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Brandmair K, Dising D, Finkelmeier D, Schepky A, Kuehnl J, Ebmeyer J, Burger-Kentischer A. A novel three-dimensional Nrf2 reporter epidermis model for skin sensitization assessment. Toxicology 2024; 503:153743. [PMID: 38341018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin sensitization assessment has progressed from the use of animal models towards the application of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). Several skin sensitization NAMs are accepted for regulatory use, but a majority relies on submerged in vitro cell cultures that limit their applicability domain, posing challenges for testing hydrophobic chemicals and mixtures. A newly developed three-dimensional (3D) Nrf2 reporter epidermis model for skin sensitization assessment is reported. This NAM may help to overcome these limitations. The NAM combines the in vivo-like biology and exposure conditions of 3D epidermis models with the reliability, convenience, and cost-effectiveness of secreted reporter gene technology. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway was chosen as the reporter gene read-out, as it is induced by most skin sensitizers and already adopted in OECD Test guideline 442D. Immortalized human primary keratinocytes (Ker-CT) were stably transfected with the pIGB-Nrf2-SEAP vector to construct a Nrf2 reporter cell line. Ker-CT Nrf2 reporter cells showed negligible basal expression of the Secreted Embryonic Alkaline Phosphatase (SEAP) reporter, which was induced 13.5-fold by exposure to the skin sensitizer cinnamic aldehyde (CA). Co-exposure to CA and the Nrf2 inhibitor glucocorticoid clobetasol propionate significantly suppressed the CA-induced SEAP expression, confirming dependance of the SEAP expression on Nrf2 activation. Using air-liquid interface and animal constituent free culture conditions, the Ker-CT Nrf2 reporter cells differentiated to stratified 3D epidermis models with an in vivo-like skin architecture and functional skin barrier. Evaluation of a Ker-CT Nrf2 reporter cell-based 2D assay by testing 10 conventional reference chemicals showed a predictive accuracy for skin sensitization potential of 80% and 70% compared to LLNA and human data in two independent laboratories and a high intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility. Moreover, the 3D epidermis models predicted 3 sensitizing and 2 non-sensitizing reference chemicals correctly in a first proof-of-concept study. Further investigations foresee the testing of additional chemicals, including hydrophobic compounds and mixtures to confirm the potential of the 3D epidermis models to broaden the applicability domain for NAM-based skin sensitization assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brandmair
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany
| | - D Dising
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Cell and Tissue Technologies, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - D Finkelmeier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Cell and Tissue Technologies, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - A Schepky
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany
| | - J Kuehnl
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany
| | - J Ebmeyer
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany.
| | - A Burger-Kentischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Cell and Tissue Technologies, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
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2
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Aleksic M, Rajagopal R, de-Ávila R, Spriggs S, Gilmour N. The skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway: exploring the role of mechanistic understanding for higher tier risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:69-91. [PMID: 38385441 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2308816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
For over a decade, the skin sensitization Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) has served as a useful framework for development of novel in chemico and in vitro assays for use in skin sensitization hazard and risk assessment. Since its establishment, the AOP framework further fueled the existing efforts in new assay development and stimulated a plethora of activities with particular focus on validation, reproducibility and interpretation of individual assays and combination of assay outputs for use in hazard/risk assessment. In parallel, research efforts have also accelerated in pace, providing new molecular and dynamic insight into key events leading to sensitization. In light of novel hypotheses emerging from over a decade of focused research effort, mechanistic evidence relating to the key events in the skin sensitization AOP may complement the tools currently used in risk assessment. We reviewed the recent advances unraveling the complexity of molecular events in sensitization and signpost the most promising avenues for further exploration and development of useful assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Aleksic
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Ramya Rajagopal
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Renato de-Ávila
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Sandrine Spriggs
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Nicola Gilmour
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
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3
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de Ávila RI, Aleksic M, Zhu B, Li J, Pendlington R, Valadares MC. Non-animal approaches for photoallergenicity safety assessment: Needs and perspectives for the toxicology for the 21st century. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105499. [PMID: 37805107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Certain chemicals and/or their byproducts are photoactivated by UV/VIS and trigger a dermal allergenic response, clinically recognized as photoallergic contact dermatitis (PACD). It is important to identify the chemicals which are potentially photoallergenic, not only for establishing the correct differential diagnosis between PACD and other photodermatoses, but also as causative agents which should be avoided as a preventative measure. Moreover, materials with photoallergenic properties need to be correctly identified to allow thorough safety assessments for their use in finished products (e.g. cosmetics). Development of methods for predicting photoallergenicity potential of chemicals has advanced at slow pace in recent years. To date, there are no validated methods for photosensitisation potential of chemicals for regulatory purposes, although it remains a required endpoint in some regions. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms potentially involved in the photosensitisation process and discuss the methods available in the literature for identification of photosensitisers. The review also explores the possibilities of further research investment required to develop human-relevant new approach methodologies (NAMs) and next generation risk assessment (NGRA) approaches, considering the current perspectives and needs of the Toxicology for the 21st Century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK; Laboratory of Education and Research in in Vitro Toxicology (Tox in), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Maja Aleksic
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Bin Zhu
- Unilever Research and Development Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Ruth Pendlington
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in in Vitro Toxicology (Tox in), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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4
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Zhao H, Chen Z, Kang X, Yang B, Luo P, Li H, He Q. The frontline of alternatives to animal testing: novel in vitro skin model application in drug development and evaluation. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:152-169. [PMID: 37702017 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The FDA Modernization Act 2.0 has brought nonclinical drug evaluation into a new era. In vitro models are widely used and play an important role in modern drug development and evaluation, including early candidate drug screening and preclinical drug efficacy and toxicity assessment. Driven by regulatory steering and facilitated by well-defined physiology, novel in vitro skin models are emerging rapidly, becoming the most advanced area in alternative testing research. The revolutionary technologies bring us many in vitro skin models, either laboratory-developed or commercially available, which were all built to emulate the structure of the natural skin to recapitulate the skin's physiological function and particular skin pathology. During the model development, how to achieve balance among complexity, accessibility, capability, and cost-effectiveness remains the core challenge for researchers. This review attempts to introduce the existing in vitro skin models, align them on different dimensions, such as structural complexity, functional maturity, and screening throughput, and provide an update on their current application in various scenarios within the scope of chemical testing and drug development, including testing in genotoxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization, corrosion/irritation. Overall, the review will summarize a general strategy for in vitro skin model to enhance future model invention, application, and translation in drug development and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhaozeng Chen
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xingchen Kang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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5
