3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde quenches ROS and RNS and protects human blood cells from Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity

Health benefits from substituting raw biomass fuels for charcoal and briquette fuels: In vitro toxicity analysis

PM_2.5 (particulate matters with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) from biomass fuel combustion has been identified as a major cause of cardiopulmonary diseases. Briquette and charcoal are two representative processed fuels that exhibit different emission characteristics. This study compared three types of biomass fuels (maize straw, wheat straw, and wood branches) and their respective processed fuels in terms of their emission factors (EFs). The bioreactivity of human alveolar epithelial (A549) cells to exposure to various fuel-emitted PM_2.5 was assessed. The EFs of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were calculated to compare actual cytotoxicity. The PM_2.5 EFs of maize and wheat straw were higher than those of wood branches, and following the processes of briquetting and carbonization, the EFs of PM_2.5 and chemical components were effectively reduced. Cell membrane damage and inflammatory responses were observed after A549 cell exposure to PM_2.5 extracts. The expression of bioreactivity to briquettes and charcoals was lower than that to raw fuels. The EFs of LDH and IL-6 were also significantly reduced after briquetting and carbonization. This underscores the necessity of fuel treatment for reducing cytotoxicity. The crucial chemical components that contributed to cell oxidative and inflammatory responses were identified, including organic and elemental carbon, water-soluble ions (e.g., K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺), metals (e.g., Fe, Cr, and Ni), and high-molecular-weight PAHs. This study elucidated the similarities and differences of PM_2.5 emissions and cytotoxicity of three types of biomass fuel and demonstrated the positive effects of fuel treatment on reducing adverse pulmonary effects.

Hexavalent-Chromium-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Protective Role of Antioxidants against Cellular Toxicity

Hexavalent chromium is a highly soluble environmental contaminant. It is a widespread anthropogenic chromium species that is 100 times more toxic than trivalent chromium. Leather, chrome plating, coal mining and paint industries are the major sources of hexavalent chromium in water. Hexavalent chromium is widely recognised as a carcinogen and mutagen in humans and other animals. It is also responsible for multiorgan damage, such as kidney damage, liver failure, heart failure, skin disease and lung dysfunction. The fate of the toxicity of hexavalent chromium depends on its oxidation state. The reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) is responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chromium intermediate species, such as Cr (V) and Cr (IV). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are responsible for oxidative tissue damage and the disruption of cell organelles, such as mitochondria, DNA, RNA and protein molecules. Cr (VI)-induced oxidative stress can be neutralised by the antioxidant system in human and animal cells. In this review, the authors summarise the Cr (VI) source, toxicity and antioxidant defence mechanism against Cr (VI)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Antihypertensive Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre (Euphorbiaceae) in Wistar Rat

Ricinodendron heudelotii stem bark is commonly used in Cameroonian traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. The present study was designed to investigate the antihypertensive and antioxidant properties of the aqueous extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii in salt-induced hypertensive rats. Analysis by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS was used to identify various chemical components of the extract. A total of thirty rats were used for each test. High-salt hypertension was induced in rats by oral administration of NaCl for 12 weeks. Mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored by noninvasive methods. Oral administration of Ricinodendron heudelotii significantly ( $p<0.01$ ) reduced the increase of mean blood pressure (23.12%, 26.14%, and 24.34%) and heart rate (31.19%, 31.09%, and 26.98%), respectively, at the doses of 40, 20, and 6 mg/kg, compared to the hypertensive group. All the doses tested significantly reduced or/and ameliorated biochemical and oxidative stress parameters. Histological analysis showed that Ricinodendron heudelotii restored renal disorders induced by the administration of salt. The aqueous extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii exerts a cardioprotective effect, and the antihypertensive activity seems associated with an improvement in antioxidant status. Overall, the results justify and support the traditional use of Ricinodendron heudelotii.

Pharmacological and Chemical Potential of Spiranthes sinensis (Orchidaceae): A Narrative Review

Orchidaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants with more than 27,000 accepted species, and more than 31,000–35,000 species are estimated to exist in total. The orchid Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames, having ornamental and medicinal value, is widely distributed throughout Asia and Oceania. S. sinensis (Shou Tsao) is also known as Panlongshen among the common folk herbs. It has a fleshy root similar to ginseng, and the entire plant is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Owing to overexploitation and habitat destruction in recent years, the wild population has become scarce. The traits of this species show obvious differences in different countries. In the Taiwanese climate, it flowers during the Ching Ming Festival, also called the ching ming tsao. Previous investigations into S. sinensis have revealed the presence of flavonoids, homocyclotirucallane, dihydrophenanthrenes, ferulic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. Phenolic constituents of structural and biological interest, including phenanthrenes and flavonoids, have been isolated and identified from S. sinensis. This natural product possesses extensive bioactivity, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. In this review, we outline the herbal medicine formulations and plant-derived natural products of S. sinensis.

Adhesive and biodegradable membranes made of sustainable catechol-functionalized marine collagen and chitosan

We describe bioadhesive membranes developed from marine renewable biomaterials, namely chitosan and collagen extracted from fish skins. Collagen was functionalized with catechol groups (Coll-Cat) to provide the membranes with superior adhesive properties in a wet environment and blended with chitosan to improve the mechanical properties. The blended membranes were compared to chitosan and chitosan blended with unmodified collagen in terms of surface morphology, wettability, weight loss, water uptake, mechanical and adhesive properties. The metabolic activity, the viability and the morphology of L929 fibroblastic cells seeded on these membranes were also assessed. Our results show that the functionalization with catechol groups improves the adhesive and mechanical properties of the membranes and enhances cell attachment and proliferation. These data suggest that the developed marine origin-raw membranes present a potential towards the restoration of the structural and functional properties of damaged soft tissues.

Cytotoxicity of stabilized/solidified municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

Low-carbon stabilization/solidification (S/S) is of increasing importance as an option for the treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MIFA). This study tailored four binders (e.g., ordinary Portland cement (OPC), calcium aluminate cement (CAC), phosphate-modified OPC, and phosphate-modified CAC) for S/S of MIFA and evaluated the cytotoxicity of treated MIFA by using A549 cell-based in-vitro assay. After S/S treatment, the leachability of Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb from MIFA decreased by 76.1%, 93.4%, 69.6%, and 85.5%, respectively. Spectroscopic analysis indicated that the hydration products determined the immobilization efficiencies of various binders, and strong bonding between metallic cations and phosphate enhanced the immobilization efficiency. The treated MIFA showed significantly lower cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing abilities than original MIFA, in which with phosphate-modified OPC treated MIFA showed the lowest ROS levels. Intracellular ROS and multicytotoxicity results also revealed that the treated MIFA not only decreased the cytotoxicity-inducing capability but also enhanced the tolerant dosage of cytotoxicity, in which phosphate-modified S/S treatments showed more effective mitigation (25% less cytotoxicity) than plain cement treatments due to the high-efficiency immobilization of potentially toxic elements. This study develops a pioneering assessment protocol to measure the success of sustainable treatment of MIFA in human health perspective.

Oxidative stress-inducing effects of various urban PM2.5 road dust on human lung epithelial cells among 10 Chinese megacities

PM2.5 Road dust samples were collected from 10 representative cities in southern and northern China for examination of chemical components and oxidative stress levels in A549 cells. Downtown road dust was abundance of heavy metals, EC and PAHs compared to nondowntown road dust. Source apportionment also revealed the relative higher contribution of vehicle emission to downtown (35.8%) than nondowntown road dust (25.5%). Consequently, downtown road dust induced much higher intracellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels than that from nondowntown (p < 0.05). This study highlights that the ROS-inducing capacity of road dust in China is lower at lower latitudes, which resulted in a significantly higher ROS-inducing capacity of road dust from northern cities than southern ones. Hotspot analysis demonstrated that heavy metals (i.e., Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb) in road dust were the most closely associated with ROS production in A549 cells. Vehicle emission and combustion emission in road dust were identified to be correlated with cellular ROS production. The findings highlight the ROS-inducing effect of PM2.5 road dust and also serve as a reference to make the targeted solutions for urban road dust pollution control, especially from a public health perspective.

Potassium Dichromate-Induced Hepato- and Hematotoxicity in Rats: Nutritive Composition and Ameliorative Role of Acacia nilotica L. Leaf

Background: Chromium and its salts, as well as chromium-containing compounds, play a major role in numerous manufacturing processes and have been contraindicated in carcinogenic, toxic, and mutagenic conditions in people involved in these processes. Objectives: This study investigated the ameliorative role of Acacia nilotica aqueous leave extract (ANLA) on potassium dichromate-induced liver and blood toxicity in male and female rats. Phytochemical screening and nutrient composition of ANLA were also evaluated. Methods: Phytochemical and proximate analysis of ANLA were carried out. Twenty adult male and female rats each were divided into four groups (n = 10): (1) control; (2) potassium dichromate (PDC; 0.625 mg/kg body weight); (3) PDC co-treated with ANLA after seven days (650 mg/kg bwt); and (4) PDC co-treated with ANLA (650 mg/kg bwt) simultaneously for 21 days. Biomarkers of liver injury, lipid, and hematological imbalance were assessed. Tissue histology and toxicant retention were done. Results: Various plant secondary metabolites (flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, and anthraquinones) and nutrients (protein = 67.41 ± 2.44%; carbohydrate = 9.87 ± 1.87%; fiber = 10.01 ± 1.21%; mineral = 6.41 ± 1.08%; fat and oil = 6.63 ± 0.93%) were identified in the leave. Exposure to chromium significantly (P < 0.05) increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) with a concomitant decrease in the activity of these enzymes in the liver of both male and female rats. The exposure also altered protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels in the plasma and liver as well as hematological indices. Organ chromium retention and pathological changes were also observed. ANLA modulated these chromium-induced alterations in the rats. Conclusions: Based on the results, ANLA possesses ameliorative property against PDC-induced toxicity in rats. Thus it may be used to combat chromium poisoning. The nutritive potential of A. nilotica leaves may also be maximized.

Cross-Linking Porcine Pericardium by 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde: A Novel Method to Improve the Biocompatibility of Bioprosthetic Valve

Heart valve replacement is an effective therapy for patients with moderate to severe valvular stenosis or regurgitation. Most bioprosthetic heart valves applied clinically are based on cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (GLUT), but they have some drawbacks like high cytotoxicity, severe calcification, and poor hemocompatibility. In this study, we focused on enhancing the properties of bioprosthetic heart valves by cross-linking with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHBA). The experiment results revealed that compared with GLUT cross-linked porcine pericardium (PP), the relative amount of platelets absorbed on the surface of DHBA cross-linked PP decreased from 0.294 ± 0.034 to 0.176 ± 0.028, and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) increased from 9.9 ± 0.1 to 15.2 ± 0.1 s, indicating improved hemocompatibility. Moreover, anticalcification performance and cytocompatibility were greatly enhanced by DHBA cross-linking. In conclusion, the properties of bioprosthetic valves could be effectively improved by processing valves with a DHBA-based cross-linking method.

Clusterin alleviates Cr(VI)-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in L02 hepatocytes via inhibition of Ca2+-ROS-Drp1-mitochondrial fission axis

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is ubiquitous in the environment and is commonly used in various industrial processes. Clusterin (CLU) is an extracellular chaperone protein which exerts the anti-apoptotic function. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of CLU on Cr(VI)-induced mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. We revealed that the apoptosis rate of L02 hepatocytes treated with Cr (VI) was increased. CLU over-expression could protect the hepatocytes from Cr(VI)-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. Furthermore, Cr(VI) triggered the intracellular calcium overload, resulting in the activation of xanthine oxidase (XO). Cr(VI) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, led to dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) translocation to mitochondria and the subsequent mitochondrial fission, contributing to the caspase-3-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis as evidenced by higher mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening rate, lower mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and more alanine transaminase (ALT)/aspartate transaminase (AST) leakage into the culture medium. However, CLU over-expression could trigger the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, which was followed by the increase of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase (SERCA2a) expression. CLU-induced AMPK/SERCA2a activation attenuated calcium overload, caspase-3 activation, and ultimate mitochondrial apoptosis. All in all, the present study demonstrated that Cr(VI) induced hepatocytes apoptosis via Ca²⁺-ROS-Drp1-mitochondrial fission axis and CLU alleviated the mitochondrial apoptosis through activation of the AMPK/SERCA2a pathway.

Circulating differential miRNAs profiling and expression in hexavalent chromium exposed electroplating workers

Hexavalent chromium [Cr (Ⅵ)] has extensive applications in industries, and long-term occupational exposure to Cr (Ⅵ) may lead to lung carcinoma and other cancers. While microRNA (miRNA) can take part in carcinogenesis, little is known about its expression profile in the population with Cr (Ⅵ) exposure. Thus, this study aimed to explore miRNA expression profiles in Cr (Ⅵ) exposed workers and to identify the potential biological function of differentially expressed miRNAs. A total of 45 significant differentially expressed miRNAs were identified by the miRNA array. The results of validation showed that miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, and miR-142-3p were downregulated and miR-590-3p and miR-941 were upregulated in the exposure group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age, exposure duration and urinary chromium level were associated with one or more miRNAs expression. Target gene analysis indicated that these miRNAs might participate in the regulation of DNA damage-related signaling pathways. Taken together, Cr (Ⅵ) exposure can result in differential expression of miRNAs in occupational workers, and the expression of these miRNAs is correlated with the level and duration of Cr (Ⅵ) exposure, and the differentially expressed miRNAs may participate in DNA damage response.

Establishment of a UPLC-PDA/ESI-Q-TOF/MS-Based Approach for the Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Phenolic Compounds in Amaranth (A. cruentus and A. tricolor)

We used ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode-array detector and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA/ESI-Q-TOF/MS) to rapidly and accurately quantify 17 phenolic compounds. Then, we applied this method to the seed and leaf extracts of two Amaranthus species to identify and quantify phenolic compounds other than the 17 compounds mentioned above. Compounds were eluted within 30 min on a C18 column using a mobile phase (water and acetonitrile) containing 0.1% formic acid, and the specific wavelength and ion information of the compounds obtained by PDA and ESI-Q-TOF/MS were confirmed. The proposed method showed good linearity (r² > 0.990). Limits of detection and quantification were less than 0.1 and 0.1 μg/mL, respectively. Intra- and interday precision were less than 2.4% and 1.8%, respectively. Analysis of amaranth seed and leaf extracts using the established method showed that the seeds contained high amounts of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and kaempferol, and leaves contained diverse phenolic compounds. In addition, six tentatively new phenolic compounds were identified. Moreover, seeds potentially contained 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, a beneficial bioactive compound. Thus, our method was an efficient approach for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds, and could be used to investigate phenolic compounds in plants.

A study on the protective effects of taxifolin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and THP-1 cells damaged by hexavalent chromium: a probable mechanism for preventing cardiovascular disease induced by heavy metals

Taxifolin suppressed the toxicity and THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs induced by Cr(vi) via regulating the p38 MAPK and JNK pathways.

Taurine attenuates Cr(VI)-induced cellular and DNA damage: an in vitro study using human erythrocytes and lymphocytes

Hexavalent chromium [(Cr(VI)] is widely used in several industries, but human exposure results in multiple organ toxicity. Enhanced generation of free radicals and reactive species is thought to play a key role in Cr(VI)-induced toxicity. We have examined the effect of taurine, a simple sulphur-containing amino acid and an antioxidant, on potassium dichromate [K₂Cr₂O₇, a Cr(VI) compound]-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human blood cells. Erythrocytes were treated with K₂Cr₂O₇, either alone or after incubation with different concentrations of taurine. Treatment of erythrocytes with K₂Cr₂O₇ alone led to marked increase in generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, lipid and protein oxidation. This was accompanied by decrease in total sulfhydryl and glutathione content and lowered antioxidant power of the cells. This suggests that Cr(VI) induces oxidative stress in the cells. Incubation of erythrocytes with taurine prior to addition of K₂Cr₂O₇, resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, mitigation of oxidative stress and amelioration of antioxidant power of these cells. It also restored the activities of several metabolic, antioxidant and membrane-bound enzymes. Cr(VI)-induced damage to erythrocyte membrane and lymphocyte DNA was also significantly attenuated by prior administration of taurine. These results suggest that taurine can function as a chemoprotectant against Cr(VI)-induced oxidative injury and can be potentially used to mitigate the toxic effects of this transition metal ion.

Excretion, Metabolism and Cytochrome P450 Inhibition of Methyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB): A Potential Candidate to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB) has the potential to prevent neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The present work investigated its excretion, metabolism, and cytochrome P450-based drug-drug interactions (DDIs).

METHODS

After intragastric administration of MDHB, the parent drug was assayed in the urine and faeces of mice. Metabolites of MDHB in the urine, faeces, brain, plasma and liver were detected by liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). A cocktail approach was used to evaluate the inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoforms by MDHB.

RESULTS

The cumulative excretion permille of MDHB in the urine and faeces were found to be 0.67 ± 0.31 and 0.49 ± 0.44‰, respectively. A total of 96 metabolites of MDHB were identified, and all IC₅₀ (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values of MDHB towards cytochrome P450 isoforms were > 100 μM.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that MDHB has a low parent drug cumulative excretion percentage and that MDHB has multiple metabolites and is mainly metabolized through the loss of -CH₂ and -CO₂, the loss of -CH₂O, ester bond hydrolysis, the loss of -O and -CO₂, isomerization, methylation, sulfate conjugation, the loss of -CH₂O and -O and glycine conjugation, glycine conjugation, the loss of two -O groups and alanine conjugation, the loss of -CH₂O and -O and glucose conjugation, glucuronidation, glucose conjugation, etc., in vivo. Finally, MDHB has a low probability of cytochrome P450-based DDIs.

Effects of Cr(VI)-induced calcium-sensing receptor activation on DF-1 cell pyroptosis

This study aims to investigate the effects of Cr(VI)-induced calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) activation on DF-1 cell pyroptosis. Previous studies show that Cr(VI) could accumulate in the body of chickens and change Ca levels. Hence, a Ca-related pathway may be an important mechanism participating in some pathological processes. Pyroptosis level, which is meditated by CaSR, increases under Cr(VI) accumulation. In the present study, pyroptosis was determined by flow cytometry to detect SYTOX blue and caspase-1 staining followed by morphological observation. Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 levels were detected by ELISA, while CaSR protein and [Ca²⁺]_i contents were detected by Western blot and fluorescence microplate spectrophotometry, respectively. The results showed that Cr(VI) causes DF-1 cell pyroptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner and that this effect is caspase-1 dependent. Further experiments indicated that pyroptosis could be induced by Cr(VI) and is accompanied by up-regulated [Ca²⁺]_i content. CaSR inhibition led to decreases in pyroptosis level. Some mechanisms may be involved in Cr(VI)-triggered CaSR activation and enhance DF-1 cell pyroptosis. Taken together, the results of this study support future investigations on Cr(VI)-induced pyroptosis in DF-1 cells.

Toxic effects of Cr(VI) on the bovine hemoglobin and human vascular endothelial cells: Molecular interaction and cell damage

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is the main harmful component in the atmosphere released by chemical industry. The study was conducted to assess Cr(VI) inducing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in vitro by investigating the effects of Cr(VI) on bovine hemoglobin (BHb) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Multi-spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking method were used to determine the interaction of Cr(VI) and BHb. Fluorescence spectra results showed that the quenching constant (K_sv) decreased with temperature raise, indicating that Cr(VI) quenches BHb fluorescence through static quenching mechanism. The number of binding sites was 1.14 (310 K), enthalpy and entropy changes revealed the interaction of Cr(VI) and BHb was driven by hydrogen bonds. The results of synchronous fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectra suggested that Cr(VI) could change BHb conformation and influence the microenvironment of Trp and Tyr residues. Moreover, in order to study Cr(VI) induced HUVECs damage, inflammatory factors were detected at the mRNA level, JNK and p38 MAPK pathways were analyzed. The results shown that Cr(VI) could induce mRNA expression of NLRP3, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNF-α and IL-1β, and increased intracellular ROS. Furthermore, Cr(VI) could induce oxidative stress in HUVECs, and then activate JNK and p38 MAPK pathways, ultimately lead to apoptosis of HUVECs by activating mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. These results suggested that Cr(VI) might bring about CVDs by both changing the BHb conformation and inducing HUVECs damage.