 431 and 439 indicates the requirements for validating new methods for the evaluation of skin corrosion and irritation, respectively. Here, we present an in-house human dermal-epidermal model, useful for the performance of these tests. Using the methods described in this work, it was possible to obtain human fibrin-based dermal-epidermal organotypic skin cultures (ORGs) displaying similar histological characteristics to native skin and expressing specific differentiation epithelial proteins. The end points to classify a substance as irritant or corrosive were cell viability evaluated by MTT assay, and cytokine release measured by BD CBA for human inflammatory cytokines. According to the MTT test, the ORGs correctly classified irritating and corrosive substances. Moreover, the cytokine release assay was difficult to interpret in the context of testing chemical hazard classification. Further experiments are needed to validate this new model for the evaluation of surfactants because the fibrin matrix was affected in the presence of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Morales
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - David Pérez
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Luis Correa
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Luz Restrepo
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia.
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Groeber F, Schober L, Schmid FF, Traube A, Kolbus-Hernandez S, Daton K, Hoffmann S, Petersohn D, Schäfer-Korting M, Walles H, Mewes KR. Catch-up validation study of an in vitro skin irritation test method based on an open source reconstructed epidermis (phase II). Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:254-261. [PMID: 27435616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To replace the Draize skin irritation assay (OECD guideline 404) several test methods based on reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) have been developed and were adopted in the OECD test guideline 439. However, all validated test methods in the guideline are linked to RHE provided by only three companies. Thus, the availability of these test models is dependent on the commercial interest of the producer. To overcome this limitation and thus to increase the accessibility of in vitro skin irritation testing, an open source reconstructed epidermis (OS-REp) was introduced. To demonstrate the capacity of the OS-REp in regulatory risk assessment, a catch-up validation study was performed. The participating laboratories used in-house generated OS-REp to assess the set of 20 reference substances according to the performance standards amending the OECD test guideline 439. Testing was performed under blinded conditions. The within-laboratory reproducibility of 87% and the inter-laboratory reproducibility of 85% prove a high reliability of irritancy testing using the OS-REp protocol. In addition, the prediction capacity was with an accuracy of 80% comparable to previous published RHE based test protocols. Taken together the results indicate that the OS-REp test method can be used as a standalone alternative skin irritation test replacing the OECD test guideline 404.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Groeber
- Fraunhofer Institute of Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - L Schober
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - F F Schmid
- Fraunhofer Institute of Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - A Traube
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - S Kolbus-Hernandez
- Fraunhofer Institute of Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - K Daton
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - S Hoffmann
- Seh consulting + services, Paderborn, Germany.
| | | | - M Schäfer-Korting
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - H Walles
- Fraunhofer Institute of Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany; Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - K R Mewes
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Schmid FF, Schwarz T, Klos M, Schuberthan W, Walles H, Hansmann J, Groeber FK. Applicability of a Dual-Arm Robotic System for Automated Downstream Analysis of Epidermal Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Freia F. Schmid
- Fraunhofer Unit “Regenerative Therapies,” Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Fraunhofer Unit “Regenerative Therapies,” Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Heike Walles
- Fraunhofer Unit “Regenerative Therapies,” Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Fraunhofer Unit “Regenerative Therapies,” Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian K. Groeber
- Fraunhofer Unit “Regenerative Therapies,” Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Würzburg, Germany
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Alépée N, Hibatallah J, Klaric M, Mewes K, Pfannenbecker U, McNamee P. Assessment of cosmetic ingredients in the in vitro reconstructed human epidermis test method EpiSkin™ using HPLC/UPLC-spectrophotometry in the MTT-reduction assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 33:105-17. [PMID: 26891813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Danilenko DM, Phillips GDL, Diaz D. In Vitro Skin Models and Their Predictability in Defining Normal and Disease Biology, Pharmacology, and Toxicity. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:555-63. [PMID: 26940714 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316632074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vitro skin model systems are increasingly being used both in the early evaluation of therapeutic drug candidates and in confirmatory mechanistic studies. The most commonly used of these in vitro model systems are reconstituted human epidermis (RHE) models. These RHE models consist solely of epidermal keratinocytes, which comes with some limitations but also with the advantage of focusing toxicologic and pharmacologic evaluation on keratinocytes alone. RHE models can generally be implemented more quickly, easily, and reproducibly than in vivo models and can thus be used for high throughput compound screening while potentially reducing the need for animal studies. Histologic evaluation of RHE sections can be done quite easily, and the sections are very amenable to quantification via image analysis, including automated analysis. RHE model systems can provide very valuable early indications of therapeutic candidate biology, pharmacology, and toxicity; and early results have demonstrated that RHE models have been quite predictive for in vivo pharmacologic and toxicologic effects on the skin, including clinical skin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry M Danilenko