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Wang H, Meng Z, Zhao CY, Xiao YH, Zeng H, Lian H, Guan RQ, Liu Y, Feng ZG, Han QQ. Research progress of implantation materials and its biological evaluation. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:062001. [PMID: 37591254 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf17b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
With the development of modern material science, life science and medical science, implantation materials are widely employed in clinical fields. In recent years, these materials have also evolved from inert supports or functional substitutes to bioactive materials able to trigger or promote the regenerative potential of tissues. Reasonable biological evaluation of implantation materials is the premise to make sure their safe application in clinical practice. With the continual development of implantation materials and the emergence of new implantation materials, new challenges to biological evaluation have been presented. In this paper, the research progress of implantation materials, the progress of biological evaluation methods, and also the characteristics of biocompatibility evaluation for novel implantation materials, like animal-derived implantation materials, nerve contact implantation materials, nanomaterials and tissue-engineered medical products were reviewed in order to provide references for the rational biological evaluation of implantable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Meng
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Hao Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zeng
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Lian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qin Guan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Guo Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Han
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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6
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Harding AL, Colley HE, Vazquez IB, Danby S, Hasan MZ, Nakanishi H, Furuno T, Murdoch C. c-Src activation as a potential marker of chemical-induced skin irritation using tissue-engineered skin equivalents. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:220-225. [PMID: 36457227 PMCID: PMC10946902 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Skin irritancy to topically applied chemicals is a significant problem that affects millions of people worldwide. New or modified chemical entities must be tested for potential skin irritancy by industry as part of the safety and toxicity profiling process. Many of these tests have now moved to a non-animal-based format to reduce experiments on animals. However, these tests for irritancy potential often rely on monolayer cultures of keratinocytes that are not representative of the skin architecture or tissue-engineered human skin equivalents (HSE) using complex multi-gene expression panels that are often cumbersome and not amenable for high throughput. Here, we show that human skin equivalents increase abundance of several phosphorylated kinases (c-Src, c-Jun, p53, GSK3α/β) in response to irritant chemical stimulation by phosphokinase array analysis. Specific phosphorylation of c-SrcY419 was confirmed by immunoblotting and was plasma membrane-associated in basal/spinous cells by phospho-specific immunohistochemistry. Moreover, c-SrcY419 phosphorylation in response to the irritants lactic acid and capsaicin was inhibited by the c-Src inhibitors KB-SRC and betaine trimethylglycine. These data provide the first evidence for c-Src specific activation in response to chemical irritants and point to the development of new modes of rapid testing by immunodetection for first-pass screening of potential irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Harding
- School of Clinical DentistryUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Helen E. Colley
- School of Clinical DentistryUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | - Simon Danby
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Md Zobaer Hasan
- Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Safety Design CentreKyotoJapan
| | | | - Tetsuo Furuno
- Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Safety Design CentreKyotoJapan
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical DentistryUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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7
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Frantz MC, Rozot R, Marrot L. NRF2 in dermo-cosmetic: From scientific knowledge to skin care products. Biofactors 2023; 49:32-61. [PMID: 36258295 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the organ that is most susceptible to the impact of the exposome. Located at the interface with the external environment, it protects internal organs through the barrier function of the epidermis. It must adapt to the consequences of the harmful effects of solar radiation, the various chemical constituents of atmospheric pollution, and wounds associated with mechanical damage: oxidation, cytotoxicity, inflammation, and so forth. In this biological context, a capacity to adapt to the various stresses caused by the exposome is essential; otherwise, more or less serious conditions may develop accelerated aging, pigmentation disorders, atopy, psoriasis, and skin cancers. Nrf2-controlled pathways play a key role at this level. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that controls genes involved in oxidative stress protection and detoxification of chemicals. Its involvement in UV protection, reduction of inflammation in processes associated with healing, epidermal differentiation for barrier function, and hair regrowth, has been demonstrated. The modulation of Nrf2 in the skin may therefore constitute a skin protection or care strategy for certain dermatological stresses and disorders initiated or aggravated by the exposome. Nrf2 inducers can act through different modes of action. Keap1-dependent mechanisms include modification of the cysteine residues of Keap1 by (pro)electrophiles or prooxidants, and disruption of the Keap1-Nrf2 complex. Indirect mechanisms are suggested for numerous phytochemicals, acting on upstream pathways, or via hormesis. While developing novel and safe Nrf2 modulators for skin care may be challenging, new avenues can arise from natural compounds-based molecular modeling and emerging concepts such as epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Rozot
- Advanced Research, L'OREAL Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Laurent Marrot
- Advanced Research, L'OREAL Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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8
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Gądarowska D, Kalka J, Daniel-Wójcik A, Mrzyk I. Alternative Methods for Skin-Sensitization Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:740. [PMID: 36548573 PMCID: PMC9783525 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Skin sensitization is a term used to refer to the regulatory hazard known as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in humans or contact hypersensitivity in rodents, an important health endpoint considered in chemical hazard and risk assessments. Information on skin sensitization potential is required in various regulatory frameworks, such as the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH). The identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals previously required the use of animal testing, which is now being replaced by alternative methods. Alternative methods in the field of skin sensitization are based on the measurement or prediction of key events (KE), i.e., (i) the molecular triggering event, i.e., the covalent binding of electrophilic substances to nucleophilic centers in skin proteins; (ii) the activation of keratinocytes; (iii) the activation of dendritic cells; (iv) the proliferation of T cells. This review article focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the methods corresponding to each of the key events in skin sensitization and considers the latest trends in the development and modification of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Gądarowska
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Joanna Kalka
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Daniel-Wójcik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Inga Mrzyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
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9
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Macmillan DS, Chilton ML, Gao Y, Kern PS, Schneider SN. How to resolve inconclusive predictions from defined approaches for skin sensitisation in OECD Guideline No. 497. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 135:105248. [PMID: 36007801 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In June 2021 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development published Guideline No. 497 on Defined Approaches for Skin Sensitisation (DASS GL). There are two DAs published, known as the 2o3 and the ITS. The 2o3 uses two concordant results from either the DPRA, KeratinoSens™, or the h-CLAT assays to predict hazard (sensitiser/non-sensitiser). The ITS applies a score to results from the DPRA, the h-CLAT and an in silico model to predict United Nations Globally Harmonized System (GHS) sub-categories (1A/1B/Not Classified). The ITS can use Derek Nexus as the in silico model (known as ITSv1) or use OECD QSAR Toolbox (known as ITSv2). As limitations of the individual in chemico/in vitro assays and in silico predictions are carried through to the DAs, inconclusive predictions are possible for chemicals with results in the borderline range, and chemicals with out of domain results. However, these inconclusive predictions can be resolved by applying a weight of evidence approach. Herein, four case studies are presented, each 'inconclusive' for skin sensitisation potential according to both DAs. A weight of evidence approach was applied to each using a robust scientific approach to provide a conclusive prediction, where possible, based on several additional, non-animal lines of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna S Macmillan
