1
|
Sun J, Yu J, Shen Z, Niu X, Wang D, Wang X, Xu H, Chuang HC, Cao J, Ho KF. Oxidative stress-inducing effects of various urban PM 2.5 road dust on human lung epithelial cells among 10 Chinese megacities. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 224:112680. [PMID: 34418851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 Road dust samples were collected from 10 representative cities in southern and northern China for examination of chemical components and oxidative stress levels in A549 cells. Downtown road dust was abundance of heavy metals, EC and PAHs compared to nondowntown road dust. Source apportionment also revealed the relative higher contribution of vehicle emission to downtown (35.8%) than nondowntown road dust (25.5%). Consequently, downtown road dust induced much higher intracellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels than that from nondowntown (p < 0.05). This study highlights that the ROS-inducing capacity of road dust in China is lower at lower latitudes, which resulted in a significantly higher ROS-inducing capacity of road dust from northern cities than southern ones. Hotspot analysis demonstrated that heavy metals (i.e., Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb) in road dust were the most closely associated with ROS production in A549 cells. Vehicle emission and combustion emission in road dust were identified to be correlated with cellular ROS production. The findings highlight the ROS-inducing effect of PM2.5 road dust and also serve as a reference to make the targeted solutions for urban road dust pollution control, especially from a public health perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Diwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gong X, Shen Z, Zhang Q, Zeng Y, Sun J, Ho SSH, Lei Y, Zhang T, Xu H, Cui S, Huang Y, Cao J. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) source profiles in urban PM 2.5 fugitive dust: A large-scale study for 20 Chinese cites. Sci Total Environ 2019; 687:188-197. [PMID: 31207509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust (RD) and construction dust (CD) in PM2.5 were quantified in the samples collected in 20 Chinese cities. The PAHs profiles in urban PM2.5 fugitive dusts were determined and their potential health risks were evaluated. Seven geographical regions in China were identified as northwest China (NWC), the North China Plain (NCP), northeast China (NEC), central China (CC), south China (SC), southwest China (SWC), and east China (EC). The overall average concentrations of total quantified PAHs (ΣPAHs) were 23.2 ± 18.9 and 22.8 ± 29.6 μg·g-1 in RD and CD of PM2.5, indicating that severe PAHs pollution to urban fugitive dusts in China. The differences of ΣPAHs between RD and CD were minor in northern and central regions of China but much larger in southern and east regions. The ƩPAHs for RD displayed a pattern of "high in northern and low in southern", and characterized by large abundance of high molecular weights (HMWs) PAHs, indicating that vehicle emission was the predominant pollution origin. Additionally, higher diagnostic ratios of fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) in NCP, CC, and SWC suggest critical contributions of biomass burning and coal combustion for RD in these areas. In comparison, gasoline combustion was the major pollution source for CD PAHs in NWC, NCP, NEC, and CC, whereas industrial emissions such as cement production and iron smelting had strong impacts in the heavy industrial regions. The total benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) carcinogenic potency concentrations (BaPTEQ) for RD and CD both showed the lowest in SC (0.05 and 0.07, respectively) and the highest in NCP (10.99 and 7.67, respectively). The highest and lowest incremental life cancer risks (ILCR) were found in NCP and SC, coinciding with the spatial distributions of ambient PAHs levels. The total CD-related cancer risks for adults and children (~10-4) suggest high potential health risks in NCP, SWC, and NWC, whereas the evaluated values in EC and SC indicate virtual safety (≤10-6).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Gong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Pollutants, School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Pollutants, School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun J, Shen Z, Zhang L, Lei Y, Gong X, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Xu H, Cui S, Wang Q, Cao J, Tao J, Zhang N, Zhang R. Chemical source profiles of urban fugitive dust PM 2.5 samples from 21 cities across China. Sci Total Environ 2019; 649:1045-1053. [PMID: 30184520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban fugitive (road and construction) dust PM2.5 samples were collected in 21 cities of seven regions in China. Seven water-soluble ions, eight sub-fractions of carbonaceous components, and 19 elements were determined to investigate the chemical profiles of urban fugitive dust. Among the analyzed chemical compositions and on regional average, the elemental compositions showed the highest proportion (12.5-28.9% in road dust (RD) and 13.1-38.0% in construction dust (CD)), followed by water-soluble ions (5.1-19.0% in RD and 4.2-16.4% in CD) and carbonaceous fractions (5.4-9.6% in RD and 4.9-9.3% in CD). Chemical compositions measured in CD were all slightly lower than those in RD although statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Soil dust, which was estimated from Fe concentration, was proved to be the biggest contributor to urban fugitive dust PM2.5 mass. While, it showed a higher contribution in Northern China (71.5%) than in Southern China (52.1%). Higher enrichment factors were found for elemental S, Zn and Pb in RD than CD, reflecting stronger anthropogenic sources (i.e. vehicle exhaust) in RD. Low NO3-/SO42- and high SO42-/K+ ratios both indicated that fugitive dust was strongly influenced by stationary sources (e.g. coal combustion), and this influence was especially strong in Northern China. Coefficients of divergence proved that dust profiles within the same region were more similar than across regions, reflecting that urban fugitive dust was influenced more by local sources than long-range transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xuesong Gong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Pollutants, School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shen Z, Sun J, Cao J, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Lei Y, Gao J, Huang RJ, Liu S, Huang Y, Zhu C, Xu H, Zheng C, Liu P, Xue Z. Chemical profiles of urban fugitive dust PM2.5 samples in Northern Chinese cities. Sci Total Environ 2016; 569-570:619-626. [PMID: 27376917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban fugitive dust PM2.5 samples were collected in 11 selected cities in North China, and 9 ions (SO4(2-), NO3(-), Cl(-), F(-), Na(+), NH4(+), K(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+)) and 22 elements (Si, Al, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Sn, Sb, Ba, and Pb) were determined to investigate chemical profiles of PM2.5. The coefficient of divergence (CD) was used to compare the similarities of the chemical profiles for fugitive dust among three regions in North China, and the results showed that their composition are quite similar. Total water soluble ions occupied 9.3% and 10.0% on average of road dust and construction dust, respectively, indicating that most of the materials in urban fugitive dust samples were insoluble. Ca(2+) was the most abundant cation and SO4(2-) dominated in anions. Soil dust loading was calculated to occupy 70.8% and 83.6% in road dust and construction dust, respectively. Ca, Si, Fe, and Al were the most abundant elements in all the samples, and Ca was absolutely the most abundant specie among the 22 detected elements in construction dust samples. Chemical species ratios were used to highlight the characteristics of urban fugitive dust by comparing with other types of aerosols. High Ca/Al ratio was a good marker to distinguish urban fugitive dust from Asian dust and Chinese loess. In addition, low K(+)/K and NO3(-)/SO4(2-), and high Zn/Al and Pb/Al ratios were good indicators to separate urban fugitive dust from desert dust, Chinese loess, or urban PM2.5 samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinjin Gao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chunli Zheng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhiguo Xue
- School of Life and Geography Science, Kashgar University, China
| |
Collapse
|