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Reisinger K, Fieblinger D, Heppenheimer A, Kreutz J, Liebsch M, Luch A, Maul K, Poth A, Strauch P, Dony E, Schulz M, Wolf T, Pirow R. The hen's egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN): validation data set. Mutagenesis 2022; 37:61-75. [PMID: 34080017 PMCID: PMC9071061 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical in vitro genotoxicity test battery is known to be sensitive for indicating genotoxicity. However, a high rate of 'misleading positives' was reported when three assays were combined as required by several legislations. Despite the recent optimisations of the standard in vitro tests, two gaps could hardly be addressed with assays based on 2D monolayer cell cultures: the route of exposure and a relevant intrinsic metabolic capacity to transform pro-mutagens into reactive metabolites. Following these considerations, fertilised chicken eggs have been introduced into genotoxicity testing and were combined with a classical read-out parameter, the micronucleus frequency in circulating erythrocytes, to develop the hen's egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN). As a major advantage, the test mirrors the systemic availability of compounds after oral exposure by reflecting certain steps of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (ADME) without being considered as an animal experiment. The assay is supposed to add to a toolbox of assays to follow up on positive findings from initial testing with classical in vitro assays. We here report on a validation exercise, in which >30 chemicals were tested double-blinded in three laboratories. The specificity and sensitivity of the HET-MN were calculated to be 98 and 84%, respectively, corresponding to an overall accuracy of 91%. A detailed protocol, which includes a picture atlas detailing the cell and micronuclei analysis, is published in parallel (Maul et al. Validation of the hen's egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN): detailed protocol including scoring atlas, historical control data and statistical analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dagmar Fieblinger
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Manfred Liebsch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Maul
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Albrecht Poth
- ICCR-Roßdorf GmbH (formerly Harlan CCR GmbH), Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Pamela Strauch
- ICCR-Roßdorf GmbH (formerly Harlan CCR GmbH), Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Eva Dony
- ICCR-Roßdorf GmbH (formerly Harlan CCR GmbH), Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Markus Schulz
- ICCR-Roßdorf GmbH (formerly Harlan CCR GmbH), Rossdorf, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Pirow
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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2
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Maul K, Fieblinger D, Heppenheimer A, Kreutz J, Liebsch M, Luch A, Pirow R, Poth A, Strauch P, Dony E, Schulz M, Wolf T, Reisinger K. Validation of the hen's egg test for micronucleus induction (HETMN): Detailed protocol including scoring atlas, historical control data and statistical analysis. Mutagenesis 2021; 37:76-88. [PMID: 34313790 PMCID: PMC9071076 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A validation exercise of the hen's egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN) was finalised with a very good predictivity based on the analysis of micronuclei in peripheral erythrocytes of fertilised chicken eggs [1]. For transparency reasons this complementary publication provides further details on the assay especially as this was the first validation study in the field of genotoxicity testing involving the use of chicken eggs. Thus, the experimental protocol is described in detail and is complemented by a scoring atlas for microscopic analysis of blood cells. In addition, general characteristics of the test system, which is able to mirror the systemic availability of test compounds, are delineated: the test compound passes the egg membrane and is taken up by the blood vessels of the underlying chorioallantoic membrane. Subsequently, it is distributed by the circulating blood, metabolised by the developing liver and the yolk sac membrane, and finally excreted into the allantois, a bladder equivalent. In specific, the suitability of the test system for genotoxicity testing is shown by, inter alia, a low background DNA damage in a comprehensive historical control database. In addition, the state-of-the-art statistical method used to evaluate obtained data is delineated. It combines laboratory-specific effect threshold with the Umbrella-Williams test a statistical model also of interest for other genotoxicity test methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maul
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Fieblinger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Heppenheimer
- ICCR-Roßdorf GmbH (former: Harlan Cytotest Cell Research, Envigo CRS), Roßdorf, Germany
| | - J Kreutz
- Henkel AG & Co KGaA, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - M Liebsch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Poth
- ICCR-Roßdorf GmbH (former: Harlan Cytotest Cell Research, Envigo CRS), Roßdorf, Germany
| | - P Strauch
- ICCR-Roßdorf GmbH (former: Harlan Cytotest Cell Research, Envigo CRS), Roßdorf, Germany
| | - E Dony
- ICCR-Roßdorf GmbH (former: Harlan Cytotest Cell Research, Envigo CRS), Roßdorf, Germany
| | - M Schulz
- ICCR-Roßdorf GmbH (former: Harlan Cytotest Cell Research, Envigo CRS), Roßdorf, Germany
| | - T Wolf
- University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
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Spielmann H, Liebsch M, Kalweit S, Moldenhauer F, Wirnsberger T, Holzhütter HG, Schneider B, Glaser S, Gerner I, Pape WJ, Kreiling R, Krauser K, Miltenburger HG, Steiling W, Luepke NP, Müller N, Kreuzer H, Mürmann P, Spengler J, Bertram-Neis E, Siegemund B, Wiebel FJ. Results of a Validation Study in Germany on Two in Vitro Alternatives to the Draize Eye Irritation Test, the HET-CAM Test and the 3T3 NRU Cytotoxicity Test. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299602400511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
During 1988–1992, a validation study was carried out in Germany on the capacity of two in vitro tests to replace the Draize eye test for severely eye irritating chemicals, namely, the hen's egg chorio-allantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test and the 3T3 cell neutral red uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity test, which had shown promising results in an earlier test development project. The formal validation study, which was coordinated by Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET) and funded by the German Department of Research and Technology (BMBF), was conducted in two phases: Phase I consisted of a prevalidation study and a blind trial (1988–1990); and Phase II was the database development phase (1991/1992). During prevalidation, the two in vitro tests were established in 13 laboratories, standard protocols were developed, including PC-based software programs for data recording, and 34 chemicals backed by high quality literature data were selected for the ring trial. In the 1-year ring trial, the two in vitro tests were validated with 34 coded chemicals under blind conditions in 13 laboratories, to evaluate the reproducibility of the two tests within and among laboratories. In the blind trial, the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test showed a better reproducibility than the HET-CAM test, but compared to the cytotoxicity test, the HET-CAM test permitted a significantly better classification of severely eye irritating chemicals, which are labelled R41 according to EU regulations. Since it was recommended in 1990 by the first Amden validation workshop that a database of around 200 chemicals is required for the assessment of test performance to reach regulatory acceptance at the international level, a 2-year database development was conducted as Phase II, during which 166 coded chemicals were tested in the two in vitro tests, each of them in two laboratories. Test chemicals backed by high-quality Draize eye test data were provided by industry and selected to represent a wide spectrum of chemical classes and eye irritation properties. Independent quality control of in vitro and in vivo data and biostatistical evaluation were performed during an additional BMBF project on biostatistics. In the quality assurance step, which is an essential prerequisite for biostatistics, the number of chemicals was reduced to 143, and these data were entered into an MS-EXCEL database to facilitate determination of in vitro/in vivo correlations. Unexpectedly, the evaluation of the study had to take into account a change of criteria within the EU for classifying severely eye irritating chemicals as R41, since irreversible damage within a 21-day observation period was introduced as a new criterion for R41 chemicals. The results of the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test showed an insufficient in vitro/in vivo correlation for classifying R41 chemicals. Classification of HET-CAM data was also insufficient in the Bundesgesundhütsamt (BGA) scoring system, which uses an empirically developed weighted scoring of the three endpoints, namely, haemorrhage, lysis and coagulation. Discriminant analysis of ten endpoints routinely determined in the HET-CAM test and in the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test revealed that the detection time of coagulation, the most severe reaction on the CAM, was significantly better suited to identifying severely eye irritating properties than any other endpoint, and better than the BGA score for the HET-CAM test. For water-soluble chemicals (mean time for detection of coagulation [mtc]10), the detection time for coagulation of a 10% solution had the highest discriminant power, and for less water-soluble chemicals (mtc100), the detection time of coagulation of the undiluted chemical was more appropriate. Discriminant analysis of the combination of mtc10 and mtc100 with other endpoints of the two in vitro tests revealed that classification of water-soluble chemicals is significantly improved by combining mtc10 and lgfg50m (logarithm of IC50 value calculated with the Fit-Graph program), the endpoint of the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test. Further analysis of data from Phase I and Phase II of the study demonstrated that chemicals characterised by an mtc10 of < 50 seconds can be labelled R41 without any false positive classifications. By using this cut-off point, around 25% of R41 chemicals can be classified without further testing in vitro or in vivo. Classification was further improved when solubility in water and oil was taken into account. The best classification of water-soluble R41 chemicals (> 10%) was obtained when the mtc10 of the HET-CAM test and the lgfg50m of the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test were combined. For chemicals soluble in oil (> 10%) and for insoluble chemicals, the mtc100 provided the best classification. The in vitro classification results were confirmed by cross-validation. These promising results allowed a sequential approach to be developed for classifying severely eye irritating chemicals as R41 according to EU regulations by combining the HET-CAM test and the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test results. The present study suggests that severely eye irritating chemicals can be classified as R41 with a sufficiently high level of confidence with the two in vitro tests, since the percentage of false positive and false negative results are kept within an acceptably low range. Thus, the combined use of the HET-CAM test and the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test meets the requirements for “well-validated” tests, as defined in the escape clause of OECD Guideline 405 for eye irritation testing.