- Humane Society International, 1255 23rd St. NW, Suite 450. Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Martyn L Chilton
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Yuan Gao
- Procter & Gamble Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, China
| | - Petra S Kern
- Procter & Gamble Services NV, Temselaan 100, B-1853, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
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10
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Chong LH, Ching T, Farm HJ, Grenci G, Chiam KH, Toh YC. Integration of a microfluidic multicellular coculture array with machine learning analysis to predict adverse cutaneous drug reactions. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1890-1904. [PMID: 35348137 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01140e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adverse cutaneous reactions are potentially life-threatening skin side effects caused by drugs administered into the human body. The availability of a human-specific in vitro platform that can prospectively screen drugs and predict this risk is therefore of great importance to drug safety. However, since adverse cutaneous drug reactions are mediated by at least 2 distinct mechanisms, both involving systemic interactions between liver, immune and dermal tissues, existing in vitro skin models have not been able to comprehensively recapitulate these complex, multi-cellular interactions to predict the skin-sensitization potential of drugs. Here, we report a novel in vitro drug screening platform, which comprises a microfluidic multicellular coculture array (MCA) to model different mechanisms-of-action using a collection of simplistic cellular assays. The resultant readouts are then integrated with a machine-learning algorithm to predict the skin sensitizing potential of systemic drugs. The MCA consists of 4 cell culture compartments connected by diffusion microchannels to enable crosstalk between hepatocytes that generate drug metabolites, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that detect the immunogenicity of the drug metabolites, and keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, which collectively determine drug metabolite-induced FasL-mediated apoptosis. A single drug screen using the MCA can simultaneously generate 5 readouts, which are integrated using support vector machine (SVM) and principal component analysis (PCA) to classify and visualize the drugs as skin sensitizers or non-skin sensitizers. The predictive performance of the MCA and SVM classification algorithm is then validated through a pilot screen of 11 drugs labelled by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), including 7 skin-sensitizing and 4 non-skin sensitizing drugs, using stratified 4-fold cross-validation (CV) on SVM. The predictive performance of our in vitro model achieves an average of 87.5% accuracy (correct prediction rate), 75% specificity (prediction rate of true negative drugs), and 100% sensitivity (prediction rate of true positive drugs). We then employ the MCA and the SVM training algorithm to prospectively identify the skin-sensitizing likelihood and mechanism-of-action for obeticholic acid (OCA), a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist which has undergone clinical trials for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with well-documented cutaneous side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lor Huai Chong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, ASTAR, 30 Biopolis St, Singapore 138671, Singapore
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Terry Ching
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Rd, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Hui Jia Farm
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Gianluca Grenci
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Keng-Hwee Chiam
- Bioinformatics Institute, ASTAR, 30 Biopolis St, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- School of Mechanical Medical & Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
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Abstract
A century ago, toxicology was an empirical science identifying substance hazards in surrogate mammalian models. Over several decades, these models improved, evolved to reduce animal usage, and recently have begun the process of dispensing with animals entirely. However, despite good hazard identification, the translation of hazards into adequately assessed risks to human health often has presented challenges. Unfortunately, many skin sensitizers known to produce contact allergy in humans, despite being readily identified as such in the predictive assays, continue to cause this adverse health effect. Increasing the rigour of hazard identification is inappropriate. Regulatory action has only proven effective via complete bans of individual substances. Since the problem applies to a broad range of substances and industry categories, and since generic banning of skin sensitizers would be an economic catastrophe, the solution is surprisingly simple—they should be subject to rigorous safety assessment, with the risks thereby managed accordingly. The ascendancy of non-animal methods in skin sensitization is giving unparalleled opportunities in which toxicologists, risk assessors, and regulators can work in concert to achieve a better outcome for the protection of human health than has been delivered by the in vivo methods and associated regulations that they are replacing.
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12
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Koning JJ, Rodrigues Neves CT, Schimek K, Thon M, Spiekstra SW, Waaijman T, de Gruijl TD, Gibbs S. A Multi-Organ-on-Chip Approach to Investigate How Oral Exposure to Metals Can Cause Systemic Toxicity Leading to Langerhans Cell Activation in Skin. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:824825. [PMID: 35295125 PMCID: PMC8915798 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.824825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating systemic toxicity in vitro is still a huge challenge. Here, a multi-organ-on-chip approach is presented as a typical case of topical exposure of oral mucosa to metals, which are known to activate the immune system and in turn may result in skin inflammation. Reconstructed human gingiva (RHG) and reconstructed human skin containing MUTZ-3–derived Langerhans cells (MUTZ-LC) in the epidermis (RHS-LC) were incorporated into a HUMIMIC Chip3plus, connected by dynamic flow and cultured for a total period of 72 h. Three independent experiments were performed each with an intra-experiment replicate in order to assess the donor and technical variations. After an initial culture period of 24 h to achieve stable dynamic culture conditions, nickel sulfate was applied topically to RHG for 24 h, and LC activation (maturation and migration) was determined in RHS-LC after an additional 24 h incubation time. A stable dynamic culture of RHG and RHS-LC was achieved as indicated by the assessment of glucose uptake, lactate production, and lactate dehydrogenase release into the microfluidics compartment. Nickel exposure resulted in no major histological changes within RHG or RHS-LC, or cytokine release into the microfluidics compartment, but did result in an increased activation of LC as observed by the increased mRNA levels of CD1a, CD207, HLA-DR, and CD86 in the dermal compartment (hydrogel of RHS-LC (PCR)). This is the first study to describe systemic toxicity and immune cell activation in a multi-organ setting and can provide a framework for studying other organoids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte T Rodrigues Neves
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Thon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander W Spiekstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco Waaijman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Vallion R, Hardonnière K, Bouredji A, Damiens MH, Deloménie C, Pallardy M, Ferret PJ, Kerdine-Römer S. The Inflammatory Response in Human Keratinocytes Exposed to Cinnamaldehyde Is Regulated by Nrf2. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030575. [PMID: 35326225 PMCID: PMC8945052 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes (KC) play a crucial role in epidermal barrier function, notably through their metabolic activity and the detection of danger signals. Chemical sensitizers are known to activate the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), leading to cellular detoxification and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, a key cytokine in skin allergy. We investigated the role of Nrf2 in the control of the proinflammatory response in human KC following treatment with Cinnamaldehyde (CinA), a well-known skin sensitizer. We used the well-described human KC cell line KERTr exposed to CinA. Our results showed that 250 μM of CinA did not induce any Nrf2 accumulation but increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, 100 μM of CinA induced a rapid accumulation of Nrf2, inhibited IL-1β transcription, and downregulated the zymosan-induced proinflammatory response. Moreover, Nrf2 knockdown KERTr cells (KERTr ko) showed an increase in proinflammatory cytokines. Since the inhibition of Nrf2 has been shown to alter cellular metabolism, we performed metabolomic and seahorse analyses. The results showed a decrease in mitochondrial metabolism following KERTr ko exposure to CinA 100 µM. In conclusion, the fate of Nrf2 controls proinflammatory cytokine production in KCs that could be linked to its capacity to preserve mitochondrial metabolism upon chemical sensitizer exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Vallion
- Inserm, Inflammation Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (R.V.); (K.H.); (A.B.); (M.-H.D.); (M.P.)