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gail D Lewis Phillips
- Department of Research Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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28
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Desprez B, Barroso J, Griesinger C, Kandárová H, Alépée N, Fuchs HW. Two novel prediction models improve predictions of skin corrosive sub-categories by test methods of OECD Test Guideline No. 431. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:2055-80. [PMID: 26320836 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alépée N, Grandidier MH, Tornier C, Cotovio J. An integrated testing strategy for in vitro skin corrosion and irritation assessment using SkinEthic™ Reconstructed Human Epidermis. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1779-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Bojar
- SSTBA Ltd., Thirsk, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Innovenn Ltd., York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Alépée N, Barroso J, De Smedt A, De Wever B, Hibatallah J, Klaric M, Mewes K, Millet M, Pfannenbecker U, Tailhardat M, Templier M, McNamee P. Use of HPLC/UPLC-spectrophotometry for detection of formazan in in vitro Reconstructed human Tissue (RhT)-based test methods employing the MTT-reduction assay to expand their applicability to strongly coloured test chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:741-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Groeber F, Engelhardt L, Egger S, Werthmann H, Monaghan M, Walles H, Hansmann J. Impedance spectroscopy for the non-destructive evaluation of in vitro epidermal models. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1845-54. [PMID: 25467957 PMCID: PMC4381093 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) is standardly used for the risk assessment of chemical compounds. However, analysis is dependent on invasive methods such as histological processing or 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining. Methods As an alternative, we have developed a non-destructive technology to analyze the integrity of epidermal equivalents based on impedance spectroscopy. RHEs were generated and impedance spectra were recorded. from these spectra, we extrapolated electrical characteristics such as the capacitance and the ohmic resistance. Furthermore, the measurable electrical parameters were used to quantify the effects of mechanical and chemical disruption of the epidermal integrity. Results A fully matured RHE exhibits typical impedance spectra in a frequency ranging between 1 Hz and 100 kHz, which is comparable to the spectra of freshly isolated human epidermal biopsies. We could show that, during RHE maturation, these characteristics change significantly. Thus, capacitance and ohmic resistance can be employed as a criterion for the quality control of skin equivalents. Additionally, our application of impedance spectroscopy reveals sufficient sensitivity to detect a transient decreased ohmic resistance caused by 2-propanol, which is classified as a non-irritant by MTT assays. Conclusion These results indicate that impedance spectroscopy can be employed as a non-destructive complementary method to assess mild irritative effects, which is currently not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Groeber
- Project Group Regenerative Technologies in Oncology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Roentgenring 11, Wuerzburg, 97070, Germany
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Heuer K, Hoffmanns MA, Demir E, Baldus S, Volkmar CM, Röhle M, Fuchs PC, Awakowicz P, Suschek CV, Opländer C. The topical use of non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD): nitric oxide related effects on human skin. Nitric Oxide 2014; 44:52-60. [PMID: 25435001 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) devices generate air plasma above the skin containing active and reactive species including nitric oxide (NO). Since NO plays an essential role in skin physiology, a topical application of NO by plasma may be useful in the treatment of skin infections, impaired microcirculation and wound healing. Thus, after safety assessments of plasma treatment using human skin specimen and substitutes, NO-penetration through the epidermis, the loading of skin tissue with NO-derivates in vitro and the effects on human skin in vivo were determined. After the plasma treatment (0-60 min) of skin specimen or reconstructed epidermis no damaging effects were found (TUNEL/MTT). By Franz diffusion cell experiments plasma-induced NO penetration through epidermis and dermal enrichment with NO related species (nitrite 6-fold, nitrate 7-fold, nitrosothiols 30-fold) were observed. Furthermore, skin surface was acidified (~pH 2.7) by plasma treatment (90 s). Plasma application on the forearms of volunteers increased microcirculation fourfold in 1-2 mm and twofold in 6-8 mm depth in the treated skin areas. Regarding the NO-loading effects, skin acidification and increase in dermal microcirculation, plasma devices represent promising tools against chronic/infected wounds. However, efficacy of plasma treatment needs to be quantified in further studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Heuer
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin A Hoffmanns
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erhan Demir
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Merheim Hospital Cologne, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany
| | - Sabrina Baldus
- Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christine M Volkmar
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirco Röhle
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul C Fuchs
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Merheim Hospital Cologne, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany
| | - Peter Awakowicz
- Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph V Suschek
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Opländer
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.