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Curren RD, Southee JA, Spielmann H, Liebsch M, Fentem JH, Balls M. The Role of Prevalidation in the Development, Validation and Acceptance of Alternative Methods. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299502300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Experience has shown that the outcome of large and expensive validation studies on alternative methods can be compromised if their managers do not insist that optimised test protocols and proof of their performance are submitted before the start of the formal validation study. One way for the sponsors of validation studies to confirm both the likely relevance of a method for its stated purpose and its readiness for validation would be to require a prevalidation study before formal validation was contemplated. This process would involve the developers (or other proponents of the method) and selected independent laboratories in protocol refinement (Phase I) and protocol transfer (Phase II). The optimised protocol would then be assessed in a protocol performance phase (Phase III), which would involve the testing of a relevant set of coded test materials and an evaluation of a proposed prediction model. In certain circumstances, a successful outcome of Phase III might be sufficient for promotion of the regulatory acceptance of the method. Normally, however, the method would proceed to a formal validation study. The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, a recognised validation authority, now proposes to introduce this prevalidation scheme into its validation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger D. Curren
- Microbiological Associates, Inc., 9900 Blackwell Road, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jacqueline A. Southee
- Microbiological Associates Ltd, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Horst Spielmann
- ZEBET, Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (BgVV), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Liebsch
- ZEBET, Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (BgVV), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Balls
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
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5
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Seibert H, Balls M, Fentem JH, Bianchi V, Clothier RH, Dierickx PJ, Ekwall B, Garle MJ, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Gribaldo L, Gulden M, Liebsch M, Rasmussen E, Roguet R, Shrivastava R, Walum E. Acute Toxicity Testing in Vitro and the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299602400409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasso Seibert
- Institut für Toxikologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Weimarer Str. 8 Haus 3, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Balls
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
| | | | - Vera Bianchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Trieste 75, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Richard H. Clothier
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Paul J. Dierickx
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Björn Ekwall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Toxicology, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J. Garle
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Maria José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatologia Experimental, Centro de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda de Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Gribaldo
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
| | - Michael Gulden
- Institut für Toxikologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Weimarer Str. 8 Haus 3, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred Liebsch
- ZEBET, Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (BgVV), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Rasmussen
- Institute of Toxicology, Danish National Food Agency, 19 Morkhøj Bygade, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Roland Roguet
- Central Department of Product Safety, Recherche Avancée, L'Oréal, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Ravi Shrivastava
- VITRO-BIO, Biopôle, Clermont-Limagne, 63360 Saint Beauzire, France
| | - Erik Walum
- Pharmacia AB, Biopharmaceuticals, 112 87 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Botham PA, Chamberlain M, Barratt MD, Curren RD, Esdaile DJ, Gardner JR, Gordon VC, Hildebrand B, Lewis RW, Liebsch M, Logemann P, Osborne R, Ponec M, Régnier JF, Steiling W, Walker AP, Balls M. A Prevalidation Study on In Vitro Skin Corrosivity Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299502300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Botham
- ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - Mark Chamberlain
- Environmental Safety Laboratory, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Martin D. Barratt
- Environmental Safety Laboratory, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Rodger D. Curren
- Microbiological Associates Inc., 9900 Blackwell Road, Rockville, MD 20878, USA
| | - David J. Esdaile
- Rhône-Poulenc Secteur Agro, 355 Rue Dostoievski, BP 153, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - John R. Gardner
- Hazleton Europe, Otley Road, Harrogate, N. Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK
| | | | | | - Richard W. Lewis
- ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - Manfred Liebsch
- ZEBET, Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (BgVV), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pamela Logemann
- Tissue Sciences, 10933 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037-1005, USA
| | - Rosemarie Osborne
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, OH 45253-8707, USA
| | - Maria Ponec
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Arthur P. Walker
- Apojay Consultancy, 6 Cragside, Whitley Bay, Tyne & Wear NE26 3DU, UK
| | - Michael Balls
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
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7
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Worth AP, Fentem JH, Balls M, Botham PA, Curren RD, Earl LK, Esdaile DJ, Liebsch M. An Evaluation of the Proposed OECD Testing Strategy for Skin Corrosion. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299802600512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of testing strategies which incorporate a range of alternative methods and which use animals only as a last resort is widely considered to provide a reliable way of predicting chemical toxicity while minimising animal testing. The widespread concern over the severity of the Draize rabbit test for assessing skin irritation and corrosion led to the proposal of a stepwise testing strategy at an OECD workshop in January 1996. Subsequently, the proposed testing strategy was adopted, with minor modifications, by the OECD Advisory Group on Harmonization of Classification and Labelling. This article reports an evaluation of the proposed OECD testing strategy as it relates to the classification of skin corrosives. By using a set of 60 chemicals, an assessment was made of the effect of applying three steps in the strategy, taken both individually and in sequence. The results indicate that chemicals can be classified as corrosive (C) or non-corrosive (NC) with sufficient reliability by the sequential application of three alternative methods, i.e., structure-activity relationships (where available), pH measurements, and a single in vitro method (either the rat skin transcutaneous electrical resistance (TER) assay or the EPISKIN™ assay). It is concluded that the proposed OECD strategy for skin corrosion can be simplified without compromising its predictivity. For example, it does not appear necessary to measure acid/alkali reserve (buffering capacity) in addition to pH for the classification of pure chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Balls
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Philip A. Botham
- Central Toxicology Laboratory, ZENECA, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - Rodger D. Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Lesley K. Earl
- SEAC Toxicology Unit, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - David J. Esdaile
- Rhône-Poulenc Agro, 355 rue Dostoievski, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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Spielmann H, Balls M, Dupuis J, Pape WJW, de Silva O, Holzhütter HG, Gerberick F, Liebsch M, Lovell WW, Pfannenbecker U. A Study on UV Filter Chemicals from Annex VII of European Union Directive 76/768/EEC, in the In Vitro 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299802600511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1996, the Scientific Committee on Cosmetology of DGXXIV of the European Commission asked the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods to test eight UV filter chemicals from the 1995 edition of Annex VII of Directive 76/768/EEC in a blind trial in the in vitro 3T3 cell neutral red uptake phototoxicity (3T3 NRU PT) test, which had been scientifically validated between 1992 and 1996. Since all the UV filter chemicals on the positive list of EU Directive 76/768/EEC have been shown not to be phototoxic in vivo in humans under use conditions, only negative effects would be expected in the 3T3 NRU PT test. To balance the number of positive and negative chemicals, ten phototoxic and ten non-phototoxic chemicals were tested under blind conditions in four laboratories. Moreover, to assess the optimum concentration range for testing, information was provided on appropriate solvents and on the solubility of the coded chemicals. In this study, the phototoxic potential of test chemicals was evaluated in a prediction model in which either the Photoirritation Factor (PIF) or the Mean Photo Effect (MPE) were determined. The results obtained with both PIF and MPE were highly reproducible in the four laboratories, and the correlation between in vitro and in vivo data was almost perfect. All the phototoxic test chemicals provided a positive result at concentrations of 1μg/ml, while nine of the ten non-phototoxic chemicals gave clear negative results, even at the highest test concentrations. One of the UV filter chemicals gave positive results in three of the four laboratories only at concentrations greater than 100μg/ml; the other laboratory correctly identified all 20 of the test chemicals. An analysis of the impact that exposure concentrations had on the performance of the test revealed that the optimum concentration range in the 3T3 NRU PT test for determining the phototoxic potential of chemicals is between 0.1μg/ml and 10μg/ml, and that false positive results can be obtained at concentrations greater than 100μg/ml. Therefore, the positive results obtained with some of the UV filter chemicals only at concentrations greater than 100μg/ml do not indicate a phototoxic potential in vivo. When this information was taken into account during calculation of the overall predictivity of the 3T3 NRU PT test in the present study, an almost perfect correlation of in vitro versus in vivo results was obtained (between 95% and 100%), when either PIF or MPE were used to predict the phototoxic potential. The management team and participants therefore conclude that the 3T3 NRU PT test is a valid test for correctly assessing the phototoxic potential of UV filter chemicals, if the defined concentration limits are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Balls