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmétique, 31000 Toulouse, France;
| | - Kévin Hardonnière
- Inserm, Inflammation Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (R.V.); (K.H.); (A.B.); (M.-H.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Abderrahmane Bouredji
- Inserm, Inflammation Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (R.V.); (K.H.); (A.B.); (M.-H.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Marie-Hélène Damiens
- Inserm, Inflammation Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (R.V.); (K.H.); (A.B.); (M.-H.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Claudine Deloménie
- Inserm US31, CNRS UMS3679, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l’Innovation Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France;
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Inserm, Inflammation Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (R.V.); (K.H.); (A.B.); (M.-H.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Pierre-Jacques Ferret
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmétique, 31000 Toulouse, France;
| | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- Inserm, Inflammation Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (R.V.); (K.H.); (A.B.); (M.-H.D.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-1-46-83-57-79
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14
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Abstract
Reliable human potency data are necessary for conducting quantitative risk assessments, as well as development and validation of new nonanimal methods for skin sensitization assessments. Previously, human skin sensitization potency of fragrance materials was derived primarily from human data or the local lymph node assay.
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15
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Benchmarking performance of SENS-IS assay against weight of evidence skin sensitization potency categories. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 130:105128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Harding AL, Murdoch C, Danby S, Hasan MZ, Nakanishi H, Furuno T, Hadad S, Turner R, Colley HE. Determination of Chemical Irritation Potential Using a Defined Gene Signature Set on Tissue-Engineered Human Skin Equivalents. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100011. [PMID: 34909715 PMCID: PMC8659397 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no physical or visual manifestations that define skin sensitivity or irritation; a subjective diagnosis is made on the basis of the evaluation of clinical presentations, including burning, prickling, erythema, and itching. Adverse skin reaction in response to topically applied products is common and can limit the use of dermatological or cosmetic products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of human skin equivalents based on immortalized skin keratinocytes and evaluate the potential of a 22-gene panel in combination with multivariate analysis to discriminate between chemicals known to act as irritants and those that do not. Test compounds were applied topically to full-thickness human skin equivalent or human ex vivo skin and gene signatures determined for known irritants and nonirritants. Principle component analysis showed the discriminatory potential of the 22-gene panel. Linear discrimination analysis, performed to further refine the gene set for a more high-throughput analysis, identified a putative seven-gene panel (IL-6, PTGS2, ATF3, TRPV3, MAP3K8, HMGB2, and matrix metalloproteinase gene MMP-3) that could distinguish potential irritants from nonirritants. These data offer promise as an in vitro prediction tool, although analysis of a large chemical test set is required to further evaluate the system.
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Key Words
- CA, cinnamaldehyde
- CAP, capsaicin
- CON, control
- Co-DEA, cocamide diethanolamine
- Co-MEA, cocamide monoethanolamine
- H2O, water
- HDF, human dermal fibroblast
- HSE, human skin equivalent
- KC, keratinocyte
- LA, lactic acid
- LDA, linear discrimination analysis
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MP, methylparaben
- N-LA, neutralized lactic acid
- PCA, principal component analysis
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Harding
- The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Murdoch
- The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Craig Murdoch, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, 19 Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Danby
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Md Zobaer Hasan
- Safety Design Centre, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Furuno
- Safety Design Centre, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sirwan Hadad
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Turner
- Research Software Engineering Sheffield, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Colley
- The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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17
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Lee I, Na M, Lavelle M, Api AM. Derivation of the no expected sensitization induction level for dermal quantitative risk assessment of fragrance ingredients using a weight of evidence approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 159:112705. [PMID: 34838676 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Some fragrance ingredients may have the potential to induce skin sensitization in humans but can still be safely formulated into consumer products. Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for dermal sensitization is required to determine safe levels at which potential skin sensitizers can be incorporated into consumer products. The no expected sensitization induction level or NESIL is the point of departure for the dermal QRA. Sensitization assessment factors are applied to the NESIL to determine acceptable exposure levels at which no skin sensitization induction would be expected in the general population. This paper details the key steps involved in deriving a weight of evidence (WoE) NESIL for a given fragrance ingredient using all existing data, including in vivo, in vitro, and in silico. Read-across can be used to derive a NESIL for a group of structurally similar materials when data are insufficient. When sufficient target and read-across data are lacking, exposure waiving threshold (the DST) may be used. We outline the process as it currently stands at the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc. (RIFM) and provide examples, but it is dynamic and is bound to change with evolving science as new approach methodologies (NAMs) are actively incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Mihwa Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Maura Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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18
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Kang S, Kim K, Jun SH, Lee S, Kim J, Shin JG, Kim Y, Kim M, Park SG, Kang NG. Anti-Irritant Strategy against Retinol Based on the Genetic Analysis of Korean Population: A Genetically Guided Top-Down Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122006. [PMID: 34959288 PMCID: PMC8706521 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol, one of the most powerful cosmetic materials for anti-aging supported by a solid scientific background, exhibits a wide range of type and severity of irritation while showing limited user compliance. The lack of understanding of the mechanism of retinol-induced irritation has been the main hurdle in the development of anti-irritation strategies. Here, we identified 30 genetic markers related to the susceptibility to retinol-induced irritation in the Korean population. Based on the genetic analysis, a novel formula against retinol-induced irritation was developed, which mitigated the molecular pathogenesis—as indicated by the genetic markers—of the retinol-induced irritation. In human tests, this formula effectively decreased retinol-induced irritation. Furthermore, a polygenic risk score model for irritation was constructed and validated. Our comprehensive approach for the analysis of retinol-induced irritation will not only aid the development of anti-irritation strategies to ensure higher user compliance but also contribute to improving the current knowledge about the biological effects of retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung-Hyun Jun
- Correspondence: (S.-H.J.); (N.-G.K.); Tel.: +82-2-6980-1239 (S.-H.J.); +82-2-6980-1533 (N.-G.K.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nae-Gyu Kang
- Correspondence: (S.-H.J.); (N.-G.K.); Tel.: +82-2-6980-1239 (S.-H.J.); +82-2-6980-1533 (N.-G.K.)
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19
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Li H, Lim E, Ang G, Lim ZQ, Cai MH, Loh JA, Ng C, Seetoh P, Tian E, Goh LB. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Arnebiae Radix and Dictamni Cortex and efficacy study of herbal extracts on allergic contact dermatitis using 3D human reconstructed epidermis. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2021; 13:556-564. [PMID: 36119360 PMCID: PMC9476703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the quality of Arnebiae Radix (AR) and Dictamni Cortex (DC) and study the efficacy of herbal extracts of these two herbs on the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Methods Qualitative and quantitative analysis of effective components was performed using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and HPLC-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS). In vitro allergic ACD 3D model was established by incubating 3D reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) with skin sensitizer, potassium dichromate. A total of 65 gene expression that were associated with ACD, which included 24 antioxidant responsive element (ARE) and 41 SENS-IS genes were quantified by qRT-PCR. More than or equal to 10 ARE genes and 18 SENN-IS genes were induced by 1.3-fold, demonstrating the successful establishment of in vitro ACD model. Oil extracts of AR and DC were applied on the in vitro ACD model to study the efficacy. Results Batch 3 of AR and batch 2 of DC showed presence of all active ingredients with the highest concentrations. Active ingredients of the herbs were extracted using a special oil and formulated into herbal oil extracts. The herbal oil extracts were able to down regulate the induced genes in the in-vitro ACD skin model, bringing the tissue back to homeostatic status. Conclusion The oil extracts showed the potent efficacy of using AR and DC in ACD treatment. The combination study will be done to optimize the formulation ratio which will be developed into a topical cream.