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van Drongelen V, Danso MO, Mulder A, Mieremet A, van Smeden J, Bouwstra JA, El Ghalbzouri A. Barrier properties of an N/TERT-based human skin equivalent. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:3041-9. [PMID: 24819925 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) can be considered a valuable tool to study aspects of human skin, including the skin barrier, or to perform chemical or toxicological screenings. HSEs are three-dimensional skin models that are usually established using primary keratinocytes and closely mimic human skin. The use of primary keratinocytes has several drawbacks, including a limited in vitro life span and large donor-donor variation. This makes them less favorable for in vitro toxicity screenings. Usage of an established keratinocyte cell line circumvents these drawbacks and enables the generation of easy-to-generate and reproducible HSEs, which can be used for pharmacological and/or toxicological screenings. For such screenings, a proper barrier function is required. In this study, we investigated the barrier properties of HSEs established with the keratinocyte cell line N/TERT (N-HSEs). N-HSEs showed comparable tissue morphology and expression of several epidermal proteins compared with HSEs established with primary keratinocytes. Our results clearly demonstrate that N-HSEs not only contain several stratum corneum (SC) barrier properties similar to HSEs, including the presence of the long periodicity phase and a comparable SC permeability, but also show some differences in lipid composition. Nonetheless, the similarities in barrier properties makes N/TERT cells a promising alternative for primary keratinocytes to generate HSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent van Drongelen
- 1 Gorlaeus Laboratories, Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academy Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
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Choi J, Kim H, Choi J, Oh SM, Park J, Park K. Skin corrosion and irritation test of sunscreen nanoparticles using reconstructed 3D human skin model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:e2014004. [PMID: 25116366 PMCID: PMC4152941 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2014.29.e2014004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Effects of nanoparticles including zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles, and their mixtures on skin corrosion and irritation were investigated by using in vitro 3D human skin models (KeraSkin ((TM)) ) and the results were compared to those of an in vivo animal test. METHODS Skin models were incubated with nanoparticles for a definite time period and cell viability was measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Skin corrosion and irritation were identified by the decreased viability based on the pre-determined threshold. RESULTS Cell viability after exposure to nanomaterial was not decreased to the pre-determined threshold level, which was 15% after 60 minutes exposure in corrosion test and 50% after 45 minutes exposure in the irritation test. IL-1α release and histopathological findings support the results of cell viability test. In vivo test using rabbits also showed non-corrosive and non-irritant results. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide the evidence that zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles and their mixture are 'non corrosive' and 'non-irritant' to the human skin by a globally harmonized classification system. In vivo test using animals can be replaced by an alternative in vitro test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghye Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Oh
- Fusion Technology Laboratory, Hoseo University, Asan, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Alépée N, Robert C, Tornier C, Cotovio J. The usefulness of the validated SkinEthic™ RHE test method to identify skin corrosive UN GHS subcategories. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:616-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Reus AA, Reisinger K, Downs TR, Carr GJ, Zeller A, Corvi R, Krul CAM, Pfuhler S. Comet assay in reconstructed 3D human epidermal skin models--investigation of intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility with coded chemicals. Mutagenesis 2014; 28:709-20. [PMID: 24150594 PMCID: PMC4023299 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructed 3D human epidermal skin models are being used increasingly for safety testing of chemicals. Based on EpiDerm™ tissues, an assay was developed in which the tissues were topically exposed to test chemicals for 3h followed by cell isolation and assessment of DNA damage using the comet assay. Inter-laboratory reproducibility of the 3D skin comet assay was initially demonstrated using two model genotoxic carcinogens, methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide, and the results showed good concordance among three different laboratories and with in vivo data. In Phase 2 of the project, intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility was investigated with five coded compounds with different genotoxicity liability tested at three different laboratories. For the genotoxic carcinogens MMS