- WU/ECVAM, JRC Insitute of Health & Consumer Protection, 21020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Jack Dupuis
- COLIPA, 223 rue de la Loi, 1040 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Odile de Silva
- L'Oréal, 1 Avenue Eugéne Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Humboldt University Medical School (Charité), Institute of Biochemistry, Hessische Strasse 3–4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Will W. Lovell
- Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
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9
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Archer G, Balls M, Bruner LH, Curren RD, Fentem JH, Holzhütter HG, Liebsch M, Lovell DP, Southee JA. The Validation of Toxicological Prediction Models. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299702500507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An alternative method is shown to consist of two parts: the test system itself; and a prediction model for converting in vitro endpoints into predictions of in vivo toxicity. For the alternative method to be relevant and reliable, it is important that its prediction model component is of high predictive power and is sufficiently robust against sources of data variability. In other words, the prediction model must be subjected to criticism, leading successful models to the state of confirmation. It is shown that there are certain circumstances in which a new prediction model may be introduced without the necessity to generate new test system data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Archer
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Michael Balls
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Leon H. Bruner
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Health and Beauty Care Europe, Egham, Surrey TW20 9NW, UK
| | - Rodger D. Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences Inc., Suite 220, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Bereich Medizin (Charité), Institut für Biochemie, Mon Bijou Strasse 2a, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Liebsch
- ZEBET, Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (BgVV), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - David P. Lovell
- BIBRA International, Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 4DS, UK
| | - Jacqueline A. Southee
- Microbiological Associates Ltd, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling FK9 4NF, UK
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10
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Li L, Yin Tang L, Liang B, Wang R, Sun Q, Bik San Lau C, Chung Leung P, Fritsche E, Liebsch M, Seiler Wulczyn AEM, Spielmann H, Wang CC. Evaluation of in vitro embryotoxicity tests for Chinese herbal medicines. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:45-53. [PMID: 31228572 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have been widely used during pregnancy, but feto-embryo safety tests are lacking. Here we evaluated in vitro embryotoxicity tests (IVTs) as alternative methods in assessing developmental toxicity of CHMs. Ten CHMs were selected and classified as strongly, weakly and non-embryotoxic. Three well validated IVTs and prediction models (PMs), including embryonic stem cell test (EST), micromass (MM) and whole embryo culture (WEC), were compared. All strongly embryotoxic CHMs were predicted by MM and WEC PM2. While all weakly embryotoxic CHMs were predicted by MM and WEC PM1. All non-embryotoxic CHMs were classified by EST, MM, but over-classified as weakly embryotoxic by WEC PM1. Overall predictivity, precision and accuracy of WEC determined by PM2 were better than EST and MM tests. Compared with validated chemicals, performance of IVTs for CHMs was comparable. So IVTs are adequate to identify and exclude embryotoxic potential of CHMs in this training set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Institute of Chinese Medicine & State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ling Yin Tang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Rongyun Wang
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Sun
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine & State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine & State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Liebsch
- Central Ethics Committee for Stem Cell Research (ZES), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Horst Spielmann
- Institute for Pharmacy, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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11
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Gerner I, Liebsch M, Spielmann H. Assessment of the Eye Irritating Properties of Chemicals by Applying Alternatives to the Draize Rabbit Eye Test: The Use of QSARs and In Vitro Tests for the Classification of Eye Irritation. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33:215-37. [PMID: 16180977 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Huggins has reported on the current situation relating to the development of alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test with rabbits, and an ECVAM Working Group have reviewed the efforts needed in order to replace this animal test within the next 10 years by using the results of non-animal assessment methods. Our report reviews regulatory experience gained over the last 20 years with the EU chemicals notification procedure with respect to the assessment of eye lesions observed in Draize tests. The nature of eye lesions and their importance for classification and labelling of possible hazards to human eyes are evaluated and discussed, with a view to promoting the development of specific in vitro assays which are able to discriminate between eye damage, moderate eye irritation, and minor irritation effects which are completely reversible within a few days. Structural alerts for the prediction of eye irritation/corrosion hazards to be classified and labelled according to international classification criteria, are presented, which should be validated in accordance with internationally agreed (OECD) principles for (Q)SAR system validation. Physicochemical limit values for prediction of the absence of any eye irritation potential relevant for human health can make available a definition of the applicability domains of alternative methods developed for the replacement of the Draize eye irritation test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Gerner
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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12
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Zuang
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
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14
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Eskes C, Bessou S, Bruner L, Curren R, Harbell J, Jones P, Kreiling R, Liebsch M, McNamee P, Pape W, Prinsen MK, Seidle T, Vanparys P, Worth A, Zuang V. 3.3. Eye Irritation. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33 Suppl 1:47-81. [PMID: 16194141 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503301s09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantra Eskes
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
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15
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Spielmann H, Genschow E, Liebsch M, Halle W. Determination of the Starting dose for Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) Testing in the up and down Procedure (UDP) from Cytotoxicity Data. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 27:957-66. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299902700609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elke Genschow
- ZEBET, BgVV, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Willi Halle
- ZEBET, BgVV, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Liebsch M, Traue D, Barrabas C, Spielmann H, Uphill P, Wilkins S, McPherson JP, Wiemann C, Kaufmann T, Remmele M, Holzhütter HG. The ECVAM Prevalidation Study on the Use of EpiDerm for Skin Corrosivity Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 28:371-401. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290002800309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dieter Traue
- ZEBET, BgVV, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Patricia Uphill
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE18 6ES, UK
| | - Susan Wilkins
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE18 6ES, UK
| | | | | | - Tanja Kaufmann
- BASF AG, Department of Product Safety, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martina Remmele
- BASF AG, Department of Product Safety, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Monbijoustrasse 2a, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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17