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20
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Thioredoxin reductase as a pharmacological target. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105854. [PMID: 34455077 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) belong to the pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase family enzymes that reduce thioredoxin (Trx). The couple TrxR and Trx is one of the major antioxidant systems that control the redox homeostasis in cells. The thioredoxin system, comprised of TrxR, Trx and NADPH, exerts its activities via a disulfide-dithiol exchange reaction. Inhibition of TrxR is an important clinical goal in all conditions in which the redox state is perturbed. The present review focuses on the most critical aspects of the cellular functions of TrxRs and their inhibition mechanisms by metal ions or chemicals, through direct targeting of TrxRs or their substrates or protein interactors. To update the involvement of overactivation/dysfunction of TrxRs in various pathological conditions, human diseases associated with TrxRs genes were critically summarized by publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) catalogs and literature. The pieces of evidence presented here justify why TrxR is recognized as one of the most critical clinical targets and the growing current interest in developing molecules capable of interfering with the functions of TrxR enzymes.
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21
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Thá EL, Canavez ADPM, Schuck DC, Gagosian VSC, Lorencini M, Leme DM. Beyond dermal exposure: The respiratory tract as a target organ in hazard assessments of cosmetic ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104976. [PMID: 34139277 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dermal contact is the main route of exposure for most cosmetics; however, inhalation exposure could be significant for some formulations (e.g., aerosols, powders). Current cosmetic regulations do not require specific tests addressing respiratory irritation and sensitisation, and despite the prohibition of animal testing for cosmetics, no alternative methods have been validated to assess these endpoints to date. Inhalation hazard is mainly determined based on existing human and animal evidence, read-across, and extrapolation of data from different target organs or tissues, such as the skin. However, because of mechanistic differences, effects on the skin cannot predict effects on the respiratory tract, which indicates a substantial need for the development of new approach methodologies addressing respiratory endpoints for inhalable chemicals in general. Cosmetics might present a particularly significant need for risk assessments of inhalation exposure to provide a more accurate toxicological evaluation and ensure consumer safety. This review describes the differences in the mechanisms of irritation and sensitisation between the skin and the respiratory tract, the progress that has already been made, and what still needs to be done to fill the gap in the inhalation risk assessment of cosmetic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanoela Lundgren Thá
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Márcio Lorencini
- Grupo Boticário, Product Safety Management- Q&PP, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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22
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Madia F, Pillo G, Worth A, Corvi R, Prieto P. Integration of data across toxicity endpoints for improved safety assessment of chemicals: the example of carcinogenicity assessment. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1971-1993. [PMID: 33830278 PMCID: PMC8166685 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In view of the need to enhance the assessment of consumer products called for in the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, we developed a methodology for evaluating hazard by combining information across different systemic toxicity endpoints and integrating the information with new approach methodologies. This integrates mechanistic information with a view to avoiding redundant in vivo studies, minimising reliance on apical endpoint tests and ultimately devising efficient testing strategies. Here, we present the application of our methodology to carcinogenicity assessment, mapping the available information from toxicity test methods across endpoints to the key characteristics of carcinogens. Test methods are deconstructed to allow the information they provide to be organised in a systematic way, enabling the description of the toxicity mechanisms leading to the adverse outcome. This integrated approach provides a flexible and resource-efficient means of fully exploiting test methods for which test guidelines are available to fulfil regulatory requirements for systemic toxicity assessment as well as identifying where new methods can be integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Madia
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Gelsomina Pillo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Andrew Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Pilar Prieto
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
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23
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Rodrigues Neves C, Gibbs S. Progress on Reconstructed Human Skin Models for Allergy Research and Identifying Contact Sensitizers. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 430:103-129. [PMID: 29934708 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Contact with the skin is inevitable or desirable for daily life products such as cosmetics, hair dyes, perfumes, drugs, household products, and industrial and agricultural products. Whereas the majority of these products are harmless, a number can become metabolized and/or activate the immunological defense via innate and adaptive mechanisms resulting in sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis upon following exposures to the same substance. Therefore, strict safety (hazard) assessment of actives and ingredients in products and drugs applied to the skin is essential to determine I) whether the chemical is a potential sensitizer and if so II) what is the safe concentration for human exposure to prevent sensitization from occurring. Ex vivo skin is a valuable model for skin penetration studies but due to logistical and viability limitations the development of in vitro alternatives is required. The aim of this review is to give a clear overview of the organotypic in vitro skin models (reconstructed human epidermis, reconstructed human skin, immune competent skin models incorporating Langerhans Cells and T-cells, skin-on-chip) that are currently commercially available or which are being used in a laboratory research setting for hazard assessment of potential sensitizers and for investigating the mechanisms (sensitization key events 1-4) related to allergic contact dermatitis. The limitations of the models, their current applications, and their future potential in replacing animals in allergy-related science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Dermatology Lab, 0/2 Building, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 Hz, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Karri V, Lidén C, Fyhrquist N, Högberg J, Karlsson HL. Impact of mono-culture vs. Co-culture of keratinocytes and monocytes on cytokine responses induced by important skin sensitizers. J Immunotoxicol 2021; 18:74-84. [PMID: 34019775 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2021.1905754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitization to a contact allergen brings with it a lifelong risk to develop allergic contact dermatitis. Inflammation is an important part of the skin sensitizing mechanism, and understanding how different haptens stimulate the immune system, as well as the role played by different cell types present in skin, may be helpful for developing optimized in vitro models for risk assessment of new chemicals or mixtures. The aim of this study was to compare the cytokine profile following exposure of cells representing keratinocytes (HaCaT), monocytes (THP-1) and a co-culture of these cells to three clinically important skin sensitizers: cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2), methylisothiazolinone (MI) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD). Secretion of ten pro-inflammatory cytokines was measured using multiplexing. The results showed that the cytokine response differed substantially between the three cell assays. CoCl2 caused an increase of IL-8 in HaCaT cells, while the induction of also IL-13 and IL-1β was observed in THP-1 cells and co-cultures. MI induced six cytokines in HaCaT cells but only IL-1β in the THP-1 cells and four cytokines in the co-culture. Interestingly, the IL-1β response was massive in the co-culture. PPD caused release of IL-1β in all three models as well as IL-8 in the co-culture. Control experiments with two non-sensitizers and irritants (lactic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate) showed no effect on IL-8 or IL-1β in the co-culture. Taken together, results from this exploratory analysis show unique cytokine profiles dependent on the type of hapten and cell model. Importantly, all three haptens triggered secretion of IL-1β and IL-8 in a co-culture of HaCaT cells and THP-1 cells, representing the most robust test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatanaidu Karri
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nanna Fyhrquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Ta GH, Weng CF, Leong MK. In silico Prediction of Skin Sensitization: Quo vadis? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655771. [PMID: 34017255 PMCID: PMC8129647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin direct contact with chemical or physical substances is predisposed to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), producing various allergic reactions, namely rash, blister, or itchy, in the contacted skin area. ACD can be triggered by various extremely complicated adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) remains to be causal for biosafety warrant. As such, commercial products such as ointments or cosmetics can fulfill the topically safe requirements in animal and non-animal models including allergy. Europe, nevertheless, has banned animal tests for the safety evaluations of cosmetic ingredients since 2013, followed by other countries. A variety of non-animal in vitro tests addressing different key events of the AOP, the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), KeratinoSens™, LuSens and human cell line activation test h-CLAT and U-SENS™ have been developed and were adopted in OECD test guideline to identify the skin sensitizers. Other methods, such as the SENS-IS are not yet fully validated and regulatorily accepted. A broad spectrum of in silico models, alternatively, to predict skin sensitization have emerged based on various animal and non-animal data using assorted modeling schemes. In this article, we extensively summarize a number of skin sensitization predictive models that can be used in the biopharmaceutics and cosmeceuticals industries as well as their future perspectives, and the underlined challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Huong Ta
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Max K. Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Taiwan
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Next generation risk assessment for skin sensitisation: A case study with propyl paraben. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 123:104936. [PMID: 33905779 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Skin sensitisation is a key adverse health effect to be addressed in the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients. Regulatory demands have urged the development of Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) using New Approach Methodologies (NAM) and Defined Approaches (DA) instead of animal models. An illustrative NGRA case study shall demonstrate if the use of propyl paraben at 0.2% in a face cream was safe for consumers. A sequential stacking tier testing DA based on NAM data predicted propyl paraben to be a non-sensitiser, while some NAM input data showed positive results. To increase confidence, structurally related parabens were considered, which revealed NAM and DA hazard predictions similar to those of propyl paraben, non-sensitiser classifications in animal models and very rare cases of human skin allergy. Based on a weight of evidence it was decided that propyl paraben should be considered a non-sensitiser leading to a favourable NGRA conclusion, in line with traditional risk assessment. Examination of an ab initio NGRA based on NAM and metabolism data resulted in a more conservative weak sensitiser consideration as point of departure, which still led to a favourable conclusion.