and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, all laboratories reported a dose-related and statistically significant increase (P < 0.05) in DNA damage in every experiment. For the genotoxic carcinogen, 2,4-diaminotoluene, the overall result from all laboratories showed a smaller, but significant genotoxic response (P < 0.05). For cyclohexanone (CHN) (non-genotoxic in vitro and in vivo, and non-carcinogenic), an increase compared to the solvent control acetone was observed only in one laboratory. However, the response was not dose related and CHN was judged negative overall, as was p-nitrophenol (p-NP) (genotoxic in vitro but not in vivo and non-carcinogenic), which was the only compound showing clear cytotoxic effects. For p-NP, significant DNA damage generally occurred only at doses that were substantially cytotoxic (>30% cell loss), and the overall response was comparable in all laboratories despite some differences in doses tested. The results of the collaborative study for the coded compounds were generally reproducible among the laboratories involved and intra-laboratory reproducibility was also good. These data indicate that the comet assay in EpiDerm™ skin models is a promising model for the safety assessment of compounds with a dermal route of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid A Reus
- TNO Triskelion, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
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Roth A, Singer T. The application of 3D cell models to support drug safety assessment: opportunities & challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:179-89. [PMID: 24378580 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The selection of drug candidates early in development has become increasingly important to minimize the use of animals and to avoid costly failures of drugs later in development. In vitro systems to predict and assess organ toxicity have so far been of limited value due to difficulties in demonstrating in vivo-relevant toxicity at a cell culture level. To overcome the limitations of single-cell type monolayer cultures and short-lived primary cell preparations, researchers have created novel 3-dimensional culture systems which appear to more closely resemble in vivo biology. These could become a key for the pharmaceutical industry in the evaluation of drug candidates. However, the value and acceptance of those new models in standard drug safety applications have yet to be demonstrated. This review aims to provide an overview of the different approaches undertaken in the field of pre-clinical safety assessment, organ toxicity, in particular, with an emphasis on examples and technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Roth
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Sub-categorisation of skin corrosive chemicals by the EpiSkin™ reconstructed human epidermis skin corrosion test method according to UN GHS: Revision of OECD Test Guideline 431. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:131-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Devappa RK, Roach JS, Makkar HPS, Becker K. Occular and dermal toxicity of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 94:172-178. [PMID: 23706600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas seeds are a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. However, Jatropha seed oil and other plant parts are toxic due to the presence of phorbol esters (PEs). The ever-increasing cultivation of toxic genotype of J. curcas runs the risk of increased human exposure to Jatropha products. In the present study, effects of J. curcas oil (from both toxic and nontoxic genotypes), purified PEs-rich extract and purified PEs (factors C1, C2, C(3mixture), (C4+C5)) on reconstituted human epithelium (RHE) and human corneal epithelium (HCE) were evaluated in vitro. The PEs were purified from toxic Jatropha oil. In both RHE and HCE, the topical application of PEs containing samples produced severe cellular alterations such as marked oedema, presence of less viable cell layers, necrosis and/or partial tissue disintegration in epithelium and increased inflammatory response (interleukin-1α and prostaglandin E2). When compared to toxic oil, histological alterations and inflammatory response were less evident (P<0.05) in nontoxic oil indicating the severity of toxicity was due to PEs. Conclusively, topical applications of Jatropha PEs are toxic towards RHE and HCE models, which represents dermal and occular toxicity respectively. Data obtained from this study would aid in the development of safety procedures for Jatropha biodiesel industries. It is advised to use protective gloves and glasses when handling PEs containing Jatropha products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshit K Devappa
- Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