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van de Sandt J, Roguet R, Cohen C, Esdaile D, Ponec M, Corsini E, Barker C, Fusenig N, Liebsch M, Benford D, de Brugerolle de Fraissinette A, Fartasch M. The Use of Human Keratinocytes and Human Skin Models for Predicting Skin Irritation. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 27:723-43. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299902700504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes van de Sandt
- Toxicology Division, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Roguet
- Life Sciences Research, L'Oréal Advanced Research, Central Department of Products Safety, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Catherine Cohen
- Life Sciences Research, L'Oréal Advanced Research, Central Department of Products Safety, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - David Esdaile
- Rhône-Poulenc, BP 153, 355 Rue Dostoievski, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Maria Ponec
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carol Barker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Norbert Fusenig
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Tumorzellregulation, Abteilung Differenzierung und Carcinogenese, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Diane Benford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK
| | | | - Manigé Fartasch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen, Hantmannstrasse 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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van der Valk J, Bieback K, Buta C, Cochrane B, Dirks WG, Fu J, Hickman JJ, Hohensee C, Kolar R, Liebsch M, Pistollato F, Schulz M, Thieme D, Weber T, Wiest J, Winkler S, Gstraunthaler G. Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS): Past - Present - Future. ALTEX 2017; 35:99-118. [PMID: 28800376 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1705101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The supplementation of culture medium with fetal bovine serum (FBS, also referred to as "fetal calf serum") is still common practice in cell culture applications. Due to a number of disadvantages in terms of quality and reproducibility of in vitro data, animal welfare concerns, and in light of recent cases of fraudulent marketing, the search for alternatives and the development of serum-free medium formulations has gained global attention. Here, we report on the 3rd Workshop on FBS, Serum Alternatives and Serum-free Media, where regulatory aspects, the serum dilemma, alternatives to FBS, case-studies of serum-free in vitro applications, and the establishment of serum-free databases were discussed. The whole process of obtaining blood from a living calf fetus to using the FBS produced from it for scientific purposes is de facto not yet legally regulated despite the existing EU-Directive 2010/63/EU on the use of animals for scientific purposes. Together with the above-mentioned challenges, several strategies have been developed to reduce or replace FBS in cell culture media in terms of the 3Rs (Refinement, Reduction, Replacement). Most recently, releasates of activated human donor thrombocytes (human platelet lysates) have been shown to be one of the most promising serum alternatives when chemically-defined media are not yet an option. Additionally, new developments in cell-based assay techniques, advanced organ-on-chip and microphysiological systems are covered in this report. Chemically-defined serum-free media are shown to be the ultimate goal for the majority of culture systems, and examples are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van der Valk
- The 3Rs-Centre Utrecht Life Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Brett Cochrane
- Animal Free Research UK, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England
| | - Wilhelm G Dirks
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Christiane Hohensee
- Invitro+Jobs, The Federal Association of People for Animal Rights Germany (PARG), Aachen, Germany
| | - Roman Kolar
- Animal Welfare Academy, German Animal Welfare Federation, Neubiberg, Germany
| | | | - Francesca Pistollato
- Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Markus Schulz
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Daniel Thieme
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilo Weber
- Animal Welfare Academy, German Animal Welfare Federation, Neubiberg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Winkler
- Institute of Applied Cell Culture (IAZ), Munich, Germany
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19
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Mewes KR, Fischer A, Zöller NN, Laubach V, Bernd A, Jacobs A, van Rompay A, Liebsch M, Pirow R, Petersohn D. Catch-up validation study of an in vitro skin irritation test method based on an open source reconstructed epidermis (phase I). Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:238-253. [PMID: 27432483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new in vitro skin irritation test based on an open source reconstructed epidermis (OS-REp) with openly accessible protocols for tissue production and test performance. Due to structural, mechanistic and procedural similarity, a blinded catch-up validation study for skin irritation according to OECD Performance Standards (PS) was conducted in three laboratories to promote regulatory acceptance, with OS-REp models produced at a single production site only. While overall sensitivity and predictive capacity met the PS requirements, overall specificity was only 57%. A thorough analysis of the test results led to the assumption that some of the false-positive classifications could have been evoked by volatile skin-irritating chemicals tested in the same culture plate as the non-irritants falsely predicted as irritants. With GC/MS and biological approaches the cross-contamination effect was confirmed and the experimental set-up adapted accordingly. Retesting of the affected chemicals with the improved experimental set-up and otherwise identical protocol resulted in correct classifications as non-irritants. Taking these re-test results into account, 93% overall sensitivity, 70% specificity and 82% accuracy was achieved, which is in accordance with the OECD PS. A sufficient reliability of the method was indicated by a within-laboratory-reproducibility of 85-95% and a between-laboratory-reproducibility of 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Mewes
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - A Fischer
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N N Zöller
- Goethe-University, Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - V Laubach
- Goethe-University, Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Bernd
- Goethe-University, Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Jacobs
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - A van Rompay
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - M Liebsch
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Pirow
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Petersohn
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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Cooper-Hannan R, Harbell JW, Coecke S, Balls M, Bowe G, Cervinka M, Clothier R, Hermann F, Klahm LK, de Lange J, Liebsch M, Vanparys P. The principles of good laboratory practice: application to in vitro toxicology studies. Altern Lab Anim 2014; 27:539-77. [PMID: 25487864 DOI: 10.1177/026119299902700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Cooper-Hannan
- Qualitas, Danworth Lane, Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex BN6 9LN, UK
| | - J W Harbell
- Institute for In Vitro Science, 21 Firstfield Road, Suite 220, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - S Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra, Italy
| | - M Balls
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra, Italy
| | - G Bowe
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra, Italy
| | - M Cervinka
- Charles University Faculty of Medicine, Simkova 870, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - R Clothier
- FRAME Alternatives Laboratory, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - F Hermann
- RCC Cytotest Cell Research, In den Leppsteinwiessen 19, 64380 Rossdorf, Germany
| | - L K Klahm
- Human and Environmental Safety Division, The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J de Lange
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra, Italy
| | - M Liebsch
- ZEBET, BgVV, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Vanparys
- Genetic and In Vitro Toxicology, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutse Weg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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21