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Cottrez F, Leblanc V, Boitel E, Groux H, Alépée N. The EyeIRR-IS assay: Development and evaluation of an in vitro assay to measure the eye irritation sub-categorization of liquid chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 71:105072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Basketter DA, Kimber I, Ezendam J. Predictive Tests for Irritants and Allergens: Human, Animal, and In Vitro Tests. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Machine-learning-driven biomarker discovery for the discrimination between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33474-33485. [PMID: 33318199 PMCID: PMC7776829 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009192117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact dermatitis tremendously impacts the quality of life of suffering patients. Currently, diagnostic regimes rely on allergy testing, exposure specification, and follow-up visits; however, distinguishing the clinical phenotype of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis remains challenging. Employing integrative transcriptomic analysis and machine-learning approaches, we aimed to decipher disease-related signature genes to find suitable sets of biomarkers. A total of 89 positive patch-test reaction biopsies against four contact allergens and two irritants were analyzed via microarray. Coexpression network analysis and Random Forest classification were used to discover potential biomarkers and selected biomarker models were validated in an independent patient group. Differential gene-expression analysis identified major gene-expression changes depending on the stimulus. Random Forest classification identified CD47, BATF, FASLG, RGS16, SYNPO, SELE, PTPN7, WARS, PRC1, EXO1, RRM2, PBK, RAD54L, KIFC1, SPC25, PKMYT, HISTH1A, TPX2, DLGAP5, TPX2, CH25H, and IL37 as potential biomarkers to distinguish allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in human skin. Validation experiments and prediction performances on external testing datasets demonstrated potential applicability of the identified biomarker models in the clinic. Capitalizing on this knowledge, novel diagnostic tools can be developed to guide clinical diagnosis of contact allergies.
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Pellevoisin C, Cottrez F, Johansson J, Pedersen E, Coleman K, Groux H. Pre-validation of SENS-IS assay for in vitro skin sensitization of medical devices. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 71:105068. [PMID: 33301901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
According to ISO 10993-1:2018, the skin sensitization potential of all medical devices must be evaluated, and for this endpoint ISO 10993-10:2010 recommends the use of in vivo assays. The goal of the present study was to determine if the in vitro SENS-IS assay could be a suitable alternative to the current in vivo assays. The SENS-IS assay uses the Episkin Large and SkinEthic RHE reconstructed human epidermis models to evaluate marker genes. In our study, the SENS-IS assay correctly identified 13 sensitizers spiked in a non-polar solvent. In a subsequent analysis six medical device silicone samples previously impregnated with sensitizers were extracted with polar and non-polar solvents. The SENS-IS assay correctly identified five of these extracts, while a sixth extract, which contained the weak sensitizer phenyl benzoate, was classified as negative. However, when this extract was concentrated, or a longer exposure time was used, the assay was able to detect phenyl benzoate. The SENS-IS assay was transferred to a naïve laboratory which correctly identified sensitizers in six blinded silicone samples, including the one containing phenyl benzoate. In light of these results, we conclude that the SENS-IS assay is able to correctly identify the presence of sensitizers in medical devices extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Cottrez
- ImmunoSearch, Les Cyclades, Chemin de Camperousse, Grasse, France
| | - J Johansson
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Borås, Sweden
| | - E Pedersen
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Borås, Sweden
| | | | - H Groux
- ImmunoSearch, Les Cyclades, Chemin de Camperousse, Grasse, France
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Gilmour N, Kern PS, Alépée N, Boislève F, Bury D, Clouet E, Hirota M, Hoffmann S, Kühnl J, Lalko JF, Mewes K, Miyazawa M, Nishida H, Osmani A, Petersohn D, Sekine S, van Vliet E, Klaric M. Development of a next generation risk assessment framework for the evaluation of skin sensitisation of cosmetic ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 116:104721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Johansson H, Gradin R, Johansson A, Adriaens E, Edwards A, Zuckerstätter V, Jerre A, Burleson F, Gehrke H, Roggen EL. Validation of the GARD™skin Assay for Assessment of Chemical Skin Sensitizers: Ring Trial Results of Predictive Performance and Reproducibility. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:374-381. [PMID: 31099396 PMCID: PMC6657565 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proactive identification of chemicals with skin sensitizing properties is a key toxicological endpoint within chemical safety assessment, as required by legislation for registration of chemicals. In order to meet demands of increased animal welfare and facilitate increased testing efficiency also in nonregulatory settings, considerable efforts have been made to develop nonanimal approaches to replace current animal testing. Genomic Allergen Rapid Detection (GARD™) is a state-of-the-art technology platform, the most advanced application of which is the assay for assessment of skin sensitizing chemicals, GARD™skin. The methodology is based on a dendritic cell (DC)-like cell line, thus mimicking the mechanistic events leading to initiation and modulation of downstream immunological responses. Induced transcriptional changes are measured following exposure to test chemicals, providing a detailed evaluation of cell activation. These changes are associated with the immunological decision-making role of DCs in vivo and include among other phenotypic modifications, up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules, induction of cellular and oxidative stress pathways and xenobiotic responses, and provide a holistic readout of substance-induced DC activation. Here, results from an inter-laboratory ring trial of GARD™skin, conducted in compliance with OECD guidance documents and comprising a blinded chemical test set of 28 chemicals, are summarized. The assay was found to be transferable to naïve laboratories, with an inter-laboratory reproducibility of 92.0%. The within-laboratory reproducibility ranged between 82.1% and 88.9%, whereas the cumulative predictive accuracy across the 3 laboratories was 93.8%. It was concluded that GARD™skin is a robust and reliable method for the identification of skin sensitizing chemicals and suitable for stand-alone use or as a constituent of integrated testing. These data form the basis for the regulatory validation of GARD™skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amber Edwards
- Burleson Research Technologies, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | | | | | | | - Helge Gehrke
- Eurofins BioPharma Product Testing Munich GmbH, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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Bergal M, Puginier M, Gerbeix C, Groux H, Roso A, Cottrez F, Milius A. In vitro testing strategy for assessing the skin sensitizing potential of “difficult to test” cosmetic ingredients. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Contact Allergy-Emerging Allergens and Public Health Impact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072404. [PMID: 32244763 PMCID: PMC7177224 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contact allergy (sensitisation) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) resulting from it have a considerable public health impact. For the present review, all pertinent articles were systematically searched via Medline and Web of Science™; additionally, all available issues of the journals "Contact Dermatitis" and "Dermatitis" were manually searched, covering the years 2018-2019, thereby extending and re-focusing a previous similar review. New allergens, or previously described allergens found in a new exposure context or of other current importance, are described in sections according to substance classes, e.g., metals, preservatives, fragrances. As a common finding in many investigations, a lack of information on product composition has been noted, for instance, regarding a newly described allergen in canvas shoes (dimethylthiocarbamylbenzothiazole sulfide) and, most notably, absence of co-operation from manufacturers of glucose-monitoring devices and insulin pumps, respectively. These latter devices have been shown to cause severe ACD in a considerable number of diabetic patients caused by the liberation of isobornyl acrylate and N,N'-dimethylacrylamide, respectively, as demonstrated by an international collaboration between dermatologists and chemists. Improved and complete ingredient labelling for all types of products, and not just cosmetics, must be put on the legislative agenda.
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Ben Haddada M, Gerometta E, Chawech R, Sorres J, Bialecki A, Pesnel S, Spadavecchia J, Morel AL. Assessment of antioxidant and dermoprotective activities of gold nanoparticles as safe cosmetic ingredient. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110855. [PMID: 32101788 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hubertia ambavilla, an endemic plant originating from Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean, is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory and in healing, both for internal and external use. Polyphenolic compounds from aqueous phase extractions can reduce metal salts into nanoparticles and stabilize them in one step. Although gold nanoparticles are well described in the literature as anti-ageing ingredients, the nanoparticles presented herein are novel and are synthesized using a green process. We demonstrate their efficiency as dermoprotective, free radical scavenger and antioxidant cosmetic ingredients. Comparison with common nanoparticles obtained by the Turkevich method clearly emphasizes the necessity to carefully screen the products used for nanoparticle coatings, as they play a major role in the biological properties of the product. Hubertia ambavilla mediated gold nanoparticles are non-toxic to human dermal fibroblasts, possess free radical scavenging potential, and protect against damage to fibroblast and dermal cells caused by ultraviolet A radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Ben Haddada
- TORSKAL nanosciences, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; CNRS, UMR 7244, CSPBAT, Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomateriaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Elise Gerometta
- TORSKAL nanosciences, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; LCSNSA - Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments - UR, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de La Réunion, 15 avenue René Cassin, France
| | - Rachid Chawech
- TORSKAL nanosciences, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Jonathan Sorres
- TORSKAL nanosciences, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Anne Bialecki
- LCSNSA - Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments - UR, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de La Réunion, 15 avenue René Cassin, France
| | - Sabrina Pesnel
- TORSKAL nanosciences, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Jolanda Spadavecchia
- CNRS, UMR 7244, CSPBAT, Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomateriaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Anne-Laure Morel
- TORSKAL nanosciences, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
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Cottrez F, Boitel E, Berrada-Gomez MP, Dalhuchyts H, Bidan C, Rattier S, Ferret PJ, Groux H. In vitro measurement of skin sensitization hazard of mixtures and finished products: Results obtained with the SENS-IS assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Thélu A, Catoire S, Kerdine-Römer S. Immune-competent in vitro co-culture models as an approach for skin sensitisation assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Marigliani B, Sehn FP, Silva JVMA, Balottin LBL, Augusto EDFP, Buehler AM. The Overt and Hidden Use of Animal-Derived Products in Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation: A Systematic Review. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 47:174-195. [PMID: 31902222 DOI: 10.1177/0261192919896361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro methods that can replace animal testing in the identification of skin sensitisers are now a reality. However, as cell culture and related techniques usually rely on animal-derived products, these methods may be failing to address the complete replacement of animals in safety assessment. The objective of this study was to identify the animal-derived products that are used as part of in vitro methods for skin sensitisation testing. Thus, a systematic review of 156 articles featuring 83 different in vitro methods was carried out and, from this review, the use of several animal-derived products from different species was identified, with the use of fetal bovine serum being cited in most of the methods (78%). The use of sera from other animals, monoclonal antibodies and animal proteins were also variously mentioned. While non-animal alternatives are available and methods free of animal-derived products are emerging, most of the current methods reported used at least one animal-derived product, which raises ethical and technical concerns. Therefore, to deliver technically and ethically better in vitro methods for the safety assessment of chemicals, more effort should be made to replace products of animal origin in existing methods and to avoid their use in the development of new method protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marigliani
- Department of Research and Toxicology, Humane Society International (HSI), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Felipe Perraro Sehn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bottentuit López Balottin
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth de Fatima Pires Augusto
- Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Buehler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prediction of the allergic mechanism of haptens via a reaction-substructure-compound-target-pathway network system. Toxicol Lett 2019; 317:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moussallieh F, Moss E, Elbayed K, Lereaux G, Tourneix F, Lepoittevin J. Modifications induced by chemical skin allergens on the metabolome of reconstructed human epidermis: A pilot high‐resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance study. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:137-146. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Moss
- Institute of ChemistryCNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Karim Elbayed
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube)CNRS UMR 7357 and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France
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de Ávila RI, Lindstedt M, Valadares MC. The 21st Century movement within the area of skin sensitization assessment: From the animal context towards current human-relevant in vitro solutions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104445. [PMID: 31430506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a regulatory context, skin sensitization hazard and risk evaluations of manufactured products and their ingredients (e.g. cosmetics) are mandatory in several regions. Great efforts have been made within the field of 21st Century Toxicology to provide non-animal testing approaches to assess the skin allergy potential of materials (e.g. chemicals, mixtures, nanomaterials, particles). Mechanistic understanding of skin sensitization process through the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has promoted the development of in vitro methods, demonstrating accuracies superior to the traditional animal testing. These in vitro testing approaches are based on one of the four AOP key events (KE) of skin sensitization: formation of immunogenic hapten-protein complexes (KE-1 or the molecular initiating event, MIE), inflammatory keratinocyte responses (KE-2), dendritic cell activation (KE-3), and T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation (KE-4). This update provides an overview of the historically used in vivo methods as well as the current in chemico and in cell methods with and without OECD guideline designations to analyze the progress towards human-relevant in vitro test methods for safety assessment of the skin allergenicity potential of materials. Here our focus is to review 96 in vitro testing approaches directed to the KEs of the skin sensitization AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil.
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Schellenberger MT, Bock U, Hennen J, Groeber-Becker F, Walles H, Blömeke B. A coculture system composed of THP-1 cells and 3D reconstructed human epidermis to assess activation of dendritic cells by sensitizing chemicals after topical exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 57:62-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Helou DG, Noël B, Gaudin F, Groux H, El Ali Z, Pallardy M, Chollet-Martin S, Kerdine-Römer S. Cutting Edge: Nrf2 Regulates Neutrophil Recruitment and Accumulation in Skin during Contact Hypersensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2189-2194. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Clouet E, Bechara R, Raffalli C, Damiens MH, Groux H, Pallardy M, Ferret PJ, Kerdine-Römer S. The THP-1 cell toolbox: a new concept integrating the key events of skin sensitization. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:941-951. [PMID: 30806763 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to the current scientific consensus, one in vitro test is insufficient to cover the key events (KE) defined by the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization. To address this issue we combined different end points in the same cell line to cover all KEs defined by the skin sensitization AOP. Since dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in the sensitization phase leading to the development of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), we used THP-1 cells as a surrogate for DC. We measured ROS production and GSH depletion for KE1 (binding to proteins), Nrf2 activation pathway and gene expressions for KE2 (keratinocyte response), phenotype modifications using cell-surface markers and cytokine production for KE3 (DC activation), and T-cell proliferation for KE4 (T-cell activation). These measurements were performed using the THP-1 cell line and an original THP-1/T-cell co-culture system following exposure to a variety of chemicals, including irritant, non-sensitizers, and chemicals sensitizers (pro/prehaptens). Results showed that treatment with sensitizers such as cinnamaldehyde (100 µM) or methylisothiazolinone (150 µM) was able to trigger the three main key events (KE1, KE2, and KE3) of the sensitization phase of ACD in THP-1 cells. In addition, all sensitizers were able to induce T lymphocyte proliferation (KE4), while non-sensitizers and irritants did not. Our study shows for the first time that addressing the four main KE of skin sensitization AOP in a single cell line is an achievable task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Clouet
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmétique, Toulouse, France.,UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Rami Bechara
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Chloé Raffalli
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Damiens
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Marc Pallardy
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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45
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Predictive Tests for Irritants and Allergens: Human, Animal, and In Vitro Tests. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_13-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) is broadly considered a prerequisite bridge from in vitro findings to a dose paradigm. Quality and relevance of cell systems are the first prerequisite for QIVIVE. Information-rich and mechanistic endpoints (biomarkers) improve extrapolations, but a sophisticated endpoint does not make a bad cell model a good one. The next need is reverse toxicokinetics (TK), which estimates the dose necessary to reach a tissue concentration that is active in vitro. The Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) has created a roadmap for animal-free systemic toxicity testing, in which the needs and opportunities for TK are elaborated, in the context of different systemic toxicities. The report was discussed at two stakeholder forums in Brussels in 2012 and in Washington in 2013; the key recommendations are summarized herein. Contrary to common belief and the Paracelsus paradigm of everything is toxic, the majority of industrial chemicals do not exhibit toxicity. Strengthening the credibility of negative results of alternative approaches for hazard identification, therefore, avoids the need for QIVIVE. Here, especially the combination of methods in integrated testing strategies is most promising. Two further but very different approaches aim to overcome the problem of modeling in vivo complexity: The human-on-a-chip movement aims to reproduce large parts of living organism's complexity via microphysiological systems, that is, organ equivalents combined by microfluidics. At the same time, the Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century (Tox-21c) movement aims for mechanistic approaches (adverse outcome pathways as promoted by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) or pathways of toxicity in the Human Toxome Project) for high-throughput screening, biological phenotyping, and ultimately a systems toxicology approach through integration with computer modeling. These 21st century approaches also require 21st century validation, for example, by evidence-based toxicology. Ultimately, QIVIVE is a prerequisite for extrapolating Tox-21c such approaches to human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.,University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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47
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Wilm A, Kühnl J, Kirchmair J. Computational approaches for skin sensitization prediction. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:738-760. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1528207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wilm
- Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- HITeC e.V, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kühnl
- Front End Innovation, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit (CBU), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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48
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Chong LH, Li H, Wetzel I, Cho H, Toh YC. A liver-immune coculture array for predicting systemic drug-induced skin sensitization. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3239-3250. [PMID: 30252012 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00790j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced skin sensitization is prevalent worldwide and can trigger life-threatening health conditions, such as Stevens Johnson Syndrome. However, existing in vitro skin models cannot adequately predict the skin sensitization effects of drugs administered into the systemic circulation because dermal inflammation and injury are preceded by conversion of parent drugs into antigenic reactive metabolites in the liver and subsequent activation of the immune system. Here, we demonstrate that recapitulation of these early tandem cellular processes in a compartmentalized liver-immune coculture array is sufficient to predict the skin sensitization potential of systemic drugs. Human progenitor cell (HepaRG)-derived hepatocyte spheroids and U937 myeloid cells, a representative antigen presenting cell (APC), can maintain their respective functions in 2 concentric micro-chambers, which are connected by a diffusion microchannel network. Paradigm drugs that are reported to cause severe cutaneous drug reactions (i.e. carbamazepine, phenytoin and allopurinol) can be metabolized into their reactive metabolites, which diffuse efficiently into the adjoining immune compartment within a 48 hour period. By measuring the extent of U937 activation as indicated by IL8, IL1β and CD86 upregulation upon drug administration, we show that the liver-immune coculture array more consistently and reliably distinguish all 3-paradigm skin sensitizing drugs from a non-skin sensitizer than conventional bulk Transwell coculture. Given its miniaturized format, design simplicity and prediction capability, this novel in vitro system can be readily scaled into a screenable platform to identify the skin sensitization potential of systemically-administered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lor Huai Chong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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49
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Assessment of the skin sensitisation hazard of functional polysiloxanes and silanes in the SENS-IS assay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:209-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Hoffmann S, Kleinstreuer N, Alépée N, Allen D, Api AM, Ashikaga T, Clouet E, Cluzel M, Desprez B, Gellatly N, Goebel C, Kern PS, Klaric M, Kühnl J, Lalko JF, Martinozzi-Teissier S, Mewes K, Miyazawa M, Parakhia R, van Vliet E, Zang Q, Petersohn D. Non-animal methods to predict skin sensitization (I): the Cosmetics Europe database. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:344-358. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1429385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anne Marie Api
- The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | - Takao Ashikaga
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Hayabuchi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Petra S. Kern
- Procter and Gamble Services Company NV, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jon F. Lalko
- The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rahul Parakhia
- The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | - Erwin van Vliet
- Services and Consultations on Alternative Methods (SeCAM), Magliaso, Switzerland
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