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Müller G, Langer J, Siebert J, Kramer A. Residual antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine digluconate and octenidine dihydrochloride on reconstructed human epidermis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 27:1-8. [PMID: 23887383 DOI: 10.1159/000350172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to examine the residual antimicrobial activity after a topical exposure of reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) to equimolar solutions of either chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG, 0.144% w/v) or octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT, 0.1% w/v) for 15 min. RHE-associated antiseptic agents were more effective on Staphylococcus aureus than on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. S. aureus was not detected after 24 h of contact, which demonstrated a microbicidal efficacy of greater than 5-log10 reduction. In contrast, P. aeruginosa was reduced by approximately 2 log10 at the same incubation time, which parallels the growth of the initial inoculum. This result could be interpreted either as a microbiostatic effect or as an adherence of P. aeruginosa to a low positively charged surface. Small amounts of CHG and OCT can penetrate the stratum corneum. Using these antiseptic agents, the viability of keratinocytes was reduced to 65-75% of that of the untreated RHE control following 24 h incubation in the presence of test microorganisms. With consideration of antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effect, OCT corresponds better to a biocompatible antiseptic agent than CHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Müller
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany
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Bätz FM, Klipper W, Korting HC, Henkler F, Landsiedel R, Luch A, von Fritschen U, Weindl G, Schäfer-Korting M. Esterase activity in excised and reconstructed human skin – Biotransformation of prednicarbate and the model dye fluorescein diacetate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Groeber F, Kahlig A, Loff S, Walles H, Hansmann J. A bioreactor system for interfacial culture and physiological perfusion of vascularized tissue equivalents. Biotechnol J 2012; 8:308-16. [PMID: 23047238 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A pivotal requirement for the generation of vascularized tissue equivalents is the development of culture systems that provide a physiological perfusion of the vasculature and tissue-specific culture conditions. Here, we present a bioreactor system that is suitable to culture vascularized tissue equivalents covered with culture media and at the air-medium interface, which is a vital stimulus for skin tissue. For the perfusion of the vascular system a new method was integrated into the bioreactor system that creates a physiological pulsatile medium flow between 80 and 120 mmHg to the arterial inflow of the equivalent's vascular system. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (hDMECs) were injected into the vascular system of a biological vascularized scaffold based on a decellularized porcine jejunal segment and cultured in the bioreactor system for 14 days. Histological analysis and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining revealed that the hDMECs were able to recolonize the perfused vascular structures and expressed endothelial cell specific markers such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule and von Willebrand factor. These results indicate that our bioreactor system can serve as a platform technology to generate advanced bioartificial tissues with a functional vasculature for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Groeber
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering (IGVT), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Jäckh C, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Relevance of xenobiotic enzymes in human skin in vitro models to activate pro-sensitizers. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:426-38. [PMID: 22471730 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.664578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin exposure to sensitizing chemicals can induce allergic reactions. Certain chemicals, so called pro-sensitizers, need metabolic activation to become allergenic. Their metabolic activation occurs in skin cells such as keratinocytes or dendritic cells. These cell types are also incorporated into dermal in vitro test systems used to assess the sensitizing potential of chemicals for humans. In vitrosystems range from single cell cultures to organotypic multi-cellular reconstructed skin models. Until now, their metabolic competence to unmask sensitizing potential of pro-sensitizers was rarely investigated. This review aims to summarize current information on available skin in vitro models and the relevance of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes for the activation of pro-sensitizers such as eugenol, 4-allylanisole, and ethylendiamine. Among others, these chemicals are discussed as performance standards to validate new coming in vitro systems for their potential to identify pro-sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Jäckh
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made over the years in the development of in vitro-engineered substitutes that mimic human skin, either to be used as grafts for the replacement of lost skin or for the establishment of human-based in vitro skin models. This review summarizes these advances in in vivo and in vitro applications of tissue-engineered skin. We further highlight novel efforts in the design of complex disease-in-a-dish models for studies ranging from disease etiology to drug development and screening.