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Trauer S, Richter H, Kuntsche J, Büttemeyer R, Liebsch M, Linscheid M, Fahr A, Schäfer-Korting M, Lademann J, Patzelt A. Influence of massage and occlusion on the ex vivo skin penetration of rigid liposomes and invasomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 86:301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Hothorn LA, Reisinger K, Wolf T, Poth A, Fieblinger D, Liebsch M, Pirow R. Statistical analysis of the hen's egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN assay). Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2013; 757:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Troeller S, Linsel G, Huettig N, Bauer M, Graebsch C, Smirnova L, Pirow R, Liebsch M, Berger-Preiß E, Kock H, Oertel A, Ritter D, Knebel J. Air/liquid interface (ALI) technique for toxicity testing of gaseous compounds on human lung cells. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.05.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Brinkmann J, Stolpmann K, Trappe S, Otter T, Genkinger D, Bock U, Liebsch M, Henkler F, Hutzler C, Luch A. Metabolically competent human skin models: activation and genotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:351-9. [PMID: 23148024 PMCID: PMC3551429 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is metabolized into a complex pattern of BP derivatives, among which the ultimate carcinogen (+)-anti-BP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) is formed to certain extents. Skin is frequently in contact with PAHs and data on the metabolic capacity of skin tissue toward these compounds are inconclusive. We compared BP metabolism in excised human skin, commercially available in vitro 3D skin models and primary 2D skin cell cultures, and analyzed the metabolically catalyzed occurrence of seven different BP follow-up products by means of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All models investigated were competent to metabolize BP, and the metabolic profiles generated by ex vivo human skin and skin models were remarkably similar. Furthermore, the genotoxicity of BP and its derivatives was monitored in these models via comet assays. In a full-thickness skin, equivalent BP-mediated genotoxic stress was generated via keratinocytes. Cultured primary keratinocytes revealed a level of genotoxicity comparable with that of direct exposure to 50–100nM of BPDE. Our data demonstrate that the metabolic capacity of human skin ex vivo, as well as organotypic human 3D skin models toward BP, is sufficient to cause significant genotoxic stress and thus cutaneous bioactivation may potentially contribute to mutations that ultimately lead to skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Brinkmann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Product Safety, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Tralau T, Riebeling C, Pirow R, Oelgeschläger M, Seiler A, Liebsch M, Luch A. Wind of change challenges toxicological regulators. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:1489-94. [PMID: 22871563 PMCID: PMC3556610 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In biomedical research, the past two decades have seen the advent of in vitro model systems based on stem cells, humanized cell lines, and engineered organotypic tissues, as well as numerous cellular assays based on primarily established tumor-derived cell lines and their genetically modified derivatives. OBJECTIVE There are high hopes that these systems might replace the need for animal testing in regulatory toxicology. However, despite increasing pressure in recent years to reduce animal testing, regulators are still reluctant to adopt in vitro approaches on a large scale. It thus seems appropriate to consider how we could realistically perform regulatory toxicity testing using in vitro assays only. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Here, we suggest an in vitro-only approach for regulatory testing that will benefit consumers, industry, and regulators alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Berlin, Germany
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26
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Ceridono M, Tellner P, Bauer D, Barroso J, Alépée N, Corvi R, De Smedt A, Fellows MD, Gibbs NK, Heisler E, Jacobs A, Jirova D, Jones D, Kandárová H, Kasper P, Akunda JK, Krul C, Learn D, Liebsch M, Lynch AM, Muster W, Nakamura K, Nash JF, Pfannenbecker U, Phillips G, Robles C, Rogiers V, Van De Water F, Liminga UW, Vohr HW, Wattrelos O, Woods J, Zuang V, Kreysa J, Wilcox P. The 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test: Practical experience and implications for phototoxicity testing – The report of an ECVAM–EFPIA workshop. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:480-8. [PMID: 22687423 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Lill C, Meissner E, Schjeide L, Schjeide BM, Liebsch M, Roehr J, Rouleau G, Hardiman O, Traynor B, Van den Berg L, Al-Chalabi A, Bertram L. Comprehensive Research Synopsis and Systematic Meta-Analyses in ALS Genetics: The ALSGene Database (P01.095). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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28
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Eskes C, Detappe V, Koëter H, Kreysa J, Liebsch M, Zuang V, Amcoff P, Barroso J, Cotovio J, Guest R, Hermann M, Hoffmann S, Masson P, Alépée N, Arce LA, Brüschweiler B, Catone T, Cihak R, Clouzeau J, D’Abrosca F, Delveaux C, Derouette JP, Engelking O, Facchini D, Fröhlicher M, Hofmann M, Hopf N, Molinari J, Oberli A, Ott M, Peter R, Sá-Rocha VM, Schenk D, Tomicic C, Vanparys P, Verdon B, Wallenhorst T, Winkler GC, Depallens O. Regulatory assessment of in vitro skin corrosion and irritation data within the European framework: Workshop recommendations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 62:393-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Liebsch M, Grune B, Seiler A, Butzke D, Oelgeschläger M, Pirow R, Adler S, Riebeling C, Luch A. Alternatives to animal testing: current status and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:841-58. [PMID: 21607681 PMCID: PMC3149673 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), an international symposium was held at the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin. At the same time, this symposium was meant to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of the book “The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique” by Russell and Burch in 1959 in which the 3Rs principle (that is, Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) has been coined and introduced to foster the development of alternative methods to animal testing. Another topic addressed by the symposium was the new vision on “Toxicology in the twenty-first Century”, as proposed by the US-National Research Council, which aims at using human cells and tissues for toxicity testing in vitro rather than live animals. An overview of the achievements and current tasks, as well as a vision of the future to be addressed by ZEBET@BfR in the years to come is outlined in the present paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Liebsch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Grune
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Seiler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Butzke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Adler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Riebeling
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Peiser M, Tralau T, Heidler J, Api AM, Arts JHE, Basketter DA, English J, Diepgen TL, Fuhlbrigge RC, Gaspari AA, Johansen JD, Karlberg AT, Kimber I, Lepoittevin JP, Liebsch M, Maibach HI, Martin SF, Merk HF, Platzek T, Rustemeyer T, Schnuch A, Vandebriel RJ, White IR, Luch A. Allergic contact dermatitis: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, in vitro methods and regulatory aspects. Current knowledge assembled at an international workshop at BfR, Germany. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:763-81. [PMID: 21997384 PMCID: PMC3276771 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergies are complex diseases, and one of the important challenges for public health and immunology. The German ‘Federal Institute for Risk Assessment’ hosted an ‘International Workshop on Contact Dermatitis’. The scope of the workshop was to discuss new discoveries and developments in the field of contact dermatitis. This included the epidemiology and molecular biology of contact allergy, as well as the development of new in vitro methods. Furthermore, it considered regulatory aspects aiming to reduce exposure to contact sensitisers. An estimated 15–20% of the general population suffers from contact allergy. Workplace exposure, age, sex, use of consumer products and genetic predispositions were identified as the most important risk factors. Research highlights included: advances in understanding of immune responses to contact sensitisers, the importance of autoxidation or enzyme-mediated oxidation for the activation of chemicals, the mechanisms through which hapten-protein conjugates are formed and the development of novel in vitro strategies for the identification of skin-sensitising chemicals. Dendritic cell cultures and structure-activity relationships are being developed to identify potential contact allergens. However, the local lymph node assay (LLNA) presently remains the validated method of choice for hazard identification and characterisation. At the workshop the use of the LLNA for regulatory purposes and for quantitative risk assessment was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Peiser
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Tralau
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Heidler
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. M. Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Hackensack, NJ USA
| | | | | | - J. English
- Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - T. L. Diepgen
- Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - A. A. Gaspari
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - J. D. Johansen
- Department of Derma-allergology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. T. Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I. Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - M. Liebsch
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - H. I. Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - S. F. Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H. F. Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospitals Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Platzek
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Rustemeyer
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Schnuch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. J. Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - I. R. White
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - A. Luch
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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31
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Adler S, Bicker G, Bigalke H, Bishop C, Blümel J, Dressler D, Fitzgerald J, Gessler F, Heuschen H, Kegel B, Luch A, Milne C, Pickett A, Ratsch H, Ruhdel I, Sesardic D, Stephens M, Stiens G, Thornton PD, Thürmer R, Vey M, Spielmann H, Grune B, Liebsch M. The current scientific and legal status of alternative methods to the LD50 test for botulinum neurotoxin potency testing. The report and recommendations of a ZEBET Expert Meeting. Altern Lab Anim 2010; 38:315-30. [PMID: 20822324 DOI: 10.1177/026119291003800401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adler
- Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany.
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Trauer S, Lademann J, Knorr F, Richter H, Liebsch M, Rozycki C, Balizs G, Büttemeyer R, Linscheid M, Patzelt A. Development of an in vitro modified skin absorption test for the investigation of the follicular penetration pathway of caffeine. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 23:320-7. [PMID: 20588083 DOI: 10.1159/000313514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recommends caffeine as a reference substance for in vitro skin absorption tests using Franz diffusion cells (FDC). However, it has not been possible to investigate the follicular penetration pathway using this method until now. The aim of this study was to develop a technique to allow the examination of the follicular penetration pathway of a substance penetrating into the skin. The OECD standard method was therefore combined with the follicle closing technique (FCT), an established in vivo method. By using test skin of varying follicular densities, different penetration values were obtained for the test substance caffeine. The follicular penetration rate was determined by an indirect calculation after modifying the in vivo FCT for use in the in vitro FDC. This method is the first to allow the differentiation of penetration pathways by combining the OECD standard method (using the FDC) and the FCT. Caffeine showed a surprisingly high rate of penetration through the follicular shunts in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trauer
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Trauer S, Patzelt A, Otberg N, Knorr F, Rozycki C, Balizs G, Büttemeyer R, Linscheid M, Liebsch M, Lademann J. Permeation of topically applied caffeine through human skin--a comparison of in vivo and in vitro data. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 68:181-6. [PMID: 19694736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Due to ethical reasons, in vivo penetration studies are not applicable at all stages of development of new substances. Therefore, the development of appropriate in vitro methods is essential, as well as the comparison of the obtained in vivo and in vitro data, in order to identify their transferability. The aim of the present study was to investigate the follicular penetration of caffeine in vitro and to compare the data with the in vivo results determined previously under similar conditions. METHODS The Follicular Closing Technique (FCT) represents a method to investigate the follicular penetration selectively. In the present study, FCT was combined with the Franz diffusion cell in order to differentiate between follicular and intercellular penetration of caffeine into the receptor medium in vitro. Subsequently, the results were compared with the data obtained in an earlier study investigating follicular and intercellular penetration of caffeine in vivo. RESULTS The comparison of the data revealed that the in vitro experiments were valuable for the investigation of the follicular penetration pathway, which contributed in vivo as well as in vitro to approximately 50% of the total penetration, whereas the kinetics of caffeine penetration were shown to be significantly different. CONCLUSIONS The combination of FCT with the Franz diffusion cell represents a valuable method to investigate follicular penetration in vitro. Nevertheless, in vivo experiments should not be abandoned as in vitro, structural changes of skin occur and blood flow and metabolism are absent, probably accounting for reduced penetration rates in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Trauer
- Department of Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
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34
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Jírová D, Basketter D, Liebsch M, Bendová H, Kejlová K, Marriott M, Kandárová H. Comparison of human skin irritation patch test data within vitroskin irritation assays and animal data. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 62:109-16. [PMID: 20136894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kretlow A, Butzke D, Goetz ME, Grune B, Halder M, Henkler F, Liebsch M, Nobiling R, Oelgeschlaeger M, Reifenberg K, Schaefer B, Seiler A, Luch A. Implementation and enforcement of the 3Rs principle in the field of transgenic animals used for scientific purposes. Report and recommendations of the BfR expert workshop, May 18-20, 2009, Berlin, Germany. ALTEX 2010; 27:117-134. [PMID: 21445538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, 2.7 million vertebrates were used for animal experiments and other scientific purposes in Germany alone. Since 1998 there has been an increase in the number of animals used for research purposes, which is partly attributable to the growing use of transgenic animals. These animals are, for instance, used as in vivo models to mimic human diseases like diabetes, cancer or Alzheimer's disease. Here, transgenic model organisms serve as valuable tools, being instrumental in facilitating the analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases, and might contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Due to variable and, sometimes low, efficiency (depending on the species used), however, the generation of such animals often requires a large number of embryo donors and recipients. The experts evaluated methods that could possibly be utilised to reduce, refine or even replace experiments with transgenic vertebrates in the mid-term future. Among the promising alternative model organisms available at the moment are the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Specific cell culture experiments or three-dimensional (3D) tissue models also offer valuable opportunities to replace experiments with transgenic animals or reduce the number of laboratory animals required by assisting in decision-making processes. Furthermore, at the workshop an in vitro technique was presented which permits the production of complete human antibodies without using genetically modified ("humanised") animals. Up to now, genetically modified mice are widely used for this purpose. Improved breeding protocols, enhanced efficiency of mutagenesis as well as training of laboratory personnel and animal keepers can also help to reduce the numbers of laboratory animals. Well-trained staff in particular can help to minimise the pain, suffering and discomfort of animals and, at the same time, improve the quality of data obtained from animal experiments. This, in turn, can lead to a reduction in the numbers of animals needed for each experiment. The experts also came to the conclusion that the numbers of laboratory animals can be reduced by open access to a central database that provides detailed documentation of completed experiments involving transgenic animals. This documentation should not be restricted to experiments with substantial scientific results that warrant publication, but should also include those with "negative" outcome, which are usually not published. Capturing all kinds of results within such a database provides added value to the respective scientists and the scientific community as a whole; it could also help to stimulate collaborations and to ensure funding for future research. An important aspect to be considered in the generation of this kind of database is the quality and standardisation of the information provided on existing in vitro models and the respective opportunities for their use. The experts felt that the greatest potential for reducing the numbers of laboratory animals in the near future realistically might not be offered by the complete replacement of transgenic animal models but by opportunities to examine specific questions to a greater degree using in vitro models, such as cell and tissue cultures including organotypic models. The use of these models would considerably reduce the number of in vivo experiments using transgenic animals. However, the overall number of experimental animals may still be increasing or remain unaffected, e.g. when transgenic animals continue to serve as the source of primary cells and organs/tissues for in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Kretlow
- Department Safety of Consumer Products, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
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36
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Liebsch M, Gamer A, Curren R, Frank J, Genschow E, Tharmann J, Remmele M, Bauer B, Raabe H, Barnes N, Hilberer A, Wilt N, Lornejad-Schäfer MR, Schäfer C, Hayden P, Kandarova H. International validation of an in vitro skin irritation test protocol (EpiDerm-SIT) to replace the in vivo rabbit test for hazard identification of chemicals. Toxicol Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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BéruBé K, Aufderheide M, Breheny D, Clothier R, Combes R, Duffin R, Forbes B, Gaça M, Gray A, Hall I, Kelly M, Lethem M, Liebsch M, Merolla L, Morin JP, Seagrave J, Swartz MA, Tetley TD, Umachandran M. In vitro models of inhalation toxicity and disease. The report of a FRAME workshop. Altern Lab Anim 2009; 37:89-141. [PMID: 19292579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly BéruBé
- Lung and Particle Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales.
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38
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Jirova D, Basketter D, Bendová H, Marriott M, Kejlová K, Kandarova H, Liebsch M. Comparison of results of the 4h human skin irritation patch test and in vitro human skin irritation test (EpiDerm SIT) with existing classifications of chemicals. Toxicol Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Schäfer-Korting M, Bock U, Diembeck W, Düsing HJ, Gamer A, Haltner-Ukomadu E, Hoffmann C, Kaca M, Kamp H, Kersen S, Kietzmann M, Korting HC, Krächter HU, Lehr CM, Liebsch M, Mehling A, Müller-Goymann C, Netzlaff F, Niedorf F, Rübbelke MK, Schäfer U, Schmidt E, Schreiber S, Spielmann H, Vuia A, Weimer M. The use of reconstructed human epidermis for skin absorption testing: Results of the validation study. Altern Lab Anim 2008; 36:161-87. [PMID: 18522484 DOI: 10.1177/026119290803600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A formal validation study was performed, in order to investigate whether the commercially-available reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) models, EPISKIN, EpiDerm and SkinEthic, are suitable for in vitro skin absorption testing. The skin types currently recommended in the OECD Test Guideline 428, namely, ex vivo human epidermis and pig skin, were used as references. Based on the promising outcome of the prevalidation study, the panel of test substances was enlarged to nine substances, covering a wider spectrum of physicochemical properties. The substances were tested under both infinite-dose and finite-dose conditions, in ten laboratories, under strictly controlled conditions. The data were subjected to independent statistical analyses. Intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory variability contributed almost equally to the total variability, which was in the same range as that in preceding studies. In general, permeation of the RHE models exceeded that of human epidermis and pig skin (the SkinEthic RHE was found to be the most permeable), yet the ranking of substance permeation through the three tested RHE models and the pig skin reflected the permeation through human epidermis. In addition, both infinite-dose and finite-dose experiments are feasible with RHE models. The RHE models did not show the expected significantly better reproducibility, as compared to excised skin, despite a tendency toward lower variability of the data. Importantly, however, the permeation data showed a sufficient correlation between all the preparations examined. Thus, the RHE models, EPISKIN, EpiDerm and SkinEthic, are appropriate alternatives to human and pig skin, for the in vitro assessment of the permeation and penetration of substances when applied as aqueous solutions.
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Hoffmann S, Edler L, Gardner I, Gribaldo L, Hartung T, Klein C, Liebsch M, Sauerland S, Schechtman L, Stammati A, Nikolaidis E. Points of Reference in the Validation Process. Altern Lab Anim 2008; 36:343-52. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290803600311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hoffmann
- ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Lutz Edler
- Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ian Gardner
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura Gribaldo
- ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Thomas Hartung
- ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Christoph Klein
- ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Manfred Liebsch
- ZEBET, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Sauerland
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leonard Schechtman
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Annalaura Stammati
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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41
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Acioly de Sousa MA, Feigl G, Liebsch M, Tatagiba M. Monitoring of Facial Nerve Motor Function during Skull Base Surgery using Transcranial Electrocortical Stimulation. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1072972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Spielmann H, Hoffmann S, Liebsch M, Botham P, Fentem JH, Eskes C, Roguet R, Cotovio J, Cole T, Worth A, Heylings J, Jones P, Robles C, Kandárová H, Gamer A, Remmele M, Curren R, Raabe H, Cockshott A, Gerner I, Zuang V. The ECVAM international validation study on in vitro tests for acute skin irritation: report on the validity of the EPISKIN and EpiDerm assays and on the Skin Integrity Function Test. Altern Lab Anim 2007; 35:559-601. [PMID: 18186667 DOI: 10.1177/026119290703500614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
ECVAM sponsored a formal validation study on three in vitro tests for skin irritation, of which two employ reconstituted human epidermis models (EPISKIN, EpiDerm), and one, the skin integrity function test (SIFT), employs ex vivo mouse skin. The goal of the study was to assess whether the in vitro tests would correctly predict in vivo classifications according to the EU classification scheme, "R38" and "no label" (i.e. non-irritant). 58 chemicals (25 irritants and 33 non-irritants) were tested, having been selected to give broad coverage of physico-chemical properties, and an adequate distribution of irritancy scores derived from in vivo rabbit skin irritation tests. In Phase 1, 20 of these chemicals (9 irritants and 11 non-irritants) were tested with coded identities by a single lead laboratory for each of the methods, to confirm the suitability of the protocol improvements introduced after a prevalidation phase. When cell viability (evaluated by the MTT reduction test) was used as the endpoint, the predictive ability of both EpiDerm and EPISKIN was considered sufficient to justify their progression to Phase 2, while the predictive ability of the SIFT was judged to be inadequate. Since both the reconstituted skin models provided false predictions around the in vivo classification border (a rabbit Draize test score of 2), the release of a cytokine, interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), was also determined. In Phase 2, each human skin model was tested in three laboratories, with 58 chemicals. The main endpoint measured for both EpiDerm and EPISKIN was cell viability. In samples from chemicals which gave MTT assay results above the threshold of 50% viability, IL-1alpha release was also measured, to determine whether the additional endpoint would improve the predictive ability of the tests. For EPISKIN, the sensitivity was 75% and the specificity was 81% (MTT assay only); with the combination of the MTT and IL-1alpha assays, the sensitivity increased to 91%, with a specificity of 79%. For EpiDerm, the sensitivity was 57% and the specificity was 85% (MTT assay only), while the predictive capacity of EpiDerm was not improved by the measurement of IL-1alpha release. Following independent peer review, in April 2007 the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee endorsed the scientific validity of the EPISKIN test as a replacement for the rabbit skin irritation method, and of the EpiDerm method for identifying skin irritants as part of a tiered testing strategy. This new alternative approach will probably be the first use of in vitro toxicity testing to replace the Draize rabbit skin irritation test in Europe and internationally, since, in the very near future, new EU and OECD Test Guidelines will be proposed for regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Spielmann
- National Centre for Alternative Methods (ZEBET), Berlin, Germany.
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43
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Kejlová K, Jírová D, Bendová H, Kandárová H, Weidenhoffer Z, Kolárová H, Liebsch M. Phototoxicity of bergamot oil assessed by in vitro techniques in combination with human patch tests. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1298-303. [PMID: 17669618 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the differences in the phototoxicity of bergamot oil obtained from four different suppliers. Spectral and chemical analyses were performed to identify presence of photoactive compounds in the test samples. The phototoxicity was assessed in vitro by the 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test (PT) and subsequently in a phototoxicity test on reconstructed human skin model (H3D PT). Confirmatory photopatch tests in a group of volunteers were performed using the first non-phototoxic concentration determined in the H3D PT. The spectral and chemical analyses revealed, that two samples of bergamot oil exhibited a potential for photoactivation. These oils were subsequently classified as phototoxic in the 3T3 NRU PT, however, only on the basis of borderline results and depending on the solvent used. H3D PT revealed clear classifications, correlating well with the findings of spectral and chemical analysis. The test was, however, not yet capable of precise prediction of safe, non-phototoxic concentrations. Additional endpoints, e.g. interleukin determination might be employed to increase the sensitivity of the test. Although the study showed the usefulness of the tiered testing strategy, currently, the extrapolation of in vitro results to human situation may be performed only to a limited extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kejlová
- National Reference Center for Cosmetics, National Institute of Public Health, Srobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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Kandárová H, Richter H, Liebsch M, Lademann J. Stratum corneum architecture of reconstructed human skin models monitored by fluorescent confocal laser scanning microscopy. Laser Phys Lett 2007; 4:308-311. [DOI: 10.1002/lapl.200610107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) using a handheld scanner, was performed to visualize the microscopic architecture of stratum corneum (SC) of the three reconstructed human epidermal (RHE) models: EpiDermTM (MatTek Corporation, Ashland, MA), EPISKIN® (EPISKIN SNC, Lyon, France) and SkinEthic® (SkinEthic Laboratories, Nice, France). To compare the differences between the SC structure of the RHE models and human SC, experiments were also performed on normal human epidermis in vivo. Sodium fluorescein stained skin cultures and human skin were imaged continuously using the confocal laser microscope Stratum, Optiscan. Fluorescein was excited at 488 nm and the fluorescent emission was detected at > 505 nm. In each experiment, a series of representative images of each visualized layer of the RHE models and human SC was collected. Our early observations confirmed that the reconstructed human skin models closely resemble human SC. After improving the experimental conditions, the method might be used for studying the effects of topically applied compounds e.g. pharmaceuticals and cosmetic to the SC.
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Kandárová H, Liebsch M, Schmidt E, Genschow E, Traue D, Spielmann H, Meyer K, Steinhoff C, Tornier C, De Wever B, Rosdy M. Assessment of the skin irritation potential of chemicals by using the SkinEthic reconstructed human epidermal model and the common skin irritation protocol evaluated in the ECVAM skin irritation validation study. Altern Lab Anim 2006; 34:393-406. [PMID: 16945007 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently, two reconstructed human skin models, EpiDerm and EPISKIN are being evaluated in an ECVAM skin irritation validation study. A common skin irritation protocol has been developed, differing only in minor technical details for the two models. A small-scale study, applying this common skin irritation protocol to the SkinEthic reconstructed human epidermis (RHE), was performed at ZEBET at the BfR, Berlin, Germany, to consider whether this protocol could be successfully transferred to another epidermal model. Twenty substances from Phase III of the ECVAM prevalidation study on skin irritation were tested with the SkinEthic RHE. After minor, model-specific adaptations for the SkinEthic RHE, almost identical results to those obtained with the EpiDerm and EPISKIN models were achieved. The overall accuracy of the method was more than 80%, indicating a reliable prediction of the skin irritation potential of the tested chemicals when compared to in vivo rabbit data. As a next step, inter laboratory reproducibility was assessed in a study conducted between ZEBET and the Department of Experimental Toxicology, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany. Six coded substances were tested in both laboratories, with three different batches of the SkinEthic model. The assay results showed good reproducibility and correct predictions of the skin irritation potential for all six test chemicals. The results obtained with the SkinEthic RHE and the common protocol were reproducible in both phases, and the overall outcome is very similar to that of earlier studies with the EPISKIN and EpiDerm models. Therefore, the SkinEthic skin irritation assay test protocol can now be evaluated in a formal "catch-up" validation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kandárová
- ZEBET, National Centre for the Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments, Federal Institute for Risk assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin, Germany.
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Brendler-Schwaab S, Kasper P, Aeby P, Epe B, Frötschl R, Gocke E, Hertel C, Kirchner S, Liebsch M, Meurer K, Plappert-Helbig U, Schmidt E. New aspects of photogenotoxicity testing: Prevalidation of the photo-micronucleus test and the photo-comet assay. Toxicology 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Schäfer-Korting M, Bock U, Gamer A, Haberland A, Haltner-Ukomadu E, Kaca M, Kamp H, Kietzmann M, Korting HC, Krächter HU, Lehr CM, Liebsch M, Mehling A, Netzlaff F, Niedorf F, Rübbelke MK, Schäfer U, Schmidt E, Schreiber S, Schröder KR, Spielmann H, Vuia A. Reconstructed human epidermis for skin absorption testing: results of the German prevalidation study. Altern Lab Anim 2006; 34:283-94. [PMID: 16831060 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals absorbed by the skin can threaten human health. In order to standardise the predictive testing of percutaneous absorption for regulatory purposes, the OECD adopted guideline 428, which describes methods for assessing absorption by using human and animal skin. In this study, a protocol based on the OECD principles was developed and prevalidated by using reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). The permeation of the OECD standard compounds, caffeine and testosterone, through commercially available RHE models was compared to that of human epidermis and animal skin. In comparison to human epidermis, the permeation of the chemicals was overestimated when using RHE. The following ranking of the permeation coefficients for testosterone was obtained: SkinEthic > EpiDerm, EPISKIN > human epidermis, bovine udder skin, pig skin. The ranking for caffeine was: SkinEthic, EPISKIN > bovine udder skin, EpiDerm, pig skin, human epidermis. The inter-laboratory and intra-laboratory reproducibility was good. Long and variable lag times, which are a matter of concern when using human and pig skin, did not occur with RHE. Due to the successful transfer of the protocol, it is now in the validation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Pharmazie, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Kandárová H, Liebsch M, Spielmann H, Genschow E, Schmidt E, Traue D, Guest R, Whittingham A, Warren N, Gamer AO, Remmele M, Kaufmann T, Wittmer E, De Wever B, Rosdy M. Assessment of the human epidermis model SkinEthic RHE for in vitro skin corrosion testing of chemicals according to new OECD TG 431. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:547-59. [PMID: 16455230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on two successfully completed ECVAM validation studies for in vitro skin corrosion testing of chemicals, the National Co-ordinators of OECD Test Guideline Programme endorsed in 2002 two new test guidelines: TG 430 'Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance assay' and TG 431 'Human Skin Model Test'. To allow all suitable in vitro human reconstructed (dermal or epidermal) models to be used for skin corrosion testing, the OECD TG 431 defines general and functional conditions that the model must meet before it will be routinely used for skin corrosion testing. In addition, the guideline requires correct prediction of 12 reference chemicals and assessment of intra- and inter-laboratory variability. To show that the OECD TG 431 concept works, in 2003 ZEBET tested several chemicals from the ECVAM validation trials on the SkinEthic reconstituted human epidermal (RHE) model. Based on knowledge that reconstructed human skin models perform similarly in toxicological studies, it was decided to adopt the validated EpiDerm skin corrosion test protocol and prediction model to the SkinEthic model. After minor technical changes, classifications were obtained in concordance with those reported for the validated human skin models EPISKIN and EpiDerm. To allow adequate determination of inter-laboratory reproducibility, a blind trial was conducted in three laboratories -- ZEBET (D), Safepharm (UK) and BASF (D), in which the 12 endorsed reference chemicals were tested. Results obtained with the SkinEthic epidermal model were reproducible, both within and between laboratories, and over time. Concordance between the in vitro predictions of skin corrosivity potential obtained with the SkinEthic model and the predictions obtained with the accepted tests of OECD TG 430 and TG 431 was very good. The new test was able to distinguish between corrosive and non-corrosive reference chemicals with an accuracy of 93%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kandárová
- ZEBET, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, BfR, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin, Germany.
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49
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Kandárová H, Liebsch M, Gerner I, Schmidt E, Genschow E, Traue D, Spielmann H. The EpiDerm test protocol for the upcoming ECVAM validation study on in vitro skin irritation tests--an assessment of the performance of the optimised test. Altern Lab Anim 2005; 33:351-67. [PMID: 16185104 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, several validation studies have been conducted on in vitro methods for discriminating between skin irritating and non-irritating chemicals. The reconstructed human skin models, EpiDerm and EPISKIN, provided the most promising results. Based on experience of the similar performance of the two skin models, it was suggested that a common test protocol and prediction model should be developed for the prediction of skin irritation potential with the two models. When the EPISKIN protocol was applied with the EpiDerm model, an acceptable specificity (80%) was achieved, whereas the sensitivity (60%) was low. In 2003, the EPISKIN protocol was further refined by extending the post-incubation period following exposure to test chemicals. This extension and additional technical improvements to the EpiDerm protocol were evaluated with 19 chemicals from the prevalidation study. With the new test design, high sensitivity (80%) and specificity (78%) were obtained. The statistical probability for correct classifications was high, so the test was considered to be ready for formal validation. However, since test optimisation had been conducted with the same test chemicals as were used in the ECVAM prevalidation study, it was decided that the optimisation of the protocol had to be verified with a new set of chemicals. Thus, in the current study, 26 additional chemicals (10 rabbit irritants and 16 non-irritants), which had previously been selected and tested by LOREAL with EPISKIN, were evaluated in three independent experiments with EpiDerm. With this unbalanced testing set, a specificity of 94%, and a sensitivity of 60% were obtained, while the positive and negative predictivity and accuracy remained almost unchanged (around 80%) in comparison to the in vivo rabbit data. Overall, 45 chemicals (20 irritants and 25 non-irritants) were tested according to the final protocol. The resulting high positive (82%) and negative predictive values (79%) confirmed the reliability (accuracy of 80%) of the improved test protocol of the EpiDerm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kandárová
- Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Bundesinstitut fur Risikobewertung (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Schreiber S, Mahmoud A, Vuia A, Rübbelke MK, Schmidt E, Schaller M, Kandárová H, Haberland A, Schäfer UF, Bock U, Korting HC, Liebsch M, Schäfer-Korting M. Reconstructed epidermis versus human and animal skin in skin absorption studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:813-22. [PMID: 15913948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
European chemical policy in general and the REACH initiative in particular will increase the number of chemical substances submitted to toxicological evaluation by several orders of magnitude compared to the current status. To limit animal exposure the resulting enormous increase in testing, however, asks for validated in vitro test systems. While the OECD favours in vitro testing for cutaneous absorption using viable human and animal skin (Guideline 428) the availability of viable human skin is already limited today. We present a comparison of various in vitro techniques suitable for routine skin absorption studies including commercially available reconstructed human epidermis which may be a reliable alternative to excised human and animal skin. In order to develop a protocol for the subsequent transfer to partner laboratories the experimental set-up was analysed stepwise using the OECD reference compounds caffeine and testosterone. Franz cell type, the donor and receptor media for hydrophilic/lipophilic substances, albumin and tensid addition, and storage conditions of the excised skins were systematically varied. A protocol has been developed which now allows to proceed to the pre-validation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schreiber
- Institut für Pharmazie, Abteilung Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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