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Andres E, Molinari J, Remoué N, Sá-Rocha V, Barrichello C, Hurtado S. Successful micronucleus testing with the EPI/001 3D reconstructed epidermis model: Preliminary findings. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 743:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Eskes C, Detappe V, Koëter H, Kreysa J, Liebsch M, Zuang V, Amcoff P, Barroso J, Cotovio J, Guest R, Hermann M, Hoffmann S, Masson P, Alépée N, Arce LA, Brüschweiler B, Catone T, Cihak R, Clouzeau J, D’Abrosca F, Delveaux C, Derouette JP, Engelking O, Facchini D, Fröhlicher M, Hofmann M, Hopf N, Molinari J, Oberli A, Ott M, Peter R, Sá-Rocha VM, Schenk D, Tomicic C, Vanparys P, Verdon B, Wallenhorst T, Winkler GC, Depallens O. Regulatory assessment of in vitro skin corrosion and irritation data within the European framework: Workshop recommendations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 62:393-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liebsch M, Grune B, Seiler A, Butzke D, Oelgeschläger M, Pirow R, Adler S, Riebeling C, Luch A. Alternatives to animal testing: current status and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:841-58. [PMID: 21607681 PMCID: PMC3149673 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), an international symposium was held at the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin. At the same time, this symposium was meant to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of the book “The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique” by Russell and Burch in 1959 in which the 3Rs principle (that is, Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) has been coined and introduced to foster the development of alternative methods to animal testing. Another topic addressed by the symposium was the new vision on “Toxicology in the twenty-first Century”, as proposed by the US-National Research Council, which aims at using human cells and tissues for toxicity testing in vitro rather than live animals. An overview of the achievements and current tasks, as well as a vision of the future to be addressed by ZEBET@BfR in the years to come is outlined in the present paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Liebsch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Grune
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Seiler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Butzke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Adler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Riebeling
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Skin tissue engineering--in vivo and in vitro applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:352-66. [PMID: 21241756 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made over the years in the development of in vitro-engineered substitutes that mimic human skin, either to be used as grafts for the replacement of lost skin or for the establishment of human-based in vitro skin models. This review summarizes these advances in in vivo and in vitro applications of tissue-engineered skin. We further highlight novel efforts in the design of complex disease-in-a-dish models for studies ranging from disease etiology to drug development and screening.
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Van Gele M, Geusens B, Brochez L, Speeckaert R, Lambert J. Three-dimensional skin models as tools for transdermal drug delivery: challenges and limitations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:705-20. [PMID: 21446890 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.568937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transdermal drug delivery has several known advantages over the oral route and hypodermic injections. The number of drugs that can be taken up transdermally is, however, limited owing to the innate barrier function of the skin. New transdermal drug candidates need to be tested extensively before being used on humans. In this regard, in vitro permeation methods are highly important to predict in vivo permeation of drugs. AREAS COVERED This review illustrates how different types of reconstructed skin models are being used as alternatives to human and pig skin for in vitro permeation testing of drugs. Insights into how various factors (including the physicochemical nature of molecules and formulations) or skin properties might affect the permeability of drugs in reconstructed skin models are provided. Also, opportunities and pitfalls of reconstructed skin models are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Many studies have revealed that the permeability of reconstructed skin models is much higher compared with human excised skin. This is in accordance with the incomplete barrier found in these models. Nevertheless, the reconstructed skin models available today are useful tools for estimating the rank order of percutaneous absorption of a series of compounds with different physicochemical properties. A major challenge in the further development of reconstructed skin models for drug delivery studies is to obtain a barrier function similar to in vivo skin. Whether this goal will be achieved in the near future is uncertain and will be, in the authors' opinion, a very difficult task